Hyponatremia is a risk factor of hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis: A prospective study with time-dependent analysis

American Journal of Gastroenterology

Volumn 104, Issue 6, 2009, Pages 1382-1389

  Guevara, Mónica ^a,b,c,d   Baccaro, M E ^a,b,c   Torre, Aldo ^a   Gómez Ansón, Beatriz ^a   Ríos, José ^a   Torres, Ferrán ^a   Rami, Lorena ^a   Monté Rubio, Gemma C ^a   Martín Llahí, Marta ^a,b,c   Arroyo, Vicente ^a,b,c   Ginès, Pere ^a,b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA   (Spain)

^b INSTITUT D INVESTIGACIONS BIOMÈDIQUES AUGUST PI I SUNYER IDIBAPS   (Spain)

^c INSTITUTO DE SALUD CARLOS III   (Spain)

^d HOSPITAL CLÍNIC   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; CREATININE; ELECTROLYTE; INOSITOL; OSMOLYTE; SODIUM; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ADULT; AGED; AMMONIA BLOOD LEVEL; ARTICLE; BILIRUBIN BLOOD LEVEL; CONTROLLED STUDY; CREATININE BLOOD LEVEL; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY; HUMAN; HYPONATREMIA; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTON NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; RECURRENT DISEASE; RISK FACTOR; SODIUM BLOOD LEVEL;

ADULT; AGED; ASPARTIC ACID; BILIRUBIN; BRAIN CHEMISTRY; CREATINE; CREATININE; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; GLUTAMIC ACID; GLUTAMINE; HEPATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY; HUMANS; HYPONATREMIA; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PARIETAL LOBE; PROGNOSIS; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK FACTORS; SODIUM; TIME FACTORS;

EID: 67349206170     PISSN: 00029270     EISSN: 15720241     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2009.293     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Schrier RW, Arroyo V, Bernardi M et al. Peripheral arterial vasodilation hypothesis: a proposal for the initiation of renal sodium and water retention in cirrhosis. Hepatology 1988;8:1151-7.
2. Ginès P , Berl T, Bernardi M et al. Hyponatremia in cirrhosis: from pathogenesis to treatment. Hepatology 998;28:851-64.
3. Ishikawa S, Schrier RW. Pathogenesis of hyponatremia: the role of arginine vasopressin in cirrhosis. In: Gin ès P, Arroyo V, Rodés J, Schrier RW (eds). Ascites and Renal Dysfunction in Liver Diseases: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment. Blackwell Science: Oxford, UK , 2005 , pp. 305-4.
4. Arief AI, Llach F, Massry SG. Neurological manifestations and morbidity of hyponatremia - correlation with brain water and electrolytes. Medicine 1976;55:121-9.
5. Verbalis JG, Gullans SR. Hyponatremia causes large sustained reductions in brain content of multiple organic osmolytes in rats. Brain Res 1991;567:274-82.
6. Videen JS, Michaelis T, Pinto P et al. Human cerebral osmolytes during chronic hyponatremia. A proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study. J Clin Invest 995;95:788-93.
7. Adrogue HJ, Madias NE. Hyponatremia. N Engl J Med 2000;343:888.
8. Haussinger D, Blei AT. Hepatic encephalopathy. In: Rodes J, Benhamou JP, Blei AT, Reichen J, Rizzetto M (eds). Text Book of Hepatology. From Basic Science to Clinical Practise. Blackwell Publishing: Oxford, 2007, pp. 728-60.
9. Córdoba J, Gottstein J, Blei AT. Glutamine, myo-inositol, and organic brain osmolytes after portocaval anastomosis in the rat: implications for ammonia-induced brain edema. Hepatology 1996;24:919-23.
10. Córdoba J, Alonso J, Rovira A et al. The development of low-grade cerebral edema in cirrhosis is supported by the evolution of (1)H-magnetic resonance abnormalities after liver transplantation. J Hepatol 2001;35:598-604.
11. Lodi R, Tonon C, Stracciari A et al. Difusion MRI shows increased water apparent diffusion coefficient in the brains of cirrhotics. Neurology 2004;62:762-6.
12. Haussinger D. Low grade cerebral edema and the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis. Hepatology 2006;43:1187-90.
13. Córdoba J, Gottstein J, Blei AT. Chronic hyponatremia exacerbates ammonia-induced brain edema in rats after portacaval anastomosis. J Hepatol 1998;29:589-94.
14. Amodio P, Del Piccolo F, Petteno E et al. Prevalence and prognostic value of quantified electroencephalogram (EEG) alterations in cirrhotic patients. J Hepatol 200;35:37-45.
15. Conn HO, Leevy CM, Vlahcevic ZR et al. Comparison of lactulose and neomycin in treatment of chronic portal-Systemic encephalopathy - double-blind controlled trial. Gastroenterology 1977;72:573-83.
16. Blei AT, Córdoba J. Hepatic encephalopathy. Am J Gastroenterol 2001;96:1968-76.
17. Cárdenas A, Ginès P. Management of complications of cirrhosis in patients awaiting liver transplantation. J Hepatol 2005;42 (Suppl):S124-33.
18. Ginès P , Cárdenas A. The management of ascites and hyponatremia in cirrhosis. Semin Liver Dis 2008;28:43-58.
19. Provencher SW Estimation of metabolite concentrations from localized in vivo proton NMR spectra. Magn Reson Med 1993;30:672-9.
20. Mondzac A, Ehrlich GE, Seegmiller JE. An enzymatic determination of ammonia in biological fluids. J Lab Clin Med 1965;66:526-3.
21. Prentice RL, Williams BJ, Peterson AV. On the regression analysis of multivariate failure time data. Biometrika 1981;68:389.
22. Sherlock S, Senewira B, Scott A et al. Complications of diuretic therapy in hepatic cirrhosis. Lancet 1966;1:1049-52.
23. Hartmann IJ, Groeneweg M, Quero JC et al. The prognostic significance of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:2029-34.
24. Saxena N, Bhatia M, Joshi YK et al. Electrophysiological and neuropsychological tests for the diagnosis of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy and prediction of overt encephalopathy. Liver 2002;22:190-7.
25. Restuccia T, Gomez-Anson B, Guevara M et al. Efects of dilutional hyponatremia on brain organic osmolytes and water content in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology 2004;39:1613-22.
26. Murphy N, Auzinger G, Bernel W et al. The effect of hypertonic sodium chloride on intracranial pressure in patients with acute liver failure. Hepatology 2004;39:464-70.
27. Angeli P, Wong F, Watson H et al. Hyponatremia in cirrhosis: results of a patient population survey. Hepatology 2006;44:1535-42.
28. Guevara M, Uríz J, Arcos E et al. Hyponatremia is a risk factor of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis: a post hoc time-dependent analysis of the international study group on refractory ascites trial. Hepatology 2006;44 (Suppl 1) (abstract).
29. Jalan R, Dabos K, Redhead DN et al. Elevation of intracranial pressure following transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent-shunt for variceal haemorrhage. J Hepatol 1997;27:928-33.
30. Schrier RW, Gross P, Gheorghiade M et al. Tolvaptan, a selective oral vasopressin V-2-receptor antagonist, for hyponatremia. N Engl J Med 2006;355:2099-112.
31. Ginès P, Wong F, Watson H et al. Efects of satavaptan, a selective vasopressin V(2) receptor antagonist, on ascites and serum sodium in cirrhosis with hyponatremia: a randomized trial. Hepatology 2008;48:204-13.
32. Norenberg MD, Jayakumar AR, Rama Rao KV. Oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis 2004;19:313-29.
33. Schliess F, Gorg B, Haussinger D Pathogenetic interplay between osmotic and oxidative stress: the hepatic encephalopathy paradigm. Biol Chem 2006;387:1363-70.
34. Grover VP, Dresner MA, Forton DM et al. Current and future applications of magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy of the brain in hepatic encephalopathy. World J Gastroenterol 2006;12:2969-78.
35. Haussinger D, Laubenberger J, vom DS et al. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies on human brain myo-inositol in hypo-osmolarity and hepatic encephalopathy. Gastroenterology 1994;107:1475-80.
36. Shawcross DL, Balata S, Olde Damink SW et al. Low myo-inositol and high glutamine levels in brain are associated with neuropsychological deterioration after induced hyperammonemia. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2004;287:G503-9.
37. Conn HO. A peek at the Child-Turcotte classifcation. Hepatology 981;1:673-6.
38. Erlinger S, Benhamou JP. Cirrhosis: clinical aspects. In: Bircher J, Benhamou JP, McIntyre N, Rizzetto M, Rodes J (eds). Oxford Textbook of Clinical Hepatology. Oxford University Press: New York, 1999, pp. 629-42.
39. Kamath PS, Wiesner RH, Malinchoc M et al. A model to predict survival in patients with end-stage liver disease. Hepatology 2001;33:464-70.
40. Romero-Gomez M, Boza F, García-Valdecasas MS et al. Subclinical hepatic encephalopathy predicts the development of overt hepatic encephalopathy. Am J Gastroenterol 2001;96:2718-23.
41. Brouns R, De Deyn PP. Neurological complications in renal failure: a review. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2004;107:1-16.