메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 35, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 136-152

Brain magnetic resonance in hepatic encephalopathy

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; MANGANESE;

EID: 84898681947     PISSN: 08872171     EISSN: 15585034     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1053/j.sult.2013.09.008     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (44)

References (161)
  • 1
    • 0036191173 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatic encephalopathy-Definition, nomenclature, diagnosis, and quantification: Final report of the working party at the 11th World Congresses of Gastroenterology, Vienna, 1998
    • Ferenci P., Lockwood A., Mullen K., et al. Hepatic encephalopathy-Definition, nomenclature, diagnosis, and quantification: Final report of the working party at the 11th World Congresses of Gastroenterology, Vienna, 1998. Hepatology 2002, 35:716-721.
    • (2002) Hepatology , vol.35 , pp. 716-721
    • Ferenci, P.1    Lockwood, A.2    Mullen, K.3
  • 2
    • 77956393999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanisms, diagnosis and management of hepatic encephalopathy
    • Prakash R., Mullen K.D. Mechanisms, diagnosis and management of hepatic encephalopathy. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010, 7:515-525.
    • (2010) Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.7 , pp. 515-525
    • Prakash, R.1    Mullen, K.D.2
  • 3
    • 0031874098 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis of encephalopathy
    • Weissenborn K. Diagnosis of encephalopathy. Digestion 1998, 59(suppl 2):22-24.
    • (1998) Digestion , vol.59 , Issue.SUPPL. 2 , pp. 22-24
    • Weissenborn, K.1
  • 5
    • 0035127266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Focal neurological signs in hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients: An underestimated entity?
    • Cadranel J.F., Lebiez E., Di Martino V., et al. Focal neurological signs in hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients: An underestimated entity?. Am J Gastroenterol 2001, 96:515-518.
    • (2001) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.96 , pp. 515-518
    • Cadranel, J.F.1    Lebiez, E.2    Di Martino, V.3
  • 6
    • 0037336766 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bradykinesia in minimal hepatic encephalopathy is due to disturbances in movement initiation
    • Joebges E.M., Heidemann M., Schimke N., et al. Bradykinesia in minimal hepatic encephalopathy is due to disturbances in movement initiation. J Hepatol 2003, 38:273-280.
    • (2003) J Hepatol , vol.38 , pp. 273-280
    • Joebges, E.M.1    Heidemann, M.2    Schimke, N.3
  • 7
    • 0041876276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The neurology of liver failure
    • Lewis M., Howdle P.D. The neurology of liver failure. QJM 2003, 96:623-633.
    • (2003) QJM , vol.96 , pp. 623-633
    • Lewis, M.1    Howdle, P.D.2
  • 8
    • 80053173815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroinflammation in acute liver failure: Mechanisms and novel therapeutic targets
    • Butterworth R.F. Neuroinflammation in acute liver failure: Mechanisms and novel therapeutic targets. Neurochem Int 2011, 59:830-836.
    • (2011) Neurochem Int , vol.59 , pp. 830-836
    • Butterworth, R.F.1
  • 10
    • 85080034819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathogenetic mechanisms of hepatic encephalopathy
    • Häussinger D., Schliess F. Pathogenetic mechanisms of hepatic encephalopathy. Gut 2008, 57:1156-1165.
    • (2008) Gut , vol.57 , pp. 1156-1165
    • Häussinger, D.1    Schliess, F.2
  • 11
    • 84856592689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Theories of the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy
    • Jones E.A., Mullen K.D. Theories of the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy. Clin Liver Dis 2012, 16:7-26.
    • (2012) Clin Liver Dis , vol.16 , pp. 7-26
    • Jones, E.A.1    Mullen, K.D.2
  • 12
  • 14
    • 0025727470 scopus 로고
    • Portal-systemic encephalopathy: Presence of basal ganglia lesions with high signal intensity on MR images
    • Inoue E., Hori S., Narumi Y., et al. Portal-systemic encephalopathy: Presence of basal ganglia lesions with high signal intensity on MR images. Radiology 1991, 179:551-555.
    • (1991) Radiology , vol.179 , pp. 551-555
    • Inoue, E.1    Hori, S.2    Narumi, Y.3
  • 15
    • 0027507044 scopus 로고
    • Hyperintense globus pallidus on T1-weighted MRI in cirrhotic patients is associated with severity of liver failure
    • Pujol A., Pujol J., Graus F., et al. Hyperintense globus pallidus on T1-weighted MRI in cirrhotic patients is associated with severity of liver failure. Neurology 1993, 43:65-69.
    • (1993) Neurology , vol.43 , pp. 65-69
    • Pujol, A.1    Pujol, J.2    Graus, F.3
  • 16
    • 0025900842 scopus 로고
    • Globus pallidus alterations and brain atrophy in liver cirrhosis patients with encephalopathy: An MR imaging study
    • Zeneroli M.L., Cioni G., Crisi G., et al. Globus pallidus alterations and brain atrophy in liver cirrhosis patients with encephalopathy: An MR imaging study. Magn Reson Imaging 1991, 9:295-302.
    • (1991) Magn Reson Imaging , vol.9 , pp. 295-302
    • Zeneroli, M.L.1    Cioni, G.2    Crisi, G.3
  • 17
    • 0035132688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improvement of magnetic resonance spectroscopic abnormalities but not pallidal hyperintensity followed amelioration of hepatic encephalopathy after occlusion of a large spleno-renal shunt
    • Córdoba J., Olivé G., Alonso J., et al. Improvement of magnetic resonance spectroscopic abnormalities but not pallidal hyperintensity followed amelioration of hepatic encephalopathy after occlusion of a large spleno-renal shunt. J Hepatol 2001, 34:176-178.
    • (2001) J Hepatol , vol.34 , pp. 176-178
    • Córdoba, J.1    Olivé, G.2    Alonso, J.3
  • 18
    • 0035171234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The development of low-grade cerebral edema in cirrhosis is supported by the evolution of (1)H-magnetic resonance abnormalities after liver transplantation
    • Córdoba J., Alonso J., Rovira A., et al. The development of low-grade cerebral edema in cirrhosis is supported by the evolution of (1)H-magnetic resonance abnormalities after liver transplantation. J Hepatol 2001, 35:598-604.
    • (2001) J Hepatol , vol.35 , pp. 598-604
    • Córdoba, J.1    Alonso, J.2    Rovira, A.3
  • 19
    • 0033841619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MR imaging and (1)H spectroscopy of brain metabolites in hepatic encephalopathy: Time-course of renormalization after liver transplantation
    • Naegele T., Grodd W., Viebahn R., et al. MR imaging and (1)H spectroscopy of brain metabolites in hepatic encephalopathy: Time-course of renormalization after liver transplantation. Radiology 2000, 216:683-691.
    • (2000) Radiology , vol.216 , pp. 683-691
    • Naegele, T.1    Grodd, W.2    Viebahn, R.3
  • 20
    • 0027311119 scopus 로고
    • Reduction of increased signal intensity in the basal ganglia on T1-weighted MR images during treatment of hepatic encephalopathy
    • Watanabe A., Murakami J., Ando T., et al. Reduction of increased signal intensity in the basal ganglia on T1-weighted MR images during treatment of hepatic encephalopathy. Intern Med 1993, 32:10-14.
    • (1993) Intern Med , vol.32 , pp. 10-14
    • Watanabe, A.1    Murakami, J.2    Ando, T.3
  • 21
    • 0029083404 scopus 로고
    • Pallidal lesions in patients with liver cirrhosis: Clinical and MRI evaluation
    • Weissenborn K., Ehrenheim C., Hori A., et al. Pallidal lesions in patients with liver cirrhosis: Clinical and MRI evaluation. Metab Brain Dis 1995, 10:219-231.
    • (1995) Metab Brain Dis , vol.10 , pp. 219-231
    • Weissenborn, K.1    Ehrenheim, C.2    Hori, A.3
  • 22
    • 0032171540 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bright basal ganglia in T1-weighted magnetic resonance images are frequent in patients with portal vein thrombosis without liver cirrhosis and not suggestive of hepatic encephalopathy
    • Nolte W., Wiltfang J., Schindler C.G., et al. Bright basal ganglia in T1-weighted magnetic resonance images are frequent in patients with portal vein thrombosis without liver cirrhosis and not suggestive of hepatic encephalopathy. J Hepatol 1998, 29:443-449.
    • (1998) J Hepatol , vol.29 , pp. 443-449
    • Nolte, W.1    Wiltfang, J.2    Schindler, C.G.3
  • 23
    • 79951599502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cerebral oedema in minimal hepatic encephalopathy due to extrahepatic portal venous obstruction
    • Goel A., Yadav S., Saraswat V., et al. Cerebral oedema in minimal hepatic encephalopathy due to extrahepatic portal venous obstruction. Liver Int 2010, 30:1143-1151.
    • (2010) Liver Int , vol.30 , pp. 1143-1151
    • Goel, A.1    Yadav, S.2    Saraswat, V.3
  • 24
    • 33645976138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Noncirrhotic portal vein thrombosis exhibits neuropsychological and MR changes consistent with minimal hepatic encephalopathy
    • Mínguez B., García-Pagán J.C., Bosch J., et al. Noncirrhotic portal vein thrombosis exhibits neuropsychological and MR changes consistent with minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 2006, 43:707-714.
    • (2006) Hepatology , vol.43 , pp. 707-714
    • Mínguez, B.1    García-Pagán, J.C.2    Bosch, J.3
  • 25
    • 77249119654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Encephalopathy assessment in children with extra-hepatic portal vein obstruction with MR, psychometry and critical flicker frequency
    • Yadav S.K., Srivastava A., Srivastava A., et al. Encephalopathy assessment in children with extra-hepatic portal vein obstruction with MR, psychometry and critical flicker frequency. J Hepatol 2010, 52:348-354.
    • (2010) J Hepatol , vol.52 , pp. 348-354
    • Yadav, S.K.1    Srivastava, A.2    Srivastava, A.3
  • 26
    • 33646923541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Magnetic resonance images of the globus pallidus in patients with idiopathic portal hypertension: A quantitative analysis of the relationship between signal intensity and the grade of portosystemic shunt
    • Fukuzawa T., Matsutani S., Maruyama H., et al. Magnetic resonance images of the globus pallidus in patients with idiopathic portal hypertension: A quantitative analysis of the relationship between signal intensity and the grade of portosystemic shunt. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006, 21:902-907.
    • (2006) J Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.21 , pp. 902-907
    • Fukuzawa, T.1    Matsutani, S.2    Maruyama, H.3
  • 27
    • 50949125688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Magnetic resonance imaging of brain in patients with cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic portal hypertension
    • Das K., Singh P., Chawla Y., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of brain in patients with cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic portal hypertension. Dig Dis Sci 2008, 53:2793-2798.
    • (2008) Dig Dis Sci , vol.53 , pp. 2793-2798
    • Das, K.1    Singh, P.2    Chawla, Y.3
  • 28
    • 0342981538 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MRI findings in chronic hepatic encephalopathy depend on portosystemic shunt: Results of a controlled prospective clinical investigation
    • Krieger S., Jauss M., Jansen O., et al. MRI findings in chronic hepatic encephalopathy depend on portosystemic shunt: Results of a controlled prospective clinical investigation. J Hepatol 1997, 27:121-126.
    • (1997) J Hepatol , vol.27 , pp. 121-126
    • Krieger, S.1    Jauss, M.2    Jansen, O.3
  • 29
    • 0030926066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of portal-systemic shunt embolization on the basal ganglia: MRI
    • Matsumoto S., Mori H., Yoshioka K., et al. Effects of portal-systemic shunt embolization on the basal ganglia: MRI. Neuroradiology 1997, 39:326-328.
    • (1997) Neuroradiology , vol.39 , pp. 326-328
    • Matsumoto, S.1    Mori, H.2    Yoshioka, K.3
  • 30
    • 0344099049 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1H MR spectroscopy of the brain in patients with liver cirrhosis and early stages of hepatic encephalopathy
    • 1H MR spectroscopy of the brain in patients with liver cirrhosis and early stages of hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatogastroenterology 2003, 50:2149-2153.
    • (2003) Hepatogastroenterology , vol.50 , pp. 2149-2153
    • Tarasów, E.1    Panasiuk, A.2    Siergiejczyk, L.3
  • 31
    • 33645388889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatic encephalopathy: A neurochemical, neuroanatomical, and neuropsychological study
    • Binesh N., Huda A., Thomas M.A., et al. Hepatic encephalopathy: A neurochemical, neuroanatomical, and neuropsychological study. J Appl Clin Med Phys 2006, 7:86-96.
    • (2006) J Appl Clin Med Phys , vol.7 , pp. 86-96
    • Binesh, N.1    Huda, A.2    Thomas, M.A.3
  • 32
    • 0031023092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cerebral abnormalities in patients with cirrhosis detected by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging
    • Geissler A., Lock G., Fründ R., et al. Cerebral abnormalities in patients with cirrhosis detected by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging. Hepatology 1997, 25:48-54.
    • (1997) Hepatology , vol.25 , pp. 48-54
    • Geissler, A.1    Lock, G.2    Fründ, R.3
  • 33
    • 0029972018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuropsychiatric profile and hyperintense globus pallidus on T1-weighted magnetic resonance images in liver cirrhosis
    • Krieger S., Jauss M., Jansen O., et al. Neuropsychiatric profile and hyperintense globus pallidus on T1-weighted magnetic resonance images in liver cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1996, 111:147-155.
    • (1996) Gastroenterology , vol.111 , pp. 147-155
    • Krieger, S.1    Jauss, M.2    Jansen, O.3
  • 34
    • 0029014764 scopus 로고
    • MR imaging of the basal ganglia in chronic liver disease: Correlation of T1-weighted and magnetisation transfer contrast measurements with liver dysfunction and neuropsychiatric status
    • Taylor-Robinson S.D., Oatridge A., Hajnal J.V., et al. MR imaging of the basal ganglia in chronic liver disease: Correlation of T1-weighted and magnetisation transfer contrast measurements with liver dysfunction and neuropsychiatric status. Metab Brain Dis 1995, 10:175-188.
    • (1995) Metab Brain Dis , vol.10 , pp. 175-188
    • Taylor-Robinson, S.D.1    Oatridge, A.2    Hajnal, J.V.3
  • 35
    • 0028904305 scopus 로고
    • Increased signals seen in globus pallidus in T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in cirrhotics are not suggestive of chronic hepatic encephalopathy
    • Thuluvath P.J., Edwin D., Yue N.C., et al. Increased signals seen in globus pallidus in T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in cirrhotics are not suggestive of chronic hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 1995, 21:440-442.
    • (1995) Hepatology , vol.21 , pp. 440-442
    • Thuluvath, P.J.1    Edwin, D.2    Yue, N.C.3
  • 36
    • 0033865008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Magnetic resonance imaging and proton spectroscopic alterations correlate with parkinsonian signs in patients with cirrhosis
    • Spahr L., Vingerhoets F., Lazeyras F., et al. Magnetic resonance imaging and proton spectroscopic alterations correlate with parkinsonian signs in patients with cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 2000, 119:774-781.
    • (2000) Gastroenterology , vol.119 , pp. 774-781
    • Spahr, L.1    Vingerhoets, F.2    Lazeyras, F.3
  • 38
    • 0027993111 scopus 로고
    • A quantitative evaluation of magnetic resonance image signal changes of the brain in chronic hepatic encephalopathy
    • Norton N.S., McConnell J.R., Zetterman R.K., et al. A quantitative evaluation of magnetic resonance image signal changes of the brain in chronic hepatic encephalopathy. J Hepatol 1994, 21:764-770.
    • (1994) J Hepatol , vol.21 , pp. 764-770
    • Norton, N.S.1    McConnell, J.R.2    Zetterman, R.K.3
  • 39
    • 0029565415 scopus 로고
    • Manganese toxicity, dopaminergic dysfunction and hepatic encephalopathy
    • Butterworth R.F., Spahr L., Fontaine S., et al. Manganese toxicity, dopaminergic dysfunction and hepatic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis 1995, 10:259-267.
    • (1995) Metab Brain Dis , vol.10 , pp. 259-267
    • Butterworth, R.F.1    Spahr, L.2    Fontaine, S.3
  • 40
    • 0029101204 scopus 로고
    • Manganese and chronic hepatic encephalopathy
    • Krieger D., Krieger S., Jansen O., et al. Manganese and chronic hepatic encephalopathy. Lancet 1995, 346:270-274.
    • (1995) Lancet , vol.346 , pp. 270-274
    • Krieger, D.1    Krieger, S.2    Jansen, O.3
  • 41
    • 0030853431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain MR imaging in patients with hepatic cirrhosis: Relationship between high intensity signal in basal ganglia on T1-weighted images and elemental concentrations in brain
    • Maeda H., Sato M., Yoshikawa A., et al. Brain MR imaging in patients with hepatic cirrhosis: Relationship between high intensity signal in basal ganglia on T1-weighted images and elemental concentrations in brain. Neuroradiology 1997, 39:546-550.
    • (1997) Neuroradiology , vol.39 , pp. 546-550
    • Maeda, H.1    Sato, M.2    Yoshikawa, A.3
  • 42
    • 0026593291 scopus 로고
    • Manganese intoxication during total parenteral nutrition
    • Ejima A., Imamura T., Nakamura S., et al. Manganese intoxication during total parenteral nutrition. Lancet 1992, 339:426.
    • (1992) Lancet , vol.339 , pp. 426
    • Ejima, A.1    Imamura, T.2    Nakamura, S.3
  • 43
    • 21144450743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurologic manifestations in welders with pallidal MRI T1 hyperintensity
    • Josephs K.A., Ahlskog J.E., Klos K.J., et al. Neurologic manifestations in welders with pallidal MRI T1 hyperintensity. Neurology 2005, 64:2033-2039.
    • (2005) Neurology , vol.64 , pp. 2033-2039
    • Josephs, K.A.1    Ahlskog, J.E.2    Klos, K.J.3
  • 44
    • 0026954820 scopus 로고
    • Basal ganglial signal intensity alterations: Reversal after discontinuation of parenteral manganese administration
    • Mirowitz S.A., Westrich T.J. Basal ganglial signal intensity alterations: Reversal after discontinuation of parenteral manganese administration. Radiology 1992, 185:535-536.
    • (1992) Radiology , vol.185 , pp. 535-536
    • Mirowitz, S.A.1    Westrich, T.J.2
  • 45
    • 84866035968 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • White matter abnormalities correlate with neurocognitive performance in patients with HBV-related cirrhosis
    • Chen H., Wang Y., Zhu X., et al. White matter abnormalities correlate with neurocognitive performance in patients with HBV-related cirrhosis. J Neurol Sci 2012, 321:65-72.
    • (2012) J Neurol Sci , vol.321 , pp. 65-72
    • Chen, H.1    Wang, Y.2    Zhu, X.3
  • 46
    • 84861335405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Focal cortical damage parallels cognitive impairment in minimal hepatic encephalopathy
    • Montoliu C., Gonzalez-Escamilla G., Atienza M., et al. Focal cortical damage parallels cognitive impairment in minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Neuroimage 2012, 61:1165-1175.
    • (2012) Neuroimage , vol.61 , pp. 1165-1175
    • Montoliu, C.1    Gonzalez-Escamilla, G.2    Atienza, M.3
  • 47
    • 79251471107 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatic encephalopathy is associated with posttransplant cognitive function and brain volume
    • Garcia-Martinez R., Rovira A., Alonso J., et al. Hepatic encephalopathy is associated with posttransplant cognitive function and brain volume. Liver Transpl 2011, 17:38-46.
    • (2011) Liver Transpl , vol.17 , pp. 38-46
    • Garcia-Martinez, R.1    Rovira, A.2    Alonso, J.3
  • 48
    • 84860389223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cerebral magnetic resonance imaging reveals marked abnormalities of brain tissue density in patients with cirrhosis without overt hepatic encephalopathy
    • Guevara M., Baccaro M.E., Gómez-Ansón B., et al. Cerebral magnetic resonance imaging reveals marked abnormalities of brain tissue density in patients with cirrhosis without overt hepatic encephalopathy. J Hepatol 2011, 55:564-573.
    • (2011) J Hepatol , vol.55 , pp. 564-573
    • Guevara, M.1    Baccaro, M.E.2    Gómez-Ansón, B.3
  • 49
    • 0034957899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Magnetization transfer ratio values and proton MR spectroscopy of normal-appearing cerebral white matter in patients with liver cirrhosis
    • Rovira A., Grivé E., Pedraza S., et al. Magnetization transfer ratio values and proton MR spectroscopy of normal-appearing cerebral white matter in patients with liver cirrhosis. Am J Neuroradiol 2001, 22:1137-1142.
    • (2001) Am J Neuroradiol , vol.22 , pp. 1137-1142
    • Rovira, A.1    Grivé, E.2    Pedraza, S.3
  • 50
    • 77953688432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain edema dynamics in patients with overt hepatic encephalopathy: A magnetic resonance imaging study
    • Poveda M., Bernabeu A., Concepción L., et al. Brain edema dynamics in patients with overt hepatic encephalopathy: A magnetic resonance imaging study. Neuroimage 2010, 52:481-487.
    • (2010) Neuroimage , vol.52 , pp. 481-487
    • Poveda, M.1    Bernabeu, A.2    Concepción, L.3
  • 51
    • 0033366776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Magnetization transfer contrast of various regions of the brain in liver cirrhosis
    • Iwasa M., Kinosada Y., Nakatsuka A., et al. Magnetization transfer contrast of various regions of the brain in liver cirrhosis. Am J Neuroradiol 1999, 20:652-654.
    • (1999) Am J Neuroradiol , vol.20 , pp. 652-654
    • Iwasa, M.1    Kinosada, Y.2    Nakatsuka, A.3
  • 52
    • 73449083754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Voxel-based analyses of magnetization transfer imaging of the brain in hepatic encephalopathy
    • Miese F., Wittsack H., Kircheis G., et al. Voxel-based analyses of magnetization transfer imaging of the brain in hepatic encephalopathy. World J Gastroenterol 2009, 15:5157-5164.
    • (2009) World J Gastroenterol , vol.15 , pp. 5157-5164
    • Miese, F.1    Wittsack, H.2    Kircheis, G.3
  • 53
    • 33750603620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1H-MR spectroscopy, magnetization transfer, and diffusion-weighted imaging in alcoholic and nonalcoholic patients with cirrhosis with hepatic encephalopathy
    • 1H-MR spectroscopy, magnetization transfer, and diffusion-weighted imaging in alcoholic and nonalcoholic patients with cirrhosis with hepatic encephalopathy. Am J Neuroradiol 2006, 27:1019-1026.
    • (2006) Am J Neuroradiol , vol.27 , pp. 1019-1026
    • Miese, F.1    Kircheis, G.2    Wittsack, H.J.3
  • 54
    • 0037386224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induced hyperammonemia alters neuropsychology, brain MR spectroscopy and magnetization transfer in cirrhosis
    • Balata S., Damink S.W.M.O., Ferguson K., et al. Induced hyperammonemia alters neuropsychology, brain MR spectroscopy and magnetization transfer in cirrhosis. Hepatology 2003, 37:931-939.
    • (2003) Hepatology , vol.37 , pp. 931-939
    • Balata, S.1    Damink, S.W.M.O.2    Ferguson, K.3
  • 55
    • 0035986057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serial proton spectroscopy, magnetization transfer ratio and T2 relaxation in pseudotumoral demyelinating lesions
    • Cucurella M.G., Rovira A., Grivé E., et al. Serial proton spectroscopy, magnetization transfer ratio and T2 relaxation in pseudotumoral demyelinating lesions. NMR Biomed 2002, 15:284-292.
    • (2002) NMR Biomed , vol.15 , pp. 284-292
    • Cucurella, M.G.1    Rovira, A.2    Grivé, E.3
  • 56
    • 0026526861 scopus 로고
    • Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis: Lesion characterization with magnetization transfer imaging
    • Dousset V., Grossman R.I., Ramer K.N., et al. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis: Lesion characterization with magnetization transfer imaging. Radiology 1992, 182:483-491.
    • (1992) Radiology , vol.182 , pp. 483-491
    • Dousset, V.1    Grossman, R.I.2    Ramer, K.N.3
  • 57
    • 0344771115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of multiple sclerosis lesions on serial contrast-enhanced T1-weighted and magnetization-transfer MR images
    • Rovira A., Alonso J., Cucurella G., et al. Evolution of multiple sclerosis lesions on serial contrast-enhanced T1-weighted and magnetization-transfer MR images. Am J Neuroradiol 1999, 20:1939-1945.
    • (1999) Am J Neuroradiol , vol.20 , pp. 1939-1945
    • Rovira, A.1    Alonso, J.2    Cucurella, G.3
  • 58
    • 0343238857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatic encephalopathy in chronic liver disease: A clinical manifestation of astrocyte swelling and low-grade cerebral edema?
    • Häussinger D., Kircheis G., Fischer R., et al. Hepatic encephalopathy in chronic liver disease: A clinical manifestation of astrocyte swelling and low-grade cerebral edema?. J Hepatol 2000, 32:1035-1038.
    • (2000) J Hepatol , vol.32 , pp. 1035-1038
    • Häussinger, D.1    Kircheis, G.2    Fischer, R.3
  • 59
    • 0037072297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Normalization of T2 signal abnormalities in hemispheric white matter with liver transplant
    • Rovira A., Córdoba J., Sanpedro F., et al. Normalization of T2 signal abnormalities in hemispheric white matter with liver transplant. Neurology 2002, 59:335-341.
    • (2002) Neurology , vol.59 , pp. 335-341
    • Rovira, A.1    Córdoba, J.2    Sanpedro, F.3
  • 60
    • 0345600890 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MRI in ALS: Corticospinal tract hyperintensity
    • Lee Y.C., Markus R., Hughes A. MRI in ALS: Corticospinal tract hyperintensity. Neurology 2003, 61:1600.
    • (2003) Neurology , vol.61 , pp. 1600
    • Lee, Y.C.1    Markus, R.2    Hughes, A.3
  • 61
    • 18144444593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • T2 hyperintensity along the cortico-spinal tract in cirrhosis relates to functional abnormalities
    • Córdoba J., Raguer N., Flavià M., et al. T2 hyperintensity along the cortico-spinal tract in cirrhosis relates to functional abnormalities. Hepatology 2003, 38:1026-1033.
    • (2003) Hepatology , vol.38 , pp. 1026-1033
    • Córdoba, J.1    Raguer, N.2    Flavià, M.3
  • 62
    • 0028025274 scopus 로고
    • Initial clinical experience in MR imaging of the brain with a fast fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery pulse sequence
    • Rydberg J.N., Hammond C.A., Grimm R.C., et al. Initial clinical experience in MR imaging of the brain with a fast fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery pulse sequence. Radiology 1994, 193:173-180.
    • (1994) Radiology , vol.193 , pp. 173-180
    • Rydberg, J.N.1    Hammond, C.A.2    Grimm, R.C.3
  • 63
    • 0030939246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fast FLAIR of the brain: The range of appearances in normal subjects and its application to quantification of white-matter disease
    • Gawne-Cain M.L., Silver N.C., Moseley I.F., et al. Fast FLAIR of the brain: The range of appearances in normal subjects and its application to quantification of white-matter disease. Neuroradiology 1997, 39:243-249.
    • (1997) Neuroradiology , vol.39 , pp. 243-249
    • Gawne-Cain, M.L.1    Silver, N.C.2    Moseley, I.F.3
  • 65
    • 0035165599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cerebral energy metabolism in hepatic encephalopathy and hyperammonemia
    • Rao K.V., Norenberg M.D. Cerebral energy metabolism in hepatic encephalopathy and hyperammonemia. Metab Brain Dis 2001, 16:67-78.
    • (2001) Metab Brain Dis , vol.16 , pp. 67-78
    • Rao, K.V.1    Norenberg, M.D.2
  • 66
    • 0032695071 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ammonia downregulates GLAST mRNA glutamate transporter in rat astrocyte cultures
    • Zhou B.G., Norenberg M.D. Ammonia downregulates GLAST mRNA glutamate transporter in rat astrocyte cultures. Neurosci Lett 1999, 276:145-148.
    • (1999) Neurosci Lett , vol.276 , pp. 145-148
    • Zhou, B.G.1    Norenberg, M.D.2
  • 67
    • 4344597751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Senile portosystemic hepatic encephalopathy as a treatable dementia-like syndrome
    • Ito S., Sakakibara R., Yoshiyama Y., et al. Senile portosystemic hepatic encephalopathy as a treatable dementia-like syndrome. J Neurol 2004, 251:1015-1016.
    • (2004) J Neurol , vol.251 , pp. 1015-1016
    • Ito, S.1    Sakakibara, R.2    Yoshiyama, Y.3
  • 68
    • 30444447794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cerebral cortical and white matter lesions in chronic hepatic encephalopathy: MR-pathologic correlations
    • Matsusue E., Kinoshita T., Ohama E., et al. Cerebral cortical and white matter lesions in chronic hepatic encephalopathy: MR-pathologic correlations. Am J Neuroradiol 2005, 26:347-351.
    • (2005) Am J Neuroradiol , vol.26 , pp. 347-351
    • Matsusue, E.1    Kinoshita, T.2    Ohama, E.3
  • 69
    • 34648846216 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decrease in the volume of white matter lesions with improvement of hepatic encephalopathy
    • Mínguez B., Rovira A., Alonso J., et al. Decrease in the volume of white matter lesions with improvement of hepatic encephalopathy. Am J Neuroradiol 2007, 28:1499-1500.
    • (2007) Am J Neuroradiol , vol.28 , pp. 1499-1500
    • Mínguez, B.1    Rovira, A.2    Alonso, J.3
  • 70
    • 36348977996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decreased white matter lesion volume and improved cognitive function after liver transplantation
    • Rovira A., Mínguez B., Aymerich F.X., et al. Decreased white matter lesion volume and improved cognitive function after liver transplantation. Hepatology 2007, 46:1485-1490.
    • (2007) Hepatology , vol.46 , pp. 1485-1490
    • Rovira, A.1    Mínguez, B.2    Aymerich, F.X.3
  • 71
    • 0035132684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of cerebral white matter lesions in elderly people: A population based magnetic resonance imaging study. The Rotterdam Scan Study
    • de Leeuw F.E., de Groot J.C., Achten E., et al. Prevalence of cerebral white matter lesions in elderly people: A population based magnetic resonance imaging study. The Rotterdam Scan Study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2001, 70:9-14.
    • (2001) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.70 , pp. 9-14
    • de Leeuw, F.E.1    de Groot, J.C.2    Achten, E.3
  • 72
    • 0038516524 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Progression of cerebral white matter lesions: 6-Year results of the Austrian Stroke Prevention Study
    • Schmidt R., Enzinger C., Ropele S., et al. Progression of cerebral white matter lesions: 6-Year results of the Austrian Stroke Prevention Study. Lancet 2003, 361:2046-2048.
    • (2003) Lancet , vol.361 , pp. 2046-2048
    • Schmidt, R.1    Enzinger, C.2    Ropele, S.3
  • 73
    • 0042845941 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serial MR imaging of volumes of hyperintense white matter lesions in elderly patients: Correlation with vascular risk factors
    • Taylor W.D., MacFall J.R., Provenzale J.M., et al. Serial MR imaging of volumes of hyperintense white matter lesions in elderly patients: Correlation with vascular risk factors. Am J Roentgenol 2003, 181:571-576.
    • (2003) Am J Roentgenol , vol.181 , pp. 571-576
    • Taylor, W.D.1    MacFall, J.R.2    Provenzale, J.M.3
  • 74
    • 0027763177 scopus 로고
    • Changes in the permeability of the blood-brain barrier in acute hyperammonemia. Effect of dexamethasone
    • Ziylan Y.Z., Uzüm G., Bernard G., et al. Changes in the permeability of the blood-brain barrier in acute hyperammonemia. Effect of dexamethasone. Mol Chem Neuropathol 1993, 20:203-218.
    • (1993) Mol Chem Neuropathol , vol.20 , pp. 203-218
    • Ziylan, Y.Z.1    Uzüm, G.2    Bernard, G.3
  • 75
    • 77956573003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute hepatic encephalopathy: Diffusion-weighted and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery findings, and correlation with plasma ammonia level and clinical outcome
    • McKinney A.M., Lohman B.D., Sarikaya B., et al. Acute hepatic encephalopathy: Diffusion-weighted and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery findings, and correlation with plasma ammonia level and clinical outcome. Am J Neuroradiol 2010, 31:1471-1479.
    • (2010) Am J Neuroradiol , vol.31 , pp. 1471-1479
    • McKinney, A.M.1    Lohman, B.D.2    Sarikaya, B.3
  • 76
    • 48349117496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pattern approach to MR imaging in patients with end-stage hepatic failure: A proposal for a new disease entity "hepatic encephalopathy continuum"
    • Kim H.K., Lee H.J., Lee W., et al. Pattern approach to MR imaging in patients with end-stage hepatic failure: A proposal for a new disease entity "hepatic encephalopathy continuum". Neuroradiology 2008, 50:683-691.
    • (2008) Neuroradiology , vol.50 , pp. 683-691
    • Kim, H.K.1    Lee, H.J.2    Lee, W.3
  • 77
    • 70350452930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Magnetic resonance T2-relaxometry and 2D L-correlated spectroscopy in patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy
    • Singhal A., Nagarajan R., Kumar R., et al. Magnetic resonance T2-relaxometry and 2D L-correlated spectroscopy in patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy. J Magn Reson Imaging 2009, 30:1034-1041.
    • (2009) J Magn Reson Imaging , vol.30 , pp. 1034-1041
    • Singhal, A.1    Nagarajan, R.2    Kumar, R.3
  • 78
    • 44449142545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative cerebral water content mapping in hepatic encephalopathy
    • Shah N.J., Neeb H., Kircheis G., et al. Quantitative cerebral water content mapping in hepatic encephalopathy. Neuroimage 2008, 41:706-717.
    • (2008) Neuroimage , vol.41 , pp. 706-717
    • Shah, N.J.1    Neeb, H.2    Kircheis, G.3
  • 79
    • 0033752102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of the brain
    • Schaefer P.W., Grant P.E., Gonzalez R.G. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of the brain. Radiology 2000, 217:331-345.
    • (2000) Radiology , vol.217 , pp. 331-345
    • Schaefer, P.W.1    Grant, P.E.2    Gonzalez, R.G.3
  • 80
    • 84873408651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain magnetic resonance spectroscopy in episodic hepatic encephalopathy
    • Chavarria L., Alonso J., García-Martínez R., et al. Brain magnetic resonance spectroscopy in episodic hepatic encephalopathy. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013, 33:272-277.
    • (2013) J Cereb Blood Flow Metab , vol.33 , pp. 272-277
    • Chavarria, L.1    Alonso, J.2    García-Martínez, R.3
  • 81
    • 33645996033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Demonstration of interstitial cerebral edema with diffusion tensor MR imaging in type C hepatic encephalopathy
    • Kale R.A., Gupta R.K., Saraswat V.A., et al. Demonstration of interstitial cerebral edema with diffusion tensor MR imaging in type C hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 2006, 43:698-706.
    • (2006) Hepatology , vol.43 , pp. 698-706
    • Kale, R.A.1    Gupta, R.K.2    Saraswat, V.A.3
  • 82
    • 42949162477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Voxel-based diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of low-grade hepatic encephalopathy
    • Kumar R., Gupta R.K., Elderkin-Thompson V., et al. Voxel-based diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of low-grade hepatic encephalopathy. J Magn Reson Imaging 2008, 27:1061-1068.
    • (2008) J Magn Reson Imaging , vol.27 , pp. 1061-1068
    • Kumar, R.1    Gupta, R.K.2    Elderkin-Thompson, V.3
  • 83
    • 10744224503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diffusion MRI shows increased water apparent diffusion coefficient in the brains of cirrhotics
    • Lodi R., Tonon C., Stracciari A., et al. Diffusion MRI shows increased water apparent diffusion coefficient in the brains of cirrhotics. Neurology 2004, 62:762-766.
    • (2004) Neurology , vol.62 , pp. 762-766
    • Lodi, R.1    Tonon, C.2    Stracciari, A.3
  • 84
    • 84864090193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Structural and functional abnormalities of default mode network in minimal hepatic encephalopathy: A study combining DTI and fMRI
    • Qi R., Xu Q., Zhang L.J., et al. Structural and functional abnormalities of default mode network in minimal hepatic encephalopathy: A study combining DTI and fMRI. PLoS ONE 2012, 7:e41376.
    • (2012) PLoS ONE , vol.7
    • Qi, R.1    Xu, Q.2    Zhang, L.J.3
  • 85
    • 78650514639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of surgical portosystemic shunt on prevalence of minimal hepatic encephalopathy in children with extrahepatic portal venous obstruction: Assessment by magnetic resonance imaging and psychometry
    • Srivastava A., Yadav S.K., Lal R., et al. Effect of surgical portosystemic shunt on prevalence of minimal hepatic encephalopathy in children with extrahepatic portal venous obstruction: Assessment by magnetic resonance imaging and psychometry. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2010, 51:766-772.
    • (2010) J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr , vol.51 , pp. 766-772
    • Srivastava, A.1    Yadav, S.K.2    Lal, R.3
  • 86
    • 79955885167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pro-inflammatory cytokines are raised in extrahepatic portal venous obstruction, with minimal hepatic encephalopathy
    • Srivastava A., Yadav S.K., Yachha S.K., et al. Pro-inflammatory cytokines are raised in extrahepatic portal venous obstruction, with minimal hepatic encephalopathy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2011, 26:979-986.
    • (2011) J Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.26 , pp. 979-986
    • Srivastava, A.1    Yadav, S.K.2    Yachha, S.K.3
  • 87
    • 44949241302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Value of the apparent diffusion coefficient for quantification of low-grade hepatic encephalopathy
    • Sugimoto R., Iwasa M., Maeda M., et al. Value of the apparent diffusion coefficient for quantification of low-grade hepatic encephalopathy. Am J Gastroenterol 2008, 103:1413-1420.
    • (2008) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.103 , pp. 1413-1420
    • Sugimoto, R.1    Iwasa, M.2    Maeda, M.3
  • 88
    • 77955618981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1H-MR spectroscopy changes in patients with extrahepatic portal vein obstruction from early childhood to adulthood
    • 1H-MR spectroscopy changes in patients with extrahepatic portal vein obstruction from early childhood to adulthood. Am J Neuroradiol 2010, 31:1337-1342.
    • (2010) Am J Neuroradiol , vol.31 , pp. 1337-1342
    • Yadav, S.K.1    Saksena, S.2    Srivastava, A.3
  • 89
    • 79956074041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Magnetic resonance quantification of water and metabolites in the brain of cirrhotics following induced hyperammonaemia
    • Mardini H., Smith F.E., Record C.O., et al. Magnetic resonance quantification of water and metabolites in the brain of cirrhotics following induced hyperammonaemia. J Hepatol 2011, 54:1154-1160.
    • (2011) J Hepatol , vol.54 , pp. 1154-1160
    • Mardini, H.1    Smith, F.E.2    Record, C.O.3
  • 90
    • 78149411178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum proinflammatory cytokines correlate with diffusion tensor imaging derived metrics and (1)H-MR spectroscopy in patients with acute liver failure
    • Gupta R.K., Yadav S.K., Rangan M., et al. Serum proinflammatory cytokines correlate with diffusion tensor imaging derived metrics and (1)H-MR spectroscopy in patients with acute liver failure. Metab Brain Dis 2010, 25:355-361.
    • (2010) Metab Brain Dis , vol.25 , pp. 355-361
    • Gupta, R.K.1    Yadav, S.K.2    Rangan, M.3
  • 91
    • 25144511007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytotoxic edema is responsible for raised intracranial pressure in fulminant hepatic failure: In vivo demonstration using diffusion-weighted MRI in human subjects
    • Ranjan P., Mishra A.M., Kale R., et al. Cytotoxic edema is responsible for raised intracranial pressure in fulminant hepatic failure: In vivo demonstration using diffusion-weighted MRI in human subjects. Metab Brain Dis 2005, 20:181-192.
    • (2005) Metab Brain Dis , vol.20 , pp. 181-192
    • Ranjan, P.1    Mishra, A.M.2    Kale, R.3
  • 92
    • 47649117791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cerebral diffusion tensor imaging and in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with fulminant hepatic failure
    • Saksena S., Rai V., Saraswat V.A., et al. Cerebral diffusion tensor imaging and in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with fulminant hepatic failure. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008, 23:e111-e119.
    • (2008) J Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.23
    • Saksena, S.1    Rai, V.2    Saraswat, V.A.3
  • 93
    • 84869090864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serial evaluation of children with ALF with advanced MRI, serum proinflammatory cytokines, thiamine, and cognition assessment
    • Srivastava A., Yadav S.K., Borkar V.V., et al. Serial evaluation of children with ALF with advanced MRI, serum proinflammatory cytokines, thiamine, and cognition assessment. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2012, 55:580-586.
    • (2012) J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr , vol.55 , pp. 580-586
    • Srivastava, A.1    Yadav, S.K.2    Borkar, V.V.3
  • 94
    • 1642532385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infection, inflammation and hepatic encephalopathy, synergism redefined
    • Blei A.T. Infection, inflammation and hepatic encephalopathy, synergism redefined. J Hepatol 2004, 40:327-330.
    • (2004) J Hepatol , vol.40 , pp. 327-330
    • Blei, A.T.1
  • 95
    • 34548361564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inflammation and hepatic encephalopathy: Ibuprofen restores learning ability in rats with portacaval shunts
    • Cauli O., Rodrigo R., Piedrafita B., et al. Inflammation and hepatic encephalopathy: Ibuprofen restores learning ability in rats with portacaval shunts. Hepatology 2007, 46:514-519.
    • (2007) Hepatology , vol.46 , pp. 514-519
    • Cauli, O.1    Rodrigo, R.2    Piedrafita, B.3
  • 96
    • 49049085856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measurement of cytotoxic and interstitial components of cerebral edema in acute hepatic failure by diffusion tensor imaging
    • Rai V., Nath K., Saraswat V.A., et al. Measurement of cytotoxic and interstitial components of cerebral edema in acute hepatic failure by diffusion tensor imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 2008, 28:334-341.
    • (2008) J Magn Reson Imaging , vol.28 , pp. 334-341
    • Rai, V.1    Nath, K.2    Saraswat, V.A.3
  • 97
    • 49049117023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantification of cerebral edema on diffusion tensor imaging in acute-on-chronic liver failure
    • Nath K., Saraswat V.A., Krishna Y.R., et al. Quantification of cerebral edema on diffusion tensor imaging in acute-on-chronic liver failure. NMR Biomed 2008, 21:713-722.
    • (2008) NMR Biomed , vol.21 , pp. 713-722
    • Nath, K.1    Saraswat, V.A.2    Krishna, Y.R.3
  • 98
    • 2442640553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Water diffusion compartmentation at high b values in ischemic human brain
    • Brugières P., Thomas P., Maraval A., et al. Water diffusion compartmentation at high b values in ischemic human brain. Am J Neuroradiol 2004, 25:692-698.
    • (2004) Am J Neuroradiol , vol.25 , pp. 692-698
    • Brugières, P.1    Thomas, P.2    Maraval, A.3
  • 99
    • 33846191561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vivo brain edema classification: New insight offered by large b-value diffusion-weighted MR imaging
    • Schwarcz A., Ursprung Z., Berente Z., et al. In vivo brain edema classification: New insight offered by large b-value diffusion-weighted MR imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 2007, 25:26-31.
    • (2007) J Magn Reson Imaging , vol.25 , pp. 26-31
    • Schwarcz, A.1    Ursprung, Z.2    Berente, Z.3
  • 100
    • 80052876019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biexponential analysis of diffusion-tensor imaging of the brain in patients with cirrhosis before and after liver transplantation
    • Chavarria L., Alonso J., García-Martínez R., et al. Biexponential analysis of diffusion-tensor imaging of the brain in patients with cirrhosis before and after liver transplantation. Am J Neuroradiol 2011, 32:1510-1517.
    • (2011) Am J Neuroradiol , vol.32 , pp. 1510-1517
    • Chavarria, L.1    Alonso, J.2    García-Martínez, R.3
  • 101
    • 33644698943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alzheimer type II astrocytic changes following sub-acute exposure to manganese and its prevention by antioxidant treatment
    • Hazell A.S., Normandin L., Norenberg M.D., et al. Alzheimer type II astrocytic changes following sub-acute exposure to manganese and its prevention by antioxidant treatment. Neurosci Lett 2006, 396:167-171.
    • (2006) Neurosci Lett , vol.396 , pp. 167-171
    • Hazell, A.S.1    Normandin, L.2    Norenberg, M.D.3
  • 102
    • 0034305621 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glial fibrillary acidic protein: GFAP-thirty-one years (1969-2000)
    • Eng L.F., Ghirnikar R.S., Lee Y.L. Glial fibrillary acidic protein: GFAP-thirty-one years (1969-2000). Neurochem Res 2000, 25:1439-1451.
    • (2000) Neurochem Res , vol.25 , pp. 1439-1451
    • Eng, L.F.1    Ghirnikar, R.S.2    Lee, Y.L.3
  • 103
    • 0034682476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in brain cell shape create residual extracellular space volume and explain tortuosity behavior during osmotic challenge
    • Chen K.C., Nicholson C. Changes in brain cell shape create residual extracellular space volume and explain tortuosity behavior during osmotic challenge. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000, 97:8306-8311.
    • (2000) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.97 , pp. 8306-8311
    • Chen, K.C.1    Nicholson, C.2
  • 104
    • 77949854341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diffusion tensor imaging supports the cytotoxic origin of brain edema in a rat model of acute liver failure
    • Chavarria L., Oria M., Romero-Gimenez J., et al. Diffusion tensor imaging supports the cytotoxic origin of brain edema in a rat model of acute liver failure. Gastroenterology 2010, 138:1566-1573.
    • (2010) Gastroenterology , vol.138 , pp. 1566-1573
    • Chavarria, L.1    Oria, M.2    Romero-Gimenez, J.3
  • 105
    • 0030460773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain edema and hepatic encephalopathy
    • Cordoba J., Blei A.T. Brain edema and hepatic encephalopathy. Semin Liver Dis 1996, 16:271-280.
    • (1996) Semin Liver Dis , vol.16 , pp. 271-280
    • Cordoba, J.1    Blei, A.T.2
  • 106
    • 0036156739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Critical flicker frequency for quantification of low-grade hepatic encephalopathy
    • Kircheis G., Wettstein M., Timmermann L., et al. Critical flicker frequency for quantification of low-grade hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 2002, 35:357-366.
    • (2002) Hepatology , vol.35 , pp. 357-366
    • Kircheis, G.1    Wettstein, M.2    Timmermann, L.3
  • 107
    • 2942565787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural mechanism underlying impaired visual judgement in the dysmetabolic brain: An fMRI study
    • Zafiris O., Kircheis G., Rood H.A., et al. Neural mechanism underlying impaired visual judgement in the dysmetabolic brain: An fMRI study. Neuroimage 2004, 22:541-552.
    • (2004) Neuroimage , vol.22 , pp. 541-552
    • Zafiris, O.1    Kircheis, G.2    Rood, H.A.3
  • 108
    • 84858155318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial working memory dysfunction in minimal hepatic encephalopathy: An ethology and BOLD-fMRI study
    • Liao L., Zhou L., Le H., et al. Spatial working memory dysfunction in minimal hepatic encephalopathy: An ethology and BOLD-fMRI study. Brain Res 2012, 1445:62-72.
    • (2012) Brain Res , vol.1445 , pp. 62-72
    • Liao, L.1    Zhou, L.2    Le, H.3
  • 109
    • 84855205868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in the regional homogeneity of resting-state brain activity in minimal hepatic encephalopathy
    • Chen H., Zhu X., Yang M., et al. Changes in the regional homogeneity of resting-state brain activity in minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Neurosci Lett 2012, 507:5-9.
    • (2012) Neurosci Lett , vol.507 , pp. 5-9
    • Chen, H.1    Zhu, X.2    Yang, M.3
  • 110
    • 84861635824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abnormal baseline brain activity in low-grade hepatic encephalopathy: A resting-state fMRI study
    • Chen H., Zhu X., Jiao Y., et al. Abnormal baseline brain activity in low-grade hepatic encephalopathy: A resting-state fMRI study. J Neurol Sci 2012, 318:140-145.
    • (2012) J Neurol Sci , vol.318 , pp. 140-145
    • Chen, H.1    Zhu, X.2    Jiao, Y.3
  • 111
    • 84861466147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective impairments of resting-state networks in minimal hepatic encephalopathy
    • Qi R., Zhang L.J., Xu Q., et al. Selective impairments of resting-state networks in minimal hepatic encephalopathy. PLoS ONE 2012, 7:e37400.
    • (2012) PLoS ONE , vol.7
    • Qi, R.1    Zhang, L.J.2    Xu, Q.3
  • 112
    • 84867909630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Altered brain functional connectivity in patients with cirrhosis and minimal hepatic encephalopathy: A functional MR imaging study
    • Zhang L.J., Zheng G., Zhang L., et al. Altered brain functional connectivity in patients with cirrhosis and minimal hepatic encephalopathy: A functional MR imaging study. Radiology 2012, 265:528-536.
    • (2012) Radiology , vol.265 , pp. 528-536
    • Zhang, L.J.1    Zheng, G.2    Zhang, L.3
  • 113
    • 84864337093 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Altered regional homogeneity in the development of minimal hepatic encephalopathy: A resting-state functional MRI study
    • Ni L., Qi R., Zhang L.J., et al. Altered regional homogeneity in the development of minimal hepatic encephalopathy: A resting-state functional MRI study. PLoS ONE 2012, 7:e42016.
    • (2012) PLoS ONE , vol.7
    • Ni, L.1    Qi, R.2    Zhang, L.J.3
  • 114
    • 84856600252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain default-mode network abnormalities in hepatic encephalopathy: A resting-state functional MRI study
    • Zhang L., Qi R., Wu S., et al. Brain default-mode network abnormalities in hepatic encephalopathy: A resting-state functional MRI study. Hum Brain Mapp 2012, 33:1384-1392.
    • (2012) Hum Brain Mapp , vol.33 , pp. 1384-1392
    • Zhang, L.1    Qi, R.2    Wu, S.3
  • 115
    • 84862699762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Altered resting-state brain activity at functional MR imaging during the progression of hepatic encephalopathy
    • Qi R., Zhang L., Wu S., et al. Altered resting-state brain activity at functional MR imaging during the progression of hepatic encephalopathy. Radiology 2012, 264:187-195.
    • (2012) Radiology , vol.264 , pp. 187-195
    • Qi, R.1    Zhang, L.2    Wu, S.3
  • 116
    • 84860447820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impaired small-world network efficiency and dynamic functional distribution in patients with cirrhosis
    • Hsu T., Wu C.W., Cheng Y., et al. Impaired small-world network efficiency and dynamic functional distribution in patients with cirrhosis. PLoS ONE 2012, 7:e35266.
    • (2012) PLoS ONE , vol.7
    • Hsu, T.1    Wu, C.W.2    Cheng, Y.3
  • 117
    • 84871694432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain dysfunction primarily related to previous overt hepatic encephalopathy compared with minimal hepatic encephalopathy: Resting-state functional MR imaging demonstration
    • Chen H., Jiao Y., Zhu X., et al. Brain dysfunction primarily related to previous overt hepatic encephalopathy compared with minimal hepatic encephalopathy: Resting-state functional MR imaging demonstration. Radiology 2013, 266:261-270.
    • (2013) Radiology , vol.266 , pp. 261-270
    • Chen, H.1    Jiao, Y.2    Zhu, X.3
  • 118
    • 84862086460 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Connectivity of default-mode network is associated with cerebral edema in hepatic encephalopathy
    • Lin W., Hsu T., Chen C., et al. Connectivity of default-mode network is associated with cerebral edema in hepatic encephalopathy. PLoS ONE 2012, 7:e36986.
    • (2012) PLoS ONE , vol.7
    • Lin, W.1    Hsu, T.2    Chen, C.3
  • 119
    • 0344876660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perfusion MR imaging: Basic principles and clinical applications
    • Cha S. Perfusion MR imaging: Basic principles and clinical applications. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2003, 11:403-413.
    • (2003) Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am , vol.11 , pp. 403-413
    • Cha, S.1
  • 120
    • 84859797200 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Applications of arterial spin labeled MRI in the brain
    • Detre J.A., Rao H., Wang D.J.J., et al. Applications of arterial spin labeled MRI in the brain. J Magn Reson Imaging 2012, 35:1026-1037.
    • (2012) J Magn Reson Imaging , vol.35 , pp. 1026-1037
    • Detre, J.A.1    Rao, H.2    Wang, D.J.J.3
  • 121
    • 84870701180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced first-pass perfusion MR imaging in patients with subclinical hepatic encephalopathy
    • Li T., Li X., Zhou W., et al. Dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced first-pass perfusion MR imaging in patients with subclinical hepatic encephalopathy. J Neuroradiol 2012, 39:290-294.
    • (2012) J Neuroradiol , vol.39 , pp. 290-294
    • Li, T.1    Li, X.2    Zhou, W.3
  • 122
    • 84869878816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in cerebral blood flow after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt can help predict the development of hepatic encephalopathy: An arterial spin labeling MR study
    • Zheng G., Zhang L.J., Wang Z., et al. Changes in cerebral blood flow after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt can help predict the development of hepatic encephalopathy: An arterial spin labeling MR study. Eur J Radiol 2012, 81:3851-3856.
    • (2012) Eur J Radiol , vol.81 , pp. 3851-3856
    • Zheng, G.1    Zhang, L.J.2    Wang, Z.3
  • 123
    • 0025144093 scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy
    • Kreis R., Farrow N., Ross B.D. Diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Lancet 1990, 336:635-636.
    • (1990) Lancet , vol.336 , pp. 635-636
    • Kreis, R.1    Farrow, N.2    Ross, B.D.3
  • 124
    • 0026541298 scopus 로고
    • Metabolic disorders of the brain in chronic hepatic encephalopathy detected with H-1 MR spectroscopy
    • Kreis R., Ross B.D., Farrow N.A., et al. Metabolic disorders of the brain in chronic hepatic encephalopathy detected with H-1 MR spectroscopy. Radiology 1992, 182:19-27.
    • (1992) Radiology , vol.182 , pp. 19-27
    • Kreis, R.1    Ross, B.D.2    Farrow, N.A.3
  • 125
    • 0034050830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between cerebral perfusion in frontal-limbic-basal ganglia circuits and neuropsychologic impairment in patients with subclinical hepatic encephalopathy
    • Catafau A.M., Kulisevsky J., Bernà L., et al. Relationship between cerebral perfusion in frontal-limbic-basal ganglia circuits and neuropsychologic impairment in patients with subclinical hepatic encephalopathy. J Nucl Med 2000, 41:405-410.
    • (2000) J Nucl Med , vol.41 , pp. 405-410
    • Catafau, A.M.1    Kulisevsky, J.2    Bernà, L.3
  • 126
    • 0032470817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proton MR spectroscopic measurement of neurometabolites in hepatic encephalopathy during oral lactulose therapy
    • Haseler L.J., Sibbitt W.L.J., Mojtahedzadeh H.N., et al. Proton MR spectroscopic measurement of neurometabolites in hepatic encephalopathy during oral lactulose therapy. Am J Neuroradiol 1998, 19:1681-1686.
    • (1998) Am J Neuroradiol , vol.19 , pp. 1681-1686
    • Haseler, L.J.1    Sibbitt, W.L.J.2    Mojtahedzadeh, H.N.3
  • 127
    • 0028037077 scopus 로고
    • Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies on human brain myo-inositol in hypo-osmolarity and hepatic encephalopathy
    • Häussinger D., Laubenberger J., vom Dahl S., et al. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies on human brain myo-inositol in hypo-osmolarity and hepatic encephalopathy. Gastroenterology 1994, 107:1475-1480.
    • (1994) Gastroenterology , vol.107 , pp. 1475-1480
    • Häussinger, D.1    Laubenberger, J.2    vom Dahl, S.3
  • 128
    • 13844317797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemical shift magnetic resonance spectroscopy of cingulate grey matter in patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy
    • Mechtcheriakov S., Schocke M., Kugener A., et al. Chemical shift magnetic resonance spectroscopy of cingulate grey matter in patients with minimal hepatic encephalopathy. Neuroradiology 2005, 47:27-34.
    • (2005) Neuroradiology , vol.47 , pp. 27-34
    • Mechtcheriakov, S.1    Schocke, M.2    Kugener, A.3
  • 129
    • 0032184838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1H MR spectroscopy and neuropsychologic status of patients with hepatic encephalopathy
    • 1H MR spectroscopy and neuropsychologic status of patients with hepatic encephalopathy. Am J Roentgenol 1998, 171:1123-1130.
    • (1998) Am J Roentgenol , vol.171 , pp. 1123-1130
    • Thomas, M.A.1    Huda, A.2    Guze, B.3
  • 130
    • 0031705617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy in hepatic encephalopathy
    • 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy in hepatic encephalopathy. Psychosom Med 1998, 60:550-556.
    • (1998) Psychosom Med , vol.60 , pp. 550-556
    • Huda, A.1    Guze, B.H.2    Thomas, A.3
  • 131
    • 84863429294 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A longitudinal systems biology analysis of lactulose withdrawal in hepatic encephalopathy
    • Bajaj J.S., Gillevet P.M., Patel N.R., et al. A longitudinal systems biology analysis of lactulose withdrawal in hepatic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis 2012, 27:205-215.
    • (2012) Metab Brain Dis , vol.27 , pp. 205-215
    • Bajaj, J.S.1    Gillevet, P.M.2    Patel, N.R.3
  • 132
    • 0035987908 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proton MR spectroscopy of neurometabolites in hepatic encephalopathy during l-ornithine-l-aspartate treatment-Results of a pilot study
    • Delcker A., Turowski B., Mihm U., et al. Proton MR spectroscopy of neurometabolites in hepatic encephalopathy during l-ornithine-l-aspartate treatment-Results of a pilot study. Metab Brain Dis 2002, 17:103-111.
    • (2002) Metab Brain Dis , vol.17 , pp. 103-111
    • Delcker, A.1    Turowski, B.2    Mihm, U.3
  • 133
    • 4143088145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low myo-inositol and high glutamine levels in brain are associated with neuropsychological deterioration after induced hyperammonemia
    • Shawcross D.L., Balata S., Olde Damink S.W.M., et al. Low myo-inositol and high glutamine levels in brain are associated with neuropsychological deterioration after induced hyperammonemia. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2004, 287:G503-G509.
    • (2004) Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol , vol.287
    • Shawcross, D.L.1    Balata, S.2    Olde Damink, S.W.M.3
  • 134
    • 67349206170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hyponatremia is a risk factor of hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis: A prospective study with time-dependent analysis
    • Guevara M., Baccaro M.E., Torre A., et al. Hyponatremia is a risk factor of hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis: A prospective study with time-dependent analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2009, 104:1382-1389.
    • (2009) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.104 , pp. 1382-1389
    • Guevara, M.1    Baccaro, M.E.2    Torre, A.3
  • 135
    • 0027943105 scopus 로고
    • Subclinical hepatic encephalopathy: Proton MR spectroscopic abnormalities
    • Ross B.D., Jacobson S., Villamil F., et al. Subclinical hepatic encephalopathy: Proton MR spectroscopic abnormalities. Radiology 1994, 193:457-463.
    • (1994) Radiology , vol.193 , pp. 457-463
    • Ross, B.D.1    Jacobson, S.2    Villamil, F.3
  • 136
    • 0030892658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the brain in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with liver cirrhosis
    • Laubenberger J., Häussinger D., Bayer S., et al. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the brain in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with liver cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1997, 112:1610-1616.
    • (1997) Gastroenterology , vol.112 , pp. 1610-1616
    • Laubenberger, J.1    Häussinger, D.2    Bayer, S.3
  • 137
    • 0029731210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neurospectroscopic alterations and globus pallidus hyperintensity as related magnetic resonance markers of reversible hepatic encephalopathy
    • Pujol J., Kulisevsky J., Moreno A., et al. Neurospectroscopic alterations and globus pallidus hyperintensity as related magnetic resonance markers of reversible hepatic encephalopathy. Neurology 1996, 47:1526-1530.
    • (1996) Neurology , vol.47 , pp. 1526-1530
    • Pujol, J.1    Kulisevsky, J.2    Moreno, A.3
  • 138
    • 0028650343 scopus 로고
    • Regional variations in cerebral proton spectroscopy in patients with chronic hepatic encephalopathy
    • Taylor-Robinson S.D., Sargentoni J., Marcus C.D., et al. Regional variations in cerebral proton spectroscopy in patients with chronic hepatic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis 1994, 9:347-359.
    • (1994) Metab Brain Dis , vol.9 , pp. 347-359
    • Taylor-Robinson, S.D.1    Sargentoni, J.2    Marcus, C.D.3
  • 139
    • 36749033636 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correlations between magnetic resonance spectroscopy alterations and cerebral ammonia and glucose metabolism in cirrhotic patients with and without hepatic encephalopathy
    • Weissenborn K., Ahl B., Fischer-Wasels D., et al. Correlations between magnetic resonance spectroscopy alterations and cerebral ammonia and glucose metabolism in cirrhotic patients with and without hepatic encephalopathy. Gut 2007, 56:1736-1742.
    • (2007) Gut , vol.56 , pp. 1736-1742
    • Weissenborn, K.1    Ahl, B.2    Fischer-Wasels, D.3
  • 140
    • 0033180495 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1H-MRS) findings for the brain in patients with liver cirrhosis reflect the hepatic functional reserve
    • 1H-MRS) findings for the brain in patients with liver cirrhosis reflect the hepatic functional reserve. Am J Gastroenterol 1999, 94:2206-2213.
    • (1999) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.94 , pp. 2206-2213
    • Lee, J.H.1    Seo, D.W.2    Lee, Y.S.3
  • 141
    • 0034324022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proton MR spectroscopy of the brain in patients treated with TIPS
    • Hamuro M., Nakamura K., Matsuoka T., et al. Proton MR spectroscopy of the brain in patients treated with TIPS. Acta Radiol 2000, 41:567-571.
    • (2000) Acta Radiol , vol.41 , pp. 567-571
    • Hamuro, M.1    Nakamura, K.2    Matsuoka, T.3
  • 142
    • 1242269852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral glutamine challenge and magnetic resonance spectroscopy in three patients with congenital portosystemic shunts
    • Ortiz M., Córdoba J., Alonso J., et al. Oral glutamine challenge and magnetic resonance spectroscopy in three patients with congenital portosystemic shunts. J Hepatol 2004, 40:552-557.
    • (2004) J Hepatol , vol.40 , pp. 552-557
    • Ortiz, M.1    Córdoba, J.2    Alonso, J.3
  • 143
    • 0033020357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1H-MR spectra of alcohol-dependent and hepatic encephalopathy patients
    • 1H-MR spectra of alcohol-dependent and hepatic encephalopathy patients. Am J Psychiatry 1999, 156:952-954.
    • (1999) Am J Psychiatry , vol.156 , pp. 952-954
    • Behar, K.L.1    Rothman, D.L.2    Petersen, K.F.3
  • 144
    • 15944403453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy of hepatic encephalopathy
    • 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy of hepatic encephalopathy. J Magn Reson Imaging 2005, 21:398-405.
    • (2005) J Magn Reson Imaging , vol.21 , pp. 398-405
    • Binesh, N.1    Huda, A.2    Bugbee, M.3
  • 145
    • 77954101918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two-dimensional MR spectroscopy of minimal hepatic encephalopathy and neuropsychological correlates in vivo
    • Singhal A., Nagarajan R., Hinkin C.H., et al. Two-dimensional MR spectroscopy of minimal hepatic encephalopathy and neuropsychological correlates in vivo. J Magn Reson Imaging 2010, 32:35-43.
    • (2010) J Magn Reson Imaging , vol.32 , pp. 35-43
    • Singhal, A.1    Nagarajan, R.2    Hinkin, C.H.3
  • 146
    • 80052283964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multi-dimensional MR spectroscopy: Towards a better understanding of hepatic encephalopathy
    • Sarma M.K., Huda A., Nagarajan R., et al. Multi-dimensional MR spectroscopy: Towards a better understanding of hepatic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis 2011, 26:173-184.
    • (2011) Metab Brain Dis , vol.26 , pp. 173-184
    • Sarma, M.K.1    Huda, A.2    Nagarajan, R.3
  • 147
    • 0029133589 scopus 로고
    • Proton spectroscopy of brain glutamine in acute liver failure
    • McConnell J.R., Antonson D.L., Ong C.S., et al. Proton spectroscopy of brain glutamine in acute liver failure. Hepatology 1995, 22:69-74.
    • (1995) Hepatology , vol.22 , pp. 69-74
    • McConnell, J.R.1    Antonson, D.L.2    Ong, C.S.3
  • 148
    • 54049084994 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1H MR spectroscopy of the brain in children with acute liver failure
    • 1H MR spectroscopy of the brain in children with acute liver failure. Eur Radiol 2008, 18:2601-2609.
    • (2008) Eur Radiol , vol.18 , pp. 2601-2609
    • Sijens, P.E.1    Alkefaji, H.2    Lunsing, R.J.3
  • 149
    • 48949105431 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy-derived metabolite variations between acute-on-chronic liver failure and acute liver failure
    • 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy-derived metabolite variations between acute-on-chronic liver failure and acute liver failure. Liver Int 2008, 28:1095-1103.
    • (2008) Liver Int , vol.28 , pp. 1095-1103
    • Verma, A.1    Saraswat, V.A.2    Radha Krishna, Y.3
  • 150
    • 70349215356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minimal hepatic encephalopathy in children: Evaluation with proton MR spectroscopy
    • Foerster B.R., Conklin L.S., Petrou M., et al. Minimal hepatic encephalopathy in children: Evaluation with proton MR spectroscopy. Am J Neuroradiol 2009, 30:1610-1613.
    • (2009) Am J Neuroradiol , vol.30 , pp. 1610-1613
    • Foerster, B.R.1    Conklin, L.S.2    Petrou, M.3
  • 151
    • 0025979046 scopus 로고
    • Cerebral ammonia metabolism in patients with severe liver disease and minimal hepatic encephalopathy
    • Lockwood A.H., Yap E.W., Wong W.H. Cerebral ammonia metabolism in patients with severe liver disease and minimal hepatic encephalopathy. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1991, 11:337-341.
    • (1991) J Cereb Blood Flow Metab , vol.11 , pp. 337-341
    • Lockwood, A.H.1    Yap, E.W.2    Wong, W.H.3
  • 152
    • 0029827933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glutamine, myo-inositol, and organic brain osmolytes after portocaval anastomosis in the rat: Implications for ammonia-induced brain edema
    • Cordoba J., Gottstein J., Blei A.T. Glutamine, myo-inositol, and organic brain osmolytes after portocaval anastomosis in the rat: Implications for ammonia-induced brain edema. Hepatology 1996, 24:919-923.
    • (1996) Hepatology , vol.24 , pp. 919-923
    • Cordoba, J.1    Gottstein, J.2    Blei, A.T.3
  • 153
    • 0028043886 scopus 로고
    • Cerebral phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with chronic hepatic encephalopathy
    • Taylor-Robinson S.D., Sargentoni J., Mallalieu R.J., et al. Cerebral phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with chronic hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology 1994, 20:1173-1178.
    • (1994) Hepatology , vol.20 , pp. 1173-1178
    • Taylor-Robinson, S.D.1    Sargentoni, J.2    Mallalieu, R.J.3
  • 154
    • 0029835161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • MR imaging and spectroscopy of the basal ganglia in chronic liver disease: Correlation of T1-weighted contrast measurements with abnormalities in proton and phosphorus-31 MR spectra
    • Taylor-Robinson S.D., Sargentoni J., Oatridge A., et al. MR imaging and spectroscopy of the basal ganglia in chronic liver disease: Correlation of T1-weighted contrast measurements with abnormalities in proton and phosphorus-31 MR spectra. Metab Brain Dis 1996, 11:249-268.
    • (1996) Metab Brain Dis , vol.11 , pp. 249-268
    • Taylor-Robinson, S.D.1    Sargentoni, J.2    Oatridge, A.3
  • 155
    • 0032882570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cerebral proton and phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with subclinical hepatic encephalopathy
    • Taylor-Robinson S.D., Buckley C., Changani K.K., et al. Cerebral proton and phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with subclinical hepatic encephalopathy. Liver 1999, 19:389-398.
    • (1999) Liver , vol.19 , pp. 389-398
    • Taylor-Robinson, S.D.1    Buckley, C.2    Changani, K.K.3
  • 156
    • 0034510899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intracellular pH measurements of the whole head and the basal ganglia in chronic liver disease: A phosphorus-31 MR spectroscopy study
    • Patel N., Forton D.M., Coutts G.A., et al. Intracellular pH measurements of the whole head and the basal ganglia in chronic liver disease: A phosphorus-31 MR spectroscopy study. Metab Brain Dis 2000, 15:223-240.
    • (2000) Metab Brain Dis , vol.15 , pp. 223-240
    • Patel, N.1    Forton, D.M.2    Coutts, G.A.3
  • 157
    • 0031595057 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy reveals osmotic and metabolic disturbances in human hepatic encephalopathy
    • 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy reveals osmotic and metabolic disturbances in human hepatic encephalopathy. J Neurochem 1998, 71:1564-1576.
    • (1998) J Neurochem , vol.71 , pp. 1564-1576
    • Bluml, S.1    Zuckerman, E.2    Tan, J.3
  • 158
    • 0037107937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abnormal brain energy metabolism shown by in vivo phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with chronic liver disease
    • Barbiroli B., Gaiani S., Lodi R., et al. Abnormal brain energy metabolism shown by in vivo phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy in patients with chronic liver disease. Brain Res Bull 2002, 59:75-82.
    • (2002) Brain Res Bull , vol.59 , pp. 75-82
    • Barbiroli, B.1    Gaiani, S.2    Lodi, R.3
  • 159
    • 0034744085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • [1-13C]glucose MRS in chronic hepatic encephalopathy in man
    • Blüml S., Moreno-Torres A., Ross B.D. [1-13C]glucose MRS in chronic hepatic encephalopathy in man. Magn Reson Med 2001, 45:981-993.
    • (2001) Magn Reson Med , vol.45 , pp. 981-993
    • Blüml, S.1    Moreno-Torres, A.2    Ross, B.D.3
  • 160
    • 79954832002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New assessment of hepatic encephalopathy
    • Córdoba J. New assessment of hepatic encephalopathy. J Hepatol 2011, 54:1030-1040.
    • (2011) J Hepatol , vol.54 , pp. 1030-1040
    • Córdoba, J.1
  • 161
    • 0034765336 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Usefulness of magnetic resonance spectroscopy for diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy in a patient with relapsing confusional syndrome
    • Cordoba J., Hinojosa C., Sampedro F., et al. Usefulness of magnetic resonance spectroscopy for diagnosis of hepatic encephalopathy in a patient with relapsing confusional syndrome. Dig Dis Sci 2001, 46:2451-2455.
    • (2001) Dig Dis Sci , vol.46 , pp. 2451-2455
    • Cordoba, J.1    Hinojosa, C.2    Sampedro, F.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.