Protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibition by metals and metal complexes

Antioxidants and Redox Signaling

Volumn 20, Issue 14, 2014, Pages 2210-2224

  Lu, Liping ^a   Zhu, Miaoli ^a  

^a SHANXI UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIMONY; COPPER COMPLEX; GOLD COMPLEX; IRON COMPLEX; METAL COMPLEX; METAL ION; PROTEIN TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE; PROTEIN TYROSINE PHOSPHATASE INHIBITOR; RUTHENIUM COMPLEX; VANADIUM; ENZYME INHIBITOR; METAL; ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUND;

CELL MEMBRANE; CELL METABOLISM; DRUG DEVELOPMENT; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATION; TUMOR GROWTH; TUMOR XENOGRAFT; ANIMAL; ANTAGONISTS AND INHIBITORS; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; CHEMISTRY; CONFORMATION; GENETICS; HUMAN; METABOLISM;

ANIMALS; ENZYME INHIBITORS; HUMANS; METALS; MODELS, MOLECULAR; MOLECULAR CONFORMATION; ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS; PROTEIN TYROSINE PHOSPHATASES; STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP;

EID: 84898607356     PISSN: 15230864     EISSN: 15577716     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5720     Document Type: Review

References (127)

1. Alonso A, Sasin J, Bottini N, Friedberg I, Friedberg I, Osterman A, Godzik A, Hunter T, Dixon J, and Mustelin T. Protein tyrosine phosphatases in the human genome. Cell 117: 699-711, 2004.
2. Anderson RA. Chromium, glucose intolerance and diabetes. J Am Coll Nutr 17: 548-555, 1998.
3. Anderson RA. Chromium in the prevention and control of diabetes. Diabetes Metab 26: 22-27, 2000.
4. Anderson RA, Cheng N, Bryden NA, Polansky MM, Cheng N, Chi J, and Feng J. Elevated intakes of supplemental chromium improve glucose and insulin variables in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 46: 1786-1791, 1997.
5. Asante-Appiah E and Kennedy BP. Protein tyrosine phosphatases: the quest for negative regulators of insulin action. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 284: E663-E670, 2003.
6. Barr AJ. Protein tyrosine phosphatases as drug targets: strategies and challenges of inhibitor development. Future Med Chem 2: 1563-1576, 2010.
7. Berggren MM, Burns LA, Abraham RT, and Powis G. Inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase by the antitumor agent gallium nitrate. Cancer Res 53: 1862-1866, 1993.
8. Bevan AP, Drake PG, Yale JF, Shaver A, and Posner BI. Peroxovanadium compounds: biological actions and mechanism of insulin-mimesis. Mol Cell Biochem 153: 49-58, 1995.
9. Blaskovich MAT. Drug discovery and protein tyrosine phosphatases. Curr Med Chem 16: 2095-2176, 2009.
10. Brautigan DL, Bornstein P, and Gallis B. Phosphotyrosylprotein phosphatase. Specific inhibition by Zn. J Biol Chem 256: 6519-6522, 1981.
11. Campos-Bermudez VA, Morán-Barrio J, Costa-Filho AJ, and Vila AJ. Metal-dependent inhibition of glyoxalase II: a possible mechanism to regulate the enzyme activity. J Inorg Biochem 104: 726-731, 2010.
12. Caragounis A, Du T, Filiz G, Laughton KM, Volitakis I, Sharples RA, Cherny RA, Masters CL, Drew SC, Hill AF, Li QX, Crouch PJ, Barnham KJ, and White AR. Differential modulation of Alzheimer's disease amyloid betapeptide accumulation by diverse classes of metal ligands. Biochem J 407: 435-450, 2007.
13. Chatterjee D, Mitra A, Levina A, and Lay PA. A potential role for protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibition by a RuIIIedta complex (edta = ethylenediaminetetraacetate) in its biological activity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008: 2864-2866, 2008.
14. Che C-M and Siu F-M. Metal complexes in medicine with a focus on enzyme inhibition. Curr Opin Chem Biol 14: 255-261, 2010.
15. Chen D, Cui QC, Yang H, Barrea RA, Sarkar FH, Sheng S, Yan B, Reddy GP, and Dou QP. Clioquinol, a therapeutic agent for Alzheimer's disease, has proteasome-inhibitory, androgen receptor-suppressing, apoptosis-inducing, and antitumor activities in human prostate cancer cells and xenografts. Cancer Res 67: 1636-1644, 2007.
16. Chen D, Cui QC, Yang H, and Dou QP. Disulfiram, a clinically used anti-alcoholism drug and copper-binding agent, induces apoptotic cell death in breast cancer cultures and xenografts via inhibition of the proteasome activity. Cancer Res 66: 10425-10433, 2006.
17. Crouch PJ, Hung LW, Adlard PA, Cortes M, Lal V, Filiz G, Perez KA, Nurjono M, Caragounis A, Du T, Laughton K, Volitakis I, Bush AI, Li QX, Masters CL, Cappai R, Cherny RA, Donnelly PS, White AR, and Barnham KJ. Increasing Cu bioavailability inhibits Ab oligomers and tau phosphorylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106: 381-386, 2009.
18. Daniel KG, Chen D, Orlu S, Cui QC, Miller FR, and Dou QP. Clioquinol and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate complex with copper to form proteasome inhibitors and apoptosis inducers in human breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Res 7: R897-R908, 2005.
19. Daum G, Zander NF, Morse B, Hurwitz D, Schlessinger J, and Fischer EH. Characterization of a human recombinant receptor-linked protein tyrosine phosphatase. J Biol Chem 266: 12211-12215, 1991.
20. Doody KM, Bourdeau A, and Tremblay ML. T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase is a key regulator in immune cell signaling: lessons from the knockout mouse model and implications in human disease. Immunol Rev 228: 325-341, 2009.
21. Dubois MJ, Bergeron S, Kim HJ, Dombrowski L, Perreault M, Fournès B, Faure R, Olivier M, Beauchemin N, Shulman GI, Siminovitch KA, Kim JK, and Marette A. The SHP-1 protein tyrosine phosphatase negatively modulates glucose homeostasis. Nat Med 12: 549-556, 2006.
22. Duncan C and White AR. Copper complexes as therapeutic agents. Metallomics 4: 127-138, 2012.
23. Elchebly M, Payette P, Michaliszyn E, Cromlish W, Collins S, Loy AL, Normandin D, Cheng A, Himms-Hagen J, Chan CC, Ramachandran C, Gresser MJ, Tremblay ML, and Kennedy BP. Increased insulin sensitivity and obesity resistance in mice lacking the protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B gene. Science 283: 1544-1548, 1999.
24. Feng L, Geisselbrecht Y, Blanck S, Wilbuer A, Atilla-Gokcumen GE, Filippakopoulos P, Kraeling K, Celik MA, Harms K, Maksimoska J, Marmorstein R, Frenking G, Knapp S, Essen L-O, and Meggers E. Structurally sophisticated octahedral metal complexes as highly selective protein kinase inhibitors. J Am Chem Soc 133: 5976-5986, 2011.
25. Frezza M, Hindo S, Chen D, Davenport A, Schmitt S, Tomco D, and Dou QP. Novel metals and metal complexes as platforms for cancer therapy. Curr Pharm Des 16: 1813-1825, 2010.
26. Galic S, Klingler-Hoffmann M, Fodero-Tavoletti MT, Puryer MA, Meng TC, Tonks NK, and Tiganis T. Regulation of insulin receptor signaling by the protein tyrosine phosphatase TCPTP. Mol Cell Biol 23: 2096-2108, 2003.
27. Gambino D. Potentiality of vanadium compounds as antiparasitic agents. Coord Chem Rev 255: 2193-2203, 2011.
28. Gautier A and Cisnetti F. Advances in metal-carbene complexes as potent anti-cancer agents. Metallomics 4: 23-32, 2012.
29. Ge R and Sun H. Bioinorganic chemistry of bismuth and antimony: target sites of metallodrugs. Acc Chem Res 40: 267-274, 2007.
30. Gebbink MF, Verheijen MH, Zondag GC, van Etten I, and Moolenaar WH. Purification and characterization of the cytoplasmic domain of human receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase RPTP mu. Biochemistry 32: 13516-13522, 1993.
31. Goldstein BJ, Zhu L, Hager R, Zilbering A, Sun YJ, and Vincent JB. Enhancement of post-receptor insulin signaling by trivalent chromium in hepatoma cells is associated with differential inhibition of specific protein-tyrosine phosphatases. J Trace Elem Exp Med 14: 393-404, 2001.
32. Gomez MA, Alisaraie L, Shio MT, Berghuis AM, Lebrun C, Gautier-Luneau I, and Olivier M. Protein tyrosine phosphatases are regulated by mononuclear iron dicitrate. J Biol Chem 285: 24620-24628, 2010.
33. Griffith D, Parker JP, and Marmion CJ. Enzyme inhibition as a key target for the development of novel metal-based anti-cancer therapeutics. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 10: 354-370, 2010.
34. Gupte A and Mumper RJ. Elevated copper and oxidative stress in cancer cells as a target for cancer treatment. Cancer Treat Rev 35: 32-46, 2009.
35. Haase H and Maret W. Intracellular zinc fluctuations modulate protein tyrosine phosphatase activity in insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling. Exp Cell Res 291: 289-298, 2003.
36. Haase H and Maret W. Fluctuations of cellular, available zinc modulate insulin signaling via inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatases. J Trace Elem Med Biol 19: 37-42, 2005.
37. Han H, Lu L, Wang Q, Zhu M, Yuan C, Xing S, and Fu X. Synthesis and evaluation of oxovanadium(IV) complexes of Schiff-base condensates from 5-substituted-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 2-substituted-benzenamine as selective inhibitors of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B. Dalton Trans 41: 11116-11124, 2012.
38. Hardy S, Julien SG, and Tremblay ML. Impact of oncogenic protein tyrosine phosphatases in cancer. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 12: 4-18, 2012.
39. Hartinger CG, Zorbas-Seifried S, Jakupec MA, Kynast B, Zorbas H, and Keppler BK. From bench to bedside-preclinical and early clinical development of the anticancer agent indazolium trans-[tetrachlorobis(1H-indazole) ruthenate(III)] (KP1019 or FFC14A). J Inorg Biochem 100: 891-904, 2006.
40. Hendriks WJAJ, Elson A, Harroch S, Pulido R, Stoker A, and den Hertog J. Protein tyrosine phosphatases in health and disease. FEBS J 280: 708-730, 2013.
41. Hoekstra E, Peppelenbosch MP, and Fuhler GM. The role of protein tyrosine phosphatases in colorectal cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 1826: 179-188, 2012.
42. Hörlein D, Gallis B, Brautigan DL, and Bornstein P. Partial purification and characterization of phosphotyrosyl-protein phosphatase from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Biochemistry 21: 5577-5584, 1982.
43. Huyer G, Liu S, Kelly J, Moffat J, Payette P, Kennedy B, Tsaprailis G, Gresser MJ, and Ramachandran C. Mechanism of inhibition of protein-tyrosine phosphatases by vanadate and pervanadate. J Biol Chem 272: 843-851, 1997.
44. Iversen LF, Møller KB, Pedersen AK, Peters GH, Petersen AS, Andersen HS, Branner S, Mortensen SB, and Møller NP. Structure determination of T cell protein-tyrosine phosphatase. J Biol Chem 277: 19982-19990, 2002.
45. Jiang ZX and Zhang ZY. Targeting PTPs with small molecule inhibitors in cancer treatment. Cancer Metastasis Rev 27: 263-272, 2008.
46. Julien SG, Dubé N, Hardy S, and Tremblay ML. Inside the human cancer tyrosine phosphatome. Nat Rev Cancer 11: 35-49, 2011.
47. Jungwirth U, Kowol CR, Keppler BK, Hartinger CG, Berger W, and Heffeter P. Anticancer activity of metal complexes: involvement of redox processes. Antioxid Redox Signal 15: 1085-1127, 2011.
48. Karver MR, Krishnamurthy D, Kulkarni RA, Bottini N, and Barrios AM. Identifying potent, selective protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors from a library of Au(I) complexes. J Med Chem 52: 6912-6918, 2009.
49. Kilpin KJ and Dyson PJ. Enzyme inhibition by metal complexes: concepts, strategies and applications. Chem Sci 4: 1410-1419, 2013.
50. Kim JH, Cho H, Ryu SE, and Choi MU. Effects of metal ions on the activity of protein tyrosine phosphatase VHR: highly potent and reversible oxidative inactivation by Cu2 + ion. Arch Biochem Biophys 382: 72-80, 2000.
51. Kozlowski H, Janicka-Klos A, Brasun J, Gaggelli E, Valensin D, and Valensin G. Copper, iron, and zinc ions homeostasis and their role in neurodegenerative disorders (metal uptake, transport, distribution and regulation). Coord Chem Rev 253: 2665-2685, 2009.
52. Krejsa CM, Nadler SG, Esselstyn JM, Kavanagh TJ, Ledbetter JA, and Schieven GL. Role of oxidative stress in the action of vanadium phosphotyrosine phosphatase inhibitors. Redox independent activation of NF-kappaB. J Biol Chem 272: 11541-11549, 1997.
53. Krishnamurthy D, Karver MR, Fiorillo E, Orrú V, Stanford SM, Bottini N, and Barrios AM. Gold(I)-mediated inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatases: a detailed in vitro and cellular study. J Med Chem 51: 4790-4795, 2008.
54. Kunick C and Ott I. Metal complexes as protein kinase inhibitors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 49: 5226-5227, 2010.
55. Labbé DP, Hardy S, and Tremblay ML. Protein tyrosine phosphatases in cancer: friends and foes! Prog Mol Biol Transl Sci 106: 253-306, 2012.
56. Lebon F, Boggetto N, Ledecq M, Durant F, Benatallah Z, Sicsic S, Lapouyade R, Kahn O, Mouithys-Mickalad A, Deby-Dupont G, and Reboud-Ravaux M. Metal-organic compounds: a new approach for drug discovery N1-(4-methyl-2- pyridyl)-2,3,6-trimethoxybenzamide copper(II) complex as an inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus 1 protease. Biochem Pharmacol 63: 1863-1873, 2002.
57. Ledecq M, Lebon F, Durant F, Giessner-Prettre C, Marquez A, and Gresh N. Modeling of copper(II) complexes with the SIBFA polarizable molecular mechanics procedure. Application to a new class of HIV-1 protease inhibitors. J Phys Chem B 107: 10640-10652, 2003.
58. Leighton B, Cooper GJ, DaCosta C, and Foot EA. Peroxovanadates have full insulin-like effects on glycogen synthesis in normal and insulin-resistant skeletal muscle. Biochem J 276 (Pt 2): 289-292, 1991.
59. Lentz F, Drescher A, Lindauer A, Henke M, Hilger RA, Hartinger CG, Scheulen ME, Dittrich C, Keppler BK, Jaehde U, and Cent European Soc Anticanc Drug R. Pharmacokinetics of a novel anticancer ruthenium complex (KP1019, FFC14A) in a phase I dose-escalation study. Anticancer Drugs 20: 97-103, 2009.
60. Levina A, Mitra A, and Lay PA. Recent developments in ruthenium anticancer drugs. Metallomics 1: 458-470, 2009.
61. Li Y, Lu L, Zhu M, Wang Q, Yuan C, Xing S, Fu X, and Mei Y. Potent inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatases by copper complexes with multi-benzimidazole derivatives. Biometals 24: 993-1004, 2011.
62. Liang F, Lee SY, Liang J, Lawrence DS, and Zhang ZY. The role of protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B in integrin signaling. J Biol Chem 280: 24857-24863, 2005.
63. Lu L, Gao X, Zhu M, Wang S, Wu Q, Xing S, Fu X, Liu Z, and Guo M. Exploration of biguanido-oxovanadium complexes as potent and selective inhibitors of protein tyrosine phosphatases. Biometals 25: 599-610, 2012.
64. Lu L, Wang S, Zhu M, Liu Z, Guo M, Xing S, and Fu X. Inhibition protein tyrosine phosphatases by an oxovanadium glutamate complex, Na2[VO(Glu)2(CH3OH)] (Glu = glutamate). Biometals 23: 1139-1147, 2010.
65. Lu L and Zhu M. Metal-based inhibitors of protein tyrosine phosphatases. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 11: 164-171, 2011.
66. Ma L, Lu L, Zhu M, Wang Q, Gao F, Yuan C, Wu Y, Xing S, Fu X, Mei Y, and Gao X. Dinuclear copper complexes of organic claw: potent inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatases. J Inorg Biochem 105: 1138-1147, 2011.
67. Ma L, Lu L, Zhu M, Wang Q, Li Y, Xing S, Fu X, Gao Z, and Dong Y. Mononuclear copper(II) complexes with 3,5-substituted-4-salicylidene-amino-3,5- dimethyl-1,2,4-triazole: synthesis, structure and potent inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatases. Dalton Trans 40: 6532-6540, 2011.
68. Ma YM, Tao RY, Liu Q, Li J, Tian JY, Zhang XL, Xiao ZY, and Ye F. PTP1B inhibitor improves both insulin resistance and lipid abnormalities in vivo and in vitro. Mol Cell Biochem 357: 65-72, 2011.
69. Martinez-Finley EJ, Chakraborty S, Fretham SJB, and Aschner M. Cellular transport and homeostasis of essential and nonessential metals. Metallomics 4: 593-605, 2012.
70. Marzano C, Pellei M, Tisato F, and Santini C. Copper complexes as anticancer agents. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 9: 185-211, 2009.
71. Meggers E. Targeting proteins with metal complexes. Chem Commun 9: 1001-1010, 2009.
72. Mustelin T, Vang T, and Bottini N. Protein tyrosine phosphatases and the immune response. Nat Rev Immunol 5: 43-57, 2005.
73. Navarro M. Gold complexes as potential anti-parasitic agents. Coord Chem Rev 253: 1619-1626, 2009.
74. Ong JX, Yap CW, and Ang WH. Rational design of selective organoruthenium inhibitors of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B. Inorg Chem 51: 12483-12492, 2012.
75. Palmer ND, Bento JL, Mychaleckyj JC, Langefeld CD, Campbell JK, Norris JM, Haffner SM, Bergman RN, and Bowden DW. Association of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B gene polymorphisms with measures of glucose homeostasis in Hispanic Americans-The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS) Family Study. Diabetes 53: 3013-3019, 2004.
76. Paterson BM and Donnelly PS. Copper complexes of bis(thiosemicarbazones): from chemotherapeutics to diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals. Chem Soc Rev 40: 3005-3018, 2011.
77. Pathak MK and Yi TL. Sodium stibogluconate is a potent inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatases and augments cytokine responses in hemopoietic cell lines. J Immunol 167: 3391-3397, 2001.
78. Peters KG, Davis MG, Howard BW, Pokross M, Rastogi V, Diven C, Greis KD, Eby-Wilkens E, Maier M, Evdokimov A, Soper S, and Genbauffe F. Mechanism of insulin sensitization by BMOV (bis maltolato oxo vanadium); unliganded vanadium (VO4) as the active component. J Inorg Biochem 96: 321-330, 2003.
79. Pham Ngoc C and Ryu SE. Protein tyrosine phosphatase sigma in proteoglycan-mediated neural regeneration regulation. Mol Neurobiol 47: 220-227, 2013.
80. Pike KA and Tremblay ML. Regulating naive and memory CD8 T cell homeostasis-a role for protein tyrosine phosphatases. FEBS J 280: 432-444, 2013.
81. Popov D. Novel protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitors: interaction requirements for improved intracellular efficacy in type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity control. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 410: 377-381, 2011.
82. Posner BI, Faure R, Burgess JW, Bevan AP, Lachance D, Zhang-Sun G, Fantus IG, Ng JB, Hall DA, and Lum BS. Peroxovanadium compounds. A new class of potent phosphotyrosine phosphatase inhibitors which are insulin mimetics. J Biol Chem 269: 4596-4604, 1994.
83. Prast-Nielsen S, Cebula M, Pader I, and Arnér ESJ. Noble metal targeting of thioredoxin reductase-covalent complexes with thioredoxin and thioredoxin-related protein of 14 kDa triggered by cisplatin. Free Radic Biol Med 49: 1765-1778, 2010.
84. Price KA, Caragounis A, Paterson BM, Filiz G, Volitakis I, Masters CL, Barnham KJ, Donnelly PS, Crouch PJ, and White AR. Sustained activation of glial cell epidermal growth factor receptor by bis(thiosemicarbazonato) metal complexes is associated with inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase activity. J Med Chem 52: 6606-6620, 2009.
85. Puckett CA, Ernst RJ, and Barton JK. Exploring the cellular accumulation of metal complexes. Dalton Trans 39: 1159-1170, 2010.
86. Rhee I and Veillette A. Protein tyrosine phosphatases in lymphocyte activation and autoimmunity. Nat Immunol 13: 439-447, 2012.
87. Ronconi L, Aldinucci D, Ping Dou Q, and Fregona D. Latest insights into the anticancer activity of gold (III)-dithiocarbamato complexes. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 10: 283-292, 2010.
88. Rosenberg B, Vancamp L, Trosko JE, and Mansour VH. Platinum compounds: a new class of potent antitumour agents. Nature 222: 385-386, 1969.
89. Ruiz-Azuara L and Bravo-Gómez ME. Copper compounds in cancer chemotherapy. Curr Med Chem 17: 3606-3615, 2010.
90. Samet JM, Dewar BJ, Wu WD, and Graves LM. Mechanisms of Zn2 +-induced signal initiation through the epidermal growth factor receptor. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 191: 86-93, 2003.
91. Samet JM, Silbajoris R, Wu W, and Graves LM. Tyrosine phosphatases as targets in metal-induced signaling in human airway epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 21: 357-364, 1999.
92. Scior T, Guevara-Garc?́a A, Bernard P, Do QT, Domeyer D, and Laufer S. Are vanadium compounds drugable? Structures and effects of antidiabetic vanadium compounds: a critical review. Mini Rev Med Chem 5: 995-1008, 2005.
93. Scott LM, Lawrence HR, Sebti SM, Lawrence NJ, and Wu J. Targeting protein tyrosine phosphatases for anticancer drug discovery. Curr Pharm Des 16: 1843-1862, 2010.
94. Secrist JP, Burns LA, Karnitz L, Koretzky GA, and Abraham RT. Stimulatory effects of the protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, pervanadate, on T-cell activation events. J Biol Chem 268: 5886-5893, 1993.
95. Shaw CF. Gold-based therapeutic agents. Chem Rev 99: 2589-2600, 1999.
96. Sheng MHC and Lau KHW. Role of protein-tyrosine phosphatases in regulation of osteoclastic activity. Cell Mol Life Sci 66: 1946-1961, 2009.
97. Spencer-Jones NJ, Wang XL, Snieder H, Spector TD, Carter ND, and O'Dell SD. Protein tyrosine phosphatase-1B gene PTPN1-selection of tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms and association with body fat, insulin sensitivity, and the metabolic syndrome in a normal female population. Diabetes 54: 3296-3304, 2005.
98. Stuible M, Doody KM, and Tremblay ML. PTP1B and TC-PTP: regulators of transformation and tumorigenesis. Cancer Metastasis Rev 27: 215-230, 2008.
99. Tal TL, Graves LM, Silbajoris R, Bromberg PA, Wu W, and Samet JM. Inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase activity mediates epidermal growth factor receptor signaling in human airway epithelial cells exposed to Zn2 +. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 214: 16-23, 2006.
100. Tan SJ, Yan YK, Lee PPF, and Lim KH. Copper, gold and silver compounds as potential new anti-tumor metallodrugs. Future Med Chem 2: 1591-1608, 2010.
101. Tardito S and Marchiò L. Copper compounds in anticancer strategies. Curr Med Chem 16: 1325-1348, 2009.
102. Thompson KH, Lichter J, LeBel C, Scaife MC, McNeill JH, and Orvig C. Vanadium treatment of type 2 diabetes: a view to the future. J Inorg Biochem 103: 554-558, 2009.
103. Thompson KH and Orvig C. Vanadium in diabetes: 100 years from phase 0 to phase I. J Inorg Biochem 100: 1925-1935, 2006.
104. Tisato F, Marzano C, Porchia M, Pellei M, and Santini C. Copper in diseases and treatments, and copper-based anticancer strategies. Med Res Rev 30: 708-749, 2010.
105. Tonks NK. Protein tyrosine phosphatases-from housekeeping enzymes to master regulators of signal transduction. FEBS J 280: 346-378, 2013.
106. Tonks NK, Diltz CD, and Fischer EH. Characterization of the major protein-tyrosine-phosphatases of human placenta. J Biol Chem 263: 6731-6737, 1988.
107. Tsou RC and Bence KK. Central regulation of metabolism by protein tyrosine phosphatases. Front Neurosci 6: 192, 2012.
108. van Vliet C, Bukczynska PE, Puryer MA, Sadek CM, Shields BJ, Tremblay ML, and Tiganis T. Selective regulation of tumor necrosis factor-induced Erk signaling by Src family kinases and the T cell protein tyrosine phosphatase. Nat Immunol 6: 253-260, 2005.
109. Wang Q, Janzen N, Ramachandran C, and Jirik F. Mechanism of inhibition of protein-tyrosine phosphatases by disodium aurothiomalate. Biochem Pharmacol 54: 703-711, 1997.
110. Wang Q, Lu L, Yuan C, Pei K, Liu Z, Guo M, and Zhu M. Potent inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B by copper complexes: implications for copper toxicity in biological systems. Chem Commun 46: 3547-3549, 2010.
111. Wang Q, Zhu M, Lu L, Yuan C, Xing S, and Fu X. Potent inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatases by quinquedentate binuclear copper complexes: synthesis, characterization and biological activities. Dalton Trans 40: 12926-12934, 2011.
112. Wang Y and Pallen CJ. Expression and characterization of wild type, truncated, and mutant forms of the intracellular region of the receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase HPTP beta. J Biol Chem 267: 16696-16702, 1992.
113. Willsky GR, Chi L-H, Godzala M, III, Kostyniak PJ, Smee JJ, Trujillo AM, Alfano JA, Ding W, Hu Z, and Crans DC. Anti-diabetic effects of a series of vanadium dipicolinate complexes in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Coord Chem Rev 255: 2258-2269, 2011.
114. Wilson M, Hogstrand C, and Maret W. Picomolar concentrations of free zinc(II) ions regulate receptor proteintyrosine phosphatase beta activity. J Biol Chem 287: 9322-9326, 2012.
115. Xu J, Kurup P, Nairn AC, and Lombroso PJ. Striatalenriched protein tyrosine phosphatase in Alzheimer's disease. Adv Pharmacol 64: 303-325, 2012.
116. Xu Y and Fisher GJ. Receptor type protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs)-roles in signal transduction and human disease. J Cell Commun Signal 6: 125-138, 2012.
117. Yan JJ, Chow AL, Leung CH, Sun RW, Ma DL, and Che CM. Cyclometalated gold(III) complexes with N-heterocyclic carbene ligands as topoisomerase I poisons. Chem Commun 46: 3893-3895, 2010.
118. Yan K, Lok CN, Bierla K, and Che CM. Gold(I) complex of N,N¢-disubstituted cyclic thiourea with in vitro and in vivo anticancer properties-potent tight-binding inhibition of thioredoxin reductase. Chem Commun 46: 7691-7693, 2010.
119. Yang J, Liang X, Niu T, Meng W, Zhao Z, and Zhou GW. Crystal structure of the catalytic domain of proteintyrosine phosphatase SHP-1. J Biol Chem 273: 28199-28207, 1998.
120. Yuan C, Lu L, Gao X, Wu Y, Guo M, Li Y, Fu X, and Zhu M. Ternary oxovanadium(IV) complexes of ONO-donor Schiff base and polypyridyl derivatives as protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors: synthesis, characterization, and biological activities. J Biol Inorg Chem 14: 841-851, 2009.
121. Yuan C, Lu L, Wu Y, Liu Z, Guo M, Xing S, Fu X, and Zhu M. Synthesis, characterization, and protein tyrosine phosphatases inhibition activities of oxovanadium(IV) complexes with Schiff base and polypyridyl derivatives. J Inorg Biochem 104: 978-986, 2010.
122. Yuan C, Zhu M, Wang Q, Lu L, Xing S, Fu X, Jiang Z, Zhang S, Li Z, Li Z, Zhu R, Ma L, and Xu L. Potent and selective inhibition of T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TCPTP) by a dinuclear copper(II) complex. Chem Commun 48: 1153-1155, 2012.
123. Zabolotny JM, Bence-Hanulec KK, Stricker-Krongrad A, Haj F, Wang Y, Minokoshi Y, Kim YB, Elmquist JK, Tartaglia LA, and Kahn BB. PTP1B regulates leptin signal transduction in vivo. Dev Cell 2: 489-495, 2002.
124. Zhang J, Zhang F, Li H, Liu C, Xia J, Ma L, Chu W, Zhang Z, Chen C, Li S, and Wang S. Recent progress and future potential for metal complexes as anticancer drugs targeting G-quadruplex DNA. Curr Med Chem 19: 2957-2975, 2012.
125. Zhang S, Chen L, Luo Y, Gunawan A, Lawrence DS, and Zhang ZY. Acquisition of a potent and selective TC-PTP inhibitor via a stepwise fluorophore-tagged combinatorial synthesis and screening strategy. J Am Chem Soc 131: 13072-13079, 2009.
126. Zhao Z, Larocque R, Ho WT, Fischer EH, and Shen SH. Purification and characterization of PTP2C, a widely distributed protein tyrosine phosphatase containing two SH2 domains. J Biol Chem 269: 8780-8785, 1994.
127. Zhu R, Lu L, Zhu M, Han H, Yuan C, Xing S, and Fu X. Synthesis and evaluation of copper complexes of Schiffbase condensates from 5-substituted-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde and 2-substituted-benzenamine as selective inhibitors of protein tyrosine phosphatases. Inorg Chim Acta 405: 91-97, 2013.