Race?: Debunking a scientific myth

Race?: Debunking a Scientific Myth

Volumn , Issue , 2011, Pages 1-226

  Tattersall, Ian ^a   DeSalle, Rob ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84897204167     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Book

References (231)

1. AAPA. 1996. American Association of Physical Anthropologists statement on biological aspects of race. Amer. Jour. Phys. Anthropol. 101:569-70.
2. Agassiz, L. 1850. Diversity of origin of the human races. Christian Examiner 49: 110-45.
3. Andreasen, R. O. 2000. Race: Biological reality or social construct? Phil. Sci. 67:S653-S666.
4. Andreasen, R. O. 2004. The cladistic race concept: A defense. Biol. Phil. 19:425-42.
5. Balter, M. 2006. Brain man makes waves with claims of recent human evolution. Science 314:1871-73.
6. Blumenbach, J. F. 1775-95. De generis humane varietate nativa. Trans. T. Bendyshe, 1865. Elibron Classics.
7. Brace, L. C., and A. M. F. Montagu. 1965. Man's evolution: An introduction to physical anthropology. New York: Macmillan.
8. Brattain, M. 2007. Race, racism and antiracism: UNESCO and the politics of presenting science to the postwar public. Amer. Hist. Rev. 112:1386-1413.
9. Broca, P. 1862. Sur l'hybridité de l'homme. In This is race, ed. and trans. E. W. Count (1950).
10. Buffon, G. L. L. Comte de. 1749 et seq. (trans. 1860). A natural history. General and particular; Containing the history and theory of the earth, etc. In This is race, ed. E. W. Count (1950).
11. Chakraborty, R. 1982. Allocation vs. variation: The issue of genetic differences between human racial groups. Amer. Naturalist 120:403-404.
12. Coon, C. 1962. The origin of races. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
13. Coon, C. 1981. Adventures and discoveries: The autobiography of Carleton S. Coon, anthropologist and explorer. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall.
14. Coon, C., and E. E. Hunt. 1965. The living races of man. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
15. Count, E. W., ed. 1950. This is race: An anthology selected from the international literature on the races of man. New York: Henry Schuman.
16. Cuvier, G. 1817. Varieties of the human species. In This is race, ed. E. W. Count (1950).
17. Darwin, C. 1859. On the origin of species by means of natural selection. London: John Murray.
18. Darwin, C. 1871. The descent of man, and selection in relation to sex. 2 vols. London: John Murray.
19. Darwin, E. 1794-96. Zoonomia, or the laws of organic life. 2 vols. London: J. Johnson.
20. Desmond, A., and J. Moore. 2009. Darwin's sacred cause: How a hatred of slavery shaped Darwin's views on human evolution. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
21. Dobzhansky, T. 1937. Genetics and the origin of species. New York: Columbia University Press.
22. Dobzhansky, T. 1944. On species and races of fossil and living man. Amer. Jour. Phys. Anthropol. 2:251-65.
23. Dobzhansky, T. 1962. Mankind evolving. New York: Columbia University Press.
24. Edwards, W. F. 1845. De l'influence réciproque des races sur le caractère national. Mém. Soc. Ethnol. Paris 2:1-12.
25. Edwards, A. W. F. 2003. Human genetic diversity: Lewontin's fallacy. BioEssays 25: 798-801.
26. Evans, P. D., S. L. Gilbert, N. Mekel-Bobrov, E. J. Vallender, J. R. Anderson, L. M. Vaez-Azizi, S. A. Tishkoff, R. R. Hudson, and B. T. Lahn. 2005. Microcephalin, a gene regulating brain size, continues to evolve adaptively in humans. Science 309:1717-20.
27. Galton, F. 1908. Memories of my life. London: Methuen.
28. Garn, S. M. 1961. Human races. Springfield, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas.
29. Gobineau, J. A. de. 1853-55. Essai sur l'inégalité des races humaines. 4 vols. Trans. as Essay on the inequality of human races. New York: Howard Fertig (1999).
30. Grant, M. 1916. The passing of the great race. New York: Scribner.
31. Graves, J. L. Jr. 2001. The emperor's new clothes: Biological theories of race at the millennium. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press.
32. Gould, S. J. 1981. The mismeasure of man. 2d ed., 1994. New York: W. W. Norton.
33. Haeckel, E. 1868. Natürlische Schöpfungsgeschichte. Berlin.
34. Haeckel, E. Die welträthsel: Gerimeinverständlische Studien über Menschen. Bonn: E. Strauss.
35. Herrnstein, R. J., and C. Murray. 1994. The bell curve: Intelligence and class structure in American life. New York: Free Press.
36. Hooton, E. A. 1931. Up from the ape. New York: Macmillan.
37. Hunt, J. 1864. The negro's place in nature. New York: Van Evrie, Horton.
38. Huxley, T. H. 1863. Evidence as to man's place in nature. London: Williams and Norgate.
39. Huxley, T. H., and A. C. Haddon. 1935. We Europeans: A survey of racial problems. London: Jonathan Cape.
40. Jackson, J. P. 2001. In ways unacademical: The reception of Carleton Coon's The Origin of Races. Jour. Hist. Biol. 34:247-85.
41. Jensen, A. 1969. How much can we boost I.Q. and scholastic achievement? Harvard Educ. Rev. 39 (1):1-123.
42. Jensen, A. 1982. The debunking of scientific fossils and straw persons. Contemp. Educ. Rev. 1:121-35.
43. Kant, I. 1775. Von den verschiedenen Racen der Menschen. In This is race, ed. and trans. E. W. Count (1950).
44. Keith, A. 1936. History from caves: A new theory of the origin of modern races of mankind. London: British Speleological Association.
45. Koenig, B. A., S.-J. Lee, and S. Richardson, eds. 2008. Revisiting race in a genomic age. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press.
46. Kosoy R, R. Nassir, C. Tian, P. A. White, L. M. Butler, G. Silva, R. Kittles, M. E. Alarcon-Riquelme, P. K. Gregersen, J. W. Belmont, et al. 2009. Ancestry informative marker sets for determining continental origin and admixture proportions in common populations in America. Hum. Mutat. 30:69-78.
47. Lahn, B. T., and L. Ebenstein. 2009. Let's celebrate human genetic diversity. Nature 461:726-28.
48. Lamarck, J. B., P. A., Chevalier de. 1809. Philosophie zoologique. In This is race, ed. and trans. E. W. Count (1950).
49. Lewontin, R. C. 1972. The apportionment of human diversity. Evol. Biol. 6:381-98.
50. Lewontin, R. C. 2007. Confusions about human races. http:// raceandgenomics.ssrc.org.
51. Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema naturae. 10th ed. Stockholm: Salvius.
52. Livingstone, F. E. 1962. On the nonexistence of human races. In The concept of race, ed. M. F. A. Montagu, 46-60. New York: Free Press.
53. Marks, J. 2008. Race: Past, present and future. In Revisiting race in a genomic age, ed. B. A. Koenig, S.-J. Lee, and S. Richardson, 21-38. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press.
54. Mayr, E. 1950. Taxonomic categories in fossil hominids. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 15:108-18.
55. Mekel-Bobrov, N., S. L. Gilbert, P. D. Evans, E. J. Vallender, J. R. Anderson, R. R. Hudson, S. A. Tishkoff, and B. T. Lahn. 2005. Ongoing adaptive evolution of ASPM, a brain size determinant in Homo sapiens. Science 309:1720-22.
56. Montagu, M. F. A. 1942. Man's most dangerous myth: The fallacy of race. New York: Columbia University Press.
57. Morton, S. 1839. Crania Americana. Philadelphia: John Penington.
58. Nott, J. C., and G. R. Gliddon. 1854. Types of mankind: Ethnological researches. Philadelphia: Lippincott and Grambo.
59. Painter, N. I. 2010. The history of white people. New York: W. W. Norton.
60. Peyrère, I. de la. 1655. Prae-Adamitae. Paris.
61. Sarich, V., and F. Miele. 2004. Race: The reality of human differences. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
62. Shipman, P. 1994. The evolution of racism: Human differences and the use and abuse of science. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
63. Shockley, W. 1967. A try simplest cases approach to the heredity-poverty-crime problem. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 57:1767-74.
64. Smith, M. W., J. A. Lautenberger, H. D. Shin, J.-P. Chretien, S. Shrestha, D. A. Gilbert, and S. J. O'Brien. 2001. Markers for mapping by admixture linkage disequilibrium in African American and Hispanic populations. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 69: 1080-94.
65. Spencer, H. 1864. Principles of Biology. 2 vols. New York: Appleton.
66. Stocking, G. W. Jr., ed. 1988. Bones, bodies, behavior: Essays on biological anthropology. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
67. Tattersall, I. 2004. Race: Scientific nonproblem, cultural quagmire. Anat. Rec. (New Anat.) 278B:23-26.
68. Topinard, P. 1877. l'Anthropologie. Paris: C. Reinwald.
69. UNESCO. 1950. Statement on race. Man 220:138-39.
70. UNESCO.1951. Statement on race. Int. Soc. Sci. Bull. 3:154-58.
71. Vogt, K. 1864. Lectures on man: His place in creation, and the history of the earth. London: Longman.
72. Wallace, A. R. 1864. The origin of human races and the antiquity of man deduced from the theory of natural selection. Jour. Anthropol. Soc. 2:clviii-clxxvi.
73. Washburn, S. 1963. The study of race. Amer. Anthropol. 65:521-31.
74. Weidenreich, F. 1947. Facts and speculations concerning the origin of Homo sapiens. Amer. Anthropol. 49:187-203.
75. Weidenreich, F. 1947. The trend of human evolution. Evolution 1:221-36.
76. Weiner, J. S. 1957. Physical anthropology: An appraisal. Amer. Scientist 45:504-509.
77. Witherspoon, D. J., S. Wooding, A. R. Rogers, E. E. Marchani, W. S. Watkins, M. A. Batzer, and L. B. Jorde. 2007. Genetic similarities within and between human populations. Genetics 176:351-59.
78. Wolpoff, M., and R. Caspari. 1998. Race and human evolution: A fatal attraction. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
79. Wolpoff, M. H., X. Wu, and A. Thorne. 1984. Modern Homo sapiens origins: A general theory of hominid evolution involving the evidence from east Asia. In The origins of modern humans: A world survey of the fossil evidence, ed. F. H. Smith, and F. Spencer, 411-83. New York: Alan R. Liss.
80. Crowson, R. A. 1986. Classification and biology. Piscataway, N.J.: Aldine Transaction.
81. Darwin, C. 1859. On the origin of species by means of natural selection. London: John Murray.
82. Davis, J. I., and K. C. Nixon. 1992. Populations, genetic variation, and the delimitation of phylogenetic species. Syst. Biol. 41:421-28.
83. Goldstein, P., and R. DeSalle. 2000. Phylogenetic species nested hierarchies and character fixation. Cladistics 16:364-84.
84. Gotthelf, Allan. 1985. Aristotle on nature and living things: Philosophical and historical studies presented to David M. Balme on his seventieth birthday. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
85. Gould, S. J., and N. Eldredge. 1993. Punctuated equilibrium comes of age. Nature 366:223-27.
86. Grant, P. R. 1986. The evolution and ecology of Darwin's finches. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
87. Gregg, J. R. 1954. The language of taxonomy. New York, Columbia University Press.
88. Harrison, R. G. 1991. Molecular changes at speciation. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 22: 281-308.
89. Hebert, P. D. N., A. Cywinska, S. L. Ball, and J. R. deWaard. 2003. Biological identifications through DNA barcodes. Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. Ser. B:270:313-21.
90. Hennig, W. 1966. Phylogenetic systematics. English translation. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
91. Kingman, J. F. C. 1982. The coalescent. Stoch. Process. Appl. 13:235-48.
92. Kreitman, M. 1983. Nucleotide polymorphism at the alcohol dehydrogenase gene region of Drosophila melanogaster. Nature 304:412-17.
93. Levy, S., G. Sutton, P. C. Ng, L. Feuk, A. L. Halpern, B. P. Walenz, N. Axelrod, et al. 2007. The diploid genome sequence of an individual human. PLoS Biol. 5: 2113-44.
94. Lewontin, R. C. 1974. The genetic basis of evolutionary change. New York: Columbia University Press.
95. Lipscomb, D., N. Platnick, and Q. Wheeler. 2003. The intellectual content of taxonomy: A comment on DNA taxonomy. Trends Ecol. Evol. 18:65-66.
96. Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema naturae. Regnum animale, Editio decima. Facsmile ed. 1956, London: British Museum (Natural History).
97. Mallet, J. 2008. Hybridization, ecological races and the nature of species: Empirical evidence for the ease of speciation. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci. 363:2971-86.
98. Marcus, G. 2008. Kluge: The haphazard evolution of the human mind. New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
99. Margulis, L., K. V. Schwartz, and M. Dolan. 1994. The illustrated five kingdoms: A guide to the diversity of life on earth. New York: HarperCollins College Publishers.
100. Mayr, E. 1942. Systematics and the origin of species. New York: Columbia University Press.
101. Mayr, E.1982. The growth of biological thought: Diversity, evolution, and inheritance. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
102. Mayr, E. 1992. Darwin's principle of divergence. Jour. Hist. Biol. 25:343-59.
103. Medawar, P. B., and J. S. Medawar. 1983. Aristotle to zoos: A philosophical dictionary of biology. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
104. Ng, P.C., Q. Zhao, S. Levy, R. L. Strausberg, and J. C. Venter. 2008. Individual genomes instead of race for personalized medicine. Clin. Pharm. Therapeut. 84: 306-309.
105. Nixon, K. C., and Q. D. Wheeler. 1990. An amplification of the phylogenetic species concept. Cladistics 6:211-23.
106. Rieseberg, L. H. 1997. Hybrid origins of plant species. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 28: 359-89.
107. SA2000. Systematics agenda 2000: Charting the biosphere, technical report. New York: American Museum of Natural History.
108. Saiki, R. K., D. H. Gelfand, S. Stoffel, S. J. Scharf, R. Higuchi, G. T. Horn, K. B. Mullis, and H. A. Erlich. 1988. Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase. Science 239:487-91.
109. Simpson, G. G. 1967. The meaning of evolution. Rev. ed. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
110. Stearn, W. T. 1959. The background of Linnaeus's contributions to the nomenclature and methods of systematic biology. Syst. Zool. 8:4-22.
111. Tautz, D. 1998. Debatable homologies. Nature 395:17-19.
112. Tautz, D., P. Arctander, A. Minelli, R. H. Thomas, and A. P. Vogler. 2003. A plea for DNA taxonomy. Trends Ecol. Evol. 18:70-74.
113. Templeton, A. R. 1989. The meaning of species and speciation: A genetic perspective. In Speciation and Its Consequences, ed. D. Otte and J. A. Endler. Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates.
114. Templeton A. R., E. Routman, and C. A. Phillips. 1995. Separating population structure from population history: A cladistic analysis of the geographical distribution of mitochondrial DNA haplotypes in the tiger salamander, Ambystoma tigrinum. Genetics 140:767-82.
115. Templeton, A. R. 2006. Population genetics and microevolutionary theory. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley-Liss.
116. Wake, D. B. 2001. Speciation in the round. Nature 409:299-300.
117. Yoon, C. K. 2009. Naming nature: The clash between instinct and science. New York: Norton.
118. Bermudez de Castro, J. M., J. L. Arsuaga, E. Carbonell, A. Rosas, I. Martínez, and M. Mosquera. 1997. A hominid from the Lower Pleistocene of Atapuerca, Spain: Possible ancestor to Neandertals and modern humans. Science 276: 1392-95.
119. Bouzzougar, A., N. Barton, M. Vanhaeren, F. d'Errico, S. Collcutt, T. Highham, E. Hodge, et al. 2007. 82, 000-year-old shell beads from North Africa and implications for the origins of modern human behavior. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 104: 9964-69.
120. Brown, K. S., C. W. Marean, A. I. R. Herries, Z. Jacobs, C. Tribolo, D. Braun, D. L. Roberts, M. C. Meter, and J. Bernatchez. 2009. Fire as an engineering tool of early modern humans. Science 325:859-62.
121. Brunet, M., F. Guy, D. Pilbeam, H. T. Mackaye, A. Likius, D. Ahounta, A. Beauvilain, et al. 2002. A new hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad, Central Africa. Nature 418:145-51.
122. Cáceres, M., J. Lachuer, M. A. Zapala, J. C. Redmond, L. Kudo, D. H. Geschwind, D. J. Lockhart, et al. 2003. Elevated gene expression levels distinguish human from non-human primate brains. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100:13030-35.
123. Carbonell, E., J. M. Bermúdez de Castro, A. Parés, A. Pérez-González, M. Olle, M. Mosquera, G. Cuenca-Bescós, et al. 2008. The first hominin species of Europe. Nature 452:465-70.
124. Chou, H.-H., H. Takematsu, S. Diaz, J. Iber, E. Nickerson, K. L. Wright, E. A, Muchmore, et al. 1998. A mutation in human CMP-sialic acid hydroxylase occurred after the Homo-Pan divergence. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:11751-56.
125. Dart, R. A. 1953. The predatory transition from ape to man. Int. Anth. Linguist. Rev. 1:201-17.
126. Deacon, H., and J. Deacon. 1999. Human beginnings in South Africa: Uncovering the secrets of the Stone Age. Cape Town: David Philip.
127. Ely, B., J. L. Wilson, F. Jackson, and B. A. Jackson. 2006. African-American mitochondrial DNAs often match mtDNAs found in multiple African ethnic groups. BMC Biol. 4:34.
128. Enard, W., P. Khaitovich, J. Klose, S. Zöllner, F. Heissig, P. Giavalisco, K. Nieselt-Struwe, et al. 2002. Intra-and interspecific variation in primate gene expression patterns. Science 296:340-43.
129. Gabunia, L., A. Vekua, D. Lordkipanidze, C. C. Swisher, R. Ferring, A. Justus, M. Nioradze, et al. 2000. Earliest Pleistocene hominid cranial remains from Dmanisi, Republic of Georgia: Taxonomy, geological setting and age. Science 288: 1019-25.
130. Gilad, Y., A. Oshlack, G. K. Smyth, T. P. Speed, and K. P. White. 2006. Expression profiling in primates reveals a rapid evolution of human transcription factors. Nature 440:242-45.
131. Hart, D., and R. W. Sussman. 2005. Man the hunted. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.
132. Henshilwood, C., F. d'Errico, R. Yates, Z. Jacobs, C. Tribolo, G. A. T. Duller, N. Mercier, J. C. Sealy, H. Valladas, I. Watts, and A. G. Wintle. 2003. Emergence of modern human behavior: Middle Stone Age engravings from South Africa. Science 295:1278-80.
133. Henshilwood, C., F. d'Errico, M. Vanhaeren, K. van Niekerk, and Z. Jacobs. 2004. Middle Stone Age shell beads from South Africa. Science 304:404.
134. Khaitovich, P., B. Muetzel, X. She, M. Lachmann, I. Hellmann, J. Dietzsch, S. Steigele, et al. 2004. Regional patterns of gene expression in human and chimpanzee brains. Genome Research 14 (8):1462-73.
135. King, M. C., and A. C. Wilson. 1975. Evolution at two levels in humans and chimpanzees. Science 188:107-16.
136. Klein, R. G. 1999. The human career. 2d ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
137. Lordkipanidze, D., T. Jashashvili, A. Vekua, M. S. Ponce de Leon, C. P. E. Zollikofer, G. P. Rightmire, H. Pontzer, et al. 2007. Postcranial evidence from early Homo from Dmanisi, Georgia. Nature 449:305-10.
138. McDougall, I., F. H. Brown, and J. G. Fleagle. 2005. Stratigraphic placement and age of modern humans from Kibish, Ethiopia. Nature 433:733-36.
139. Marean, C. W., M. Bar-Matthews, J. Bernatchez, E. Fisher, P. Goldberg, A. I. R. Herries, Z. Jacobs, et al. 2008. Early human use of marine resources and pigment in South Africa in the Middle Pleistocene. Nature 449:905-909.
140. Novembre, J., T. Johnson, K. Bryce, Z. Kutalik, A. R. Boyko, et al. 2008. Genes mirror geography within Europe. Nature 456:98-101.
141. Panger, M., and C. Boesch. 2002. Excavation of a chimpanzee stone tool site in the African rainforest. Science 296:1452-55.
142. Pickford, M., and B. Senut. 2001. The geological and faunal context of Late Miocene hominid remains from Lukeino, Kenya. Earth Planet. Sci. 332:145-52.
143. Povinelli, D. J. 2004. Behind the ape's appearance: Escaping anthropocentrism in the study of other minds. Daedalus 133 (1):29-41.
144. Rogers, A. R., D. Iltis, and S. Wooding. 2004. Genetic variation at the MC1R locus and the time since loss of human body hair. Curr. Anthropol. 45:105-108.
145. Schick, K. D., and N. Toth. 1993. Making silent stones speak: Human evolution and the dawn of technology. New York: Simon and Schuster.
146. Schick, K. D., N. Toth, G. Garufi, S. Savage-Rumbaugh, D. Rumbaugh, and R. Sevcik. 1999. Continuing investigations into the stone tool-making and tool-using capabilities of a bonobo (Pan paniscus). Jour. Archaeol. Sci. 26:821-32.
147. Shriver, M. D., G. C. Kennedy, E. J. Parra, H. A. Lawson, V. Sonpar, J. Huang, J. M. Akey, and K. W. Jones. 2004. The genomic distribution of population substructure in four populations using 8, 525 autosomal SNPs. Human Genomics 1: 274-86.
148. Swisher, C. C. III, W. J. Rink, S. C. Antón, H. P. Schwarcz, G. H. Curtis, A. Suprijo, and Widiasmoro. 1996. Latest Homo erectus of Java: Potential contemporaneity with Homo sapiens in Southeast Asia. Science 274:1870-74.
149. Swisher, C. C. III, G. H. Curtis, T. Jacob, A. G. Getty, A. Suprijo, and Widiasmoro. 1994. Age of the earliest known hominids in Java, Indonesia. Science 263: 1118-21.
150. Tattersall, I. 2008. An evolutionary framework for the acquisition of symbolic cognition by Homo sapiens. Comp. Cogn. Behav. Revs. 3:99-114.
151. Tattersall, I. 2009. The fossil trail: How we know what we think we know about human evolution. 2d ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
152. Tattersall, I., and J. H. Schwartz. 2006. The distinctiveness and systematic context of Homo neanderthalensis. In Neanderthals revisited: New approaches and perspectives, ed. K. Harvati and T. Harrison, 9-22. New York: Springer.
153. Tattersall, I., and J. H. Schwartz. 2009. Evolution of the genus Homo. Ann. Rev Earth Planet. Sci. 37:67-92.
154. Novembre, J., T. Johnson, K. Bryce, Z. Kutalik, A. R. Boyko, et al. 2008. Genes mirror geography within Europe. Nature 456:98-101.
155. Panger, M., and C. Boesch. 2002. Excavation of a chimpanzee stone tool site in the African rainforest. Science 296:1452-55.
156. Pickford, M., and B. Senut. 2001. The geological and faunal context of Late Miocene hominid remains from Lukeino, Kenya. Earth Planet. Sci. 332:145-52.
157. Povinelli, D. J. 2004. Behind the ape's appearance: Escaping anthropocentrism in the study of other minds. Daedalus 133 (1):29-41.
158. Rogers, A. R., D. Iltis, and S. Wooding. 2004. Genetic variation at the MC1R locus and the time since loss of human body hair. Curr. Anthropol. 45:105-108.
159. Schick, K. D., and N. Toth. 1993. Making silent stones speak: Human evolution and the dawn of technology. New York: Simon and Schuster.
160. Schick, K. D., N. Toth, G. Garufi, S. Savage-Rumbaugh, D. Rumbaugh, and R. Sevcik. 1999. Continuing investigations into the stone tool-making and tool-using capabilities of a bonobo (Pan paniscus). Jour. Archaeol. Sci. 26:821-32.
161. Shriver, M. D., G. C. Kennedy, E. J. Parra, H. A. Lawson, V. Sonpar, J. Huang, J. M. Akey, and K. W. Jones. 2004. The genomic distribution of population substructure in four populations using 8, 525 autosomal SNPs. Human Genomics 1: 274-86.
162. Swisher, C. C. III, W. J. Rink, S. C. Antón, H. P. Schwarcz, G. H. Curtis, A. Suprijo, and Widiasmoro. 1996. Latest Homo erectus of Java: Potential contemporaneity with Homo sapiens in Southeast Asia. Science 274:1870-74.
163. Swisher, C. C. III, G. H. Curtis, T. Jacob, A. G. Getty, A. Suprijo, and Widiasmoro. 1994. Age of the earliest known hominids in Java, Indonesia. Science 263: 1118-21.
164. Tattersall, I. 2008. An evolutionary framework for the acquisition of symbolic cognition by Homo sapiens. Comp. Cogn. Behav. Revs. 3:99-114.
165. Tattersall, I. 2009. The fossil trail: How we know what we think we know about human evolution. 2d ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
166. Tattersall, I., and J. H. Schwartz. 2006. The distinctiveness and systematic context of Homo neanderthalensis. In Neanderthals revisited: New approaches and perspectives, ed. K. Harvati and T. Harrison, 9-22. New York: Springer.
167. Tattersall, I., and J. H. Schwartz. 2009. Evolution of the genus Homo. Ann. Rev Earth Planet. Sci. 37:67-92.
168. Templeton, A. R. 2005. Haplotype trees and modern human origins. Yrbk Phys. Anthropol. 48:33-59.
169. Thieme, H. 1997. Lower Palaeolithic hunting spears from Germany. Nature 385: 807-10.
170. Tishkoff, S. A., F. A. Reed, F. R. Friedlaender, C. Ehret, A. Ranciaro, A. Froment, J. B. Hirbo, et al. 2009. The genetic structure and history of Africans and African Americans. Science 324:1035-44.
171. Uddin, M., D. E. Wildman, G. Liu, W. Xu, R. M. Johnson, P. R. Hoff, G. Kapatos, et al. 2004. Sister grouping of chimpanzees and humans as revealed by genomewide phylogenetic analysis of brain-gene expression profiles. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101:2957-62.
172. Valladas, H., J. L. Reyss, J. L. Joron, G. Valladas, O. Bar-Yosef, and B. Vandermeersch. 1988. Thermoluminescence dating of Mousterian Proto-Cro-Magnon remains from Israel and the origin of modern man. Nature 331:614-16.
173. Vanhaeren, M., F. d'Errico, C. Stringer, S. L. James, J. A. Todd, and H. K. Mienis. 2006. Middle Paleolithic shell beads in Israel and Algeria. Science 312:1785-88.
174. Vekua, A., D. Lordkipanidze, G. P. Rightmire, J. Agusti, R. Ferring, G. Majsuradze, A. Mouskhelishvili, M. Nioradze, M. Ponce de Leon, M. Tappen, M. Tvalchrelidze, and C. Zollikofer. 2002. A new skull of early Homo from Dmanisi, Georgia. Science 297:85-89.
175. White, T. D., B. Asfaw, D. DeGusta, H. Gilbert, G. D. Richards, G. Suwa, and F. C. Howell. 2003. Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia. Nature 423:742-47.
176. White, T. D., organizer. 2009. Special issue on Ardipithecus ramidus. Science 326:5-106.
177. Zollikofer, C. P. E., M. S. Ponce de León, D. E. Lieberman, F. Guy, D. Pilbeam, A. Likius, H. T. Mackaye, P. Vignaud, and M. Brunet. 2005. Virtual cranial reconstruction of Sahelanthropus tchadensis. Nature 434:755-59.
178. Zuckerkandl, E., and L. Pauling. 1965. Evolutionary divergence and convergence in proteins. In Evolving genes and proteins, ed. V. Bryson and H. J. Vogel, 97-166. New York: Academic Press.
179. Balter, M. 2005. Zebrafish researchers hook gene for human skin color. Science 310:1754-55.
180. Barsh, G. S. 2003. What controls variation in human skin color? PLoS Biol. 1 (1):e27.
181. Beall, C. M. 1981. Optimal birthweights in Peruvian populations at high and low altitudes. Amer. Jour. Phys. Anthropol. 56:209-16.
182. Beall, C. M. 1982. A comparison of chest morphology in high altitude Asian and Andean populations. Hum. Biol. 54:145-63.
183. Beall, C. M. 2003. High altitude adaptations. The Lancet 362:S14-S15.
184. Beja-Pereira, A., G. Luikart, P. R. England, D. G. Bradley, O. C. Jann, G. Bertorelle, A. T. Chamberlain, et al. 2003. Gene-culture coevolution between cattle milk protein genes and human lactase genes. Nature Genetics 35:311-13.
185. Bersaglieri, T., P. C. Sabeti, N. Patterson, T. Vanderploeg, S. F. Schaffner, J. A. Drake, M. Rhodes, D. R. Reich, and J. N. Hirschhorn. 2004. Genetic signatures of strong recent positive selection at the lactase gene. Amer. Jour. Hum. Genet. 74: 1111-20.
186. Churchill, S. E., Shackelford, L. L., J. N. Georgi, and M. T. Black. 2004. Morphological variation and airflow dynamics in the human nose. Amer. Jour. Hum. Biol. 16: 625-38.
187. Freeman, R. B. 1984. Darwin pedigrees. London: Privately printed.
188. Hollox, E. 2005. Genetics of lactase persistence-fresh lessons in the history of milk drinking. Eur. Jour. Hum. Genet. 13:267-69.
189. Jablonski, N. 2006. Skin: A natural history. Berkeley: University of California Press.
190. Lalueza-Fox, C., H. Römpler, D. Caramelli, C. Stäubert, G. Catalano, D. Huges, N. Rohland, et al. 2007. A melanocortin 1 receptor allele suggests varying pigmentation among Neanderthals. Science 318:1453-55.
191. Lamason, R. L., M. P. K. Mohideen, J. R. Mest, A. C. Wong, H. L. Norton., M. C. Aros, M. J. Jurynec, et al. 2005. SLC24A5, a putative cation exchanger, affects pigmentation in zebrafish and humans. Science 310:1782-86.
192. Lee, S., and S. J. Piazza. 2009. Built for speed: Musculoskeletal structure and sporting ability. Jour. Exper. Biol. 212:3700-3707.
193. Moore, L. G., S. Niermeyer, and S. Zamudio. 1998. Human adaptation to high altitude: Regional and life-cycle perspectives. Yrbk Phys. Anthropol. 41:25-64.
194. Rogers A., D. Iltis, and S. Wooding. 2004. Genetic variation at the MC1R locus and the time since loss of human body hair. Curr. Anthropol. 45:105-108.
195. Swallow, D. M. 2003. Genetics of lactase persistence and lactase intolerance. Ann. Rev. Genet. 37:197-219.
196. Bolnick, D. A. 2008. Individual ancestry inference and the reification of race as a biological phenomenon. In Revisiting race in a genomic age, ed. B. A. Koenig, S. S.-J. Lee, S. S. Richardson, 89-101. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press.
197. Bolnick, D., D. Fullwiley, T. Duster, R. S. Cooper, J. H. Fujimura, J. Kahn, J. S. Kaufman, J. Marks, A. Morning, A. Nelson, P. Ossorio, J. Reardon, S. Reverby, and K. TallBear. 2007. The science and business of genetic ancestry testing. Science 318:399-400.
198. Cheung, V. G., R. S. Spielman, K. T. Ewens, T. M. Weber, M. Morley, and J. T. Burdick. 2005. Mapping determinants of human gene expression by regional and genome-wide association. Nature 437:1365-69.
199. Gibbs, R. 2005. Deeper into the genome. Nature 437:1233-34.
200. Goldstein, D. B., K. R. Ahmadi, M. E. Weale, and N. W. Wood. 2003. Genome scans and candidate gene approaches in the study of common diseases and variable drug responses. Trends Genet. 19:615-22.
201. Goldstein, D. B., and G. L. Cavalleri. 2005. Understanding human diversity. Nature 437:1241-42.
202. International HapMap Consortium. 2005. A haplotype map of the human genome. Nature 437:1299-1320.
203. International HapMap Consortium. 2007. A second generation human haplotype map of over 3.1 million SNPs. Nature 449:851-61.
204. International HapMap Project. http://snp.cshl.org/.
205. Jakobsson, M., M. Jakobsson, S. W. Scholz, P. Scheet, J. R. Gibbs, J. M. VanLiere, Hon-C. Fung, Z. A. Szpiech, et al. 2008. Genotype, haplotype and copy-number variation in worldwide human populations. Nature 451:998-1003.
206. Kahn, J. 2006. Race, pharmacogenomics, and marketing: Putting BiDil in context. Am. J. Bioeth. 6:1-5.
207. Kim, J. I., J.-I. Kim, Y. S. Ju, H. Park, S. Kim, S. Lee, J.-H. Yi, J. Mudge, et al. 2009. A highly annotated whole-genome sequence of a Korean individual. Nature 460:1011-15.
208. Koenig, B. A., S. S.-J. Lee, S. S. Richardson, eds. 2008. Revisiting race in a genomic age. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press.
209. Lander, E. S., and D. Botstein. 1989. Mapping mendelian factors underlying quantitative traits using RFLP linkage maps. Genetics 121:185-99.
210. Lee, S. S.-J., D. A. Bolnick, T. R. Duster, P. Ossorio, and K. TallBear. 2009. The illusive gold standard in genetic ancestry testing. Science 325:38-39.
211. Lehrman, S. From race to DNA. Scientific American, February 2008.
212. Lupski, J. R., J. G. Reid, C. Gonzaga-Jauregui, D. R. Deiros, D. C. Y. Chen, L. Nazareth, M. Bainbridge, et al. 2010. Whole genome sequencing of a patient with Charcot-Marie-tooth neuropathy. New England Journal of Medicine 362: 1181-91.
213. McCarthy, M. I., G. R. Abecasis, L. R. Cardon, D. B. Goldstein, J. Little, J. P. A. Ioannidis, and J. N. Hirschhorn. 2008. Genome-wide association studies for complex traits: Consensus, uncertainty and challenges. Nat. Rev. Genet. 9:356-69.
214. McKernan, K. J., H. E. Peckham, G. L. Costa, S. F. McLaughlin, Y. Fu1, E. F. Tsung, C. R. Clouser, et al. 2009. Sequence and structural variation in a human genome uncovered by short-read, massively parallel ligation sequencing using two-base encoding. Genome Res. 19:1527-41.
215. Moore, J. 2005. Breeding: Darwin doubted his own family's fitness. Natural History, November 2005: 45-46.
216. Need, A., and D. B. Goldstein. 2009. Next generation disparities in human genomics: Concerns and remedies. Trends Genet. 25:489-90.
217. Ng, P. C., Q. Zhao, S. Levy, R. L. Strausberg, and J. C. Venter. 2008. Individual genomes instead of race for personalized medicine. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics 84:306-309.
218. Parra, E. J., R. A. Kittles, G. Argyropoulos, C. L. Pfaff, K. Hiester, C. Bonilla, N. Sylvester, et al. 2001. Ancestral proportions and admixture dynamics in geographically defined African Americans living in South Carolina. Amer. Jour. Phys. Anth. 114:18-29.
219. Perkins, H. F. 1934. A decade of progress in eugenics: Scientific papers of the Third International Congress of Eugenics. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins Company.
220. Reich, D. E., and E. S. Lander. 2001. On the allelic spectrum of human disease. Trends Genet. 17:502.
221. Risch, N., and K. Merikangas. 1996. The future of genetic studies of complex human diseases. Science 273:1516-17.
222. Roach, J. C., G. Glusman, A. F. A. Smit, C. D. Huff, R. Hubley, P. T. Shannon, L. Rowen, et al. 2010. Analysis of genetic inheritance in a family quartet by whole-genome sequencing. Science 328:636-39.
223. Schubert, C. 2008. Interview with Charles Rotimi. Nature Medicine 14:704-705.
224. Schuster, S. C., W. Miller, A. Ratan, L. P. Tomsho, B. Giardine, L. R. Kasson, R. S. Harris, et al. 2010. Complete Khoisan and Bantu genomes from southern Africa. Nature 463:943-47.
225. Simón-Sánchez, J., and A. Singleton. 2008. Genome-wide association studies in neurological disorders. Lancet Neurol. 7:1067-72.
226. Slatkin, M. 1999. Disequilibrium Mapping of a Quantitative-Trait Locus in an Expanding Population. Amer. Jour. Hum. Genet. 64:1765-73.
227. Slatkin, M. 2008. Linkage disequilibrium-understanding the evolutionary past and mapping the medical future. Nat. Rev. Genet. 9:477-85.
228. Travis, J. 2009. Scientists decry isotope, DNA testing of nationality. Science 326: 30-31.
229. Wang, J., W. Wang, R. Li, Y. Li, G. Tian, L. Goodman, W. Fan et al. 2008. The diploid genome sequence of an Asian individual. Nature 456:60-65.
230. Wheeler, D. A., M. Srinivasan, M. Egholm, Y. Shen, L. Chen, A. McGuire, W. He, et al. 2008. The complete genome of an individual by massively parallel DNA sequencing. Nature 452:872-76.
231. Relethford, J. H. 2009. Race and global patterns of phenotypic variation. Amer. Jour. Phys. Anthropol. 139:16-22.