Race and global patterns of phenotypic variation

American Journal of Physical Anthropology

Volumn 139, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 16-22

  Relethford, John H ^a  

^a STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK   (United States)

Author keywords

Craniometrics; Race; Skin color

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; CRANIOMETRY; GENETIC MARKER; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HUMAN; NATURAL SELECTION; PHENOTYPIC VARIATION; RACE; SKIN COLOR;

CONTINENTAL POPULATION GROUPS; GENETIC VARIATION; GENETICS, POPULATION; HUMANS; PHENOTYPE; SKIN PIGMENTATION; SKULL;

EID: 66949143032     PISSN: 00029483     EISSN: 10968644     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.20900     Document Type: Article

References (44)

1. Bamshad M, Wooding S, Salisbury BA, Stephens JC. 2004. Deconstructing the relationship between genetics and race. Nat Rev Genet 5:598-609.
2. Barbujani G, Magagni A, Minch E, Cavalli-Sforza LL. 1997. An apportionment of human DNA diversity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:4516-4519.
3. Brace CL. 2005. "Race" is a four-letter word. New York: Oxford University Press.
4. Cartmill M, Brown K. 2003. Surveying the race concept: a reply to Lieberman, Kirk, and Littlefield. Am Anthropol 105:114-115.
5. Cavalli-Sforza LL, Menozzi P, Piazza A. 1994. The history and geography of human genes. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
6. Fiorina MP, Abrams SJ, Pope JC. 2005. Culture war? The myth of a polarized America, 2nd ed. New York: Longman.
7. Futuyma DJ. 1986. Evolutionary biology, 2nd ed. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer Associates.
8. Garn SM. 1965. Human races, 2nd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas.
9. Graves JL Jr. 2001. The emperor's new clothes: biological theories of race at the millennium. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
10. Howells WW. 1973. Cranial variation in man: a study by multi-variate analysis of patterns of difference among recent human populations. Papers of the Peabody Museum No. 67. Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum.
11. Howells WW. 1989. Skull shapes and the map: craniometric analyses in the dispersion of modern Homo. Papers of the Peabody Museum No. 79. Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum.
12. Howells WW. 1995. Who's who in skulls: ethnic identification of crania from measurements. Papers of the Peabody Museum No. 82. Cambridge, MA: Peabody Museum.
13. Howells WW. 1996. Howells' craniometric data on the internet. Am J Phys Anthropol 101:441-442.
14. Jablonski NG, Chaplin G. 2000. The evolution of human skin coloration. J Hum Evol 39:57-106.
15. Jorde LB, Wooding SP. 2004. Genetic variation, classification and 'race.' Nat Genet 36:S28-S33.
16. Kennedy KAR. 1976. Human variation in space and time. Dubuque, IA: Wm. C. Brown.
17. Lewontin RC. 1972. The apportionment of human diversity. Evol Biol 6:381-398.
18. Lieberman L, Kirk RC, Littlefield A. 2003. Perishing paradigm: race-1931-99. Am Anthropol 105:110-113.
19. Long JC, Kittles RA. 2003. Human genetic diversity and the nonexistence of biological races. Hum Biol 75:449-471.
20. Marks J. 1995. Human biodiversity: genes, race, and history. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.
21. Parra EJ, Kittles RA, Argyropoulos C, Pfaff CL, Hiester K, Bonilla C, Sylvester N, Parrish-Gause D, Garvey WT, Jin P, McKeigue PM, Kamboh MI, Ferrell RE, Pollitzer WS, Shriver MD. 2001. Ancestral proportions and admixture dynamics in geographically defined African Americans living in South Carolina. Am J Phys Anthropol 114:18-29.
22. Ramachandran S, Deshpande O, Roseman CC, Rosenberg NA, Feldman MW, Cavalli-Sforza LL. 2005. Support for the relationship of genetic and geographic distance in human populations for a serial founder effect originating in Africa. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:15942-15947.
23. Relethford JH. 1994. Craniometric variation among modern human populations. Am J Phys Anthropol 95:53-62.
24. Relethford JH. 1997. Hemispheric difference in human skin color. Am J Phys Anthropol 104:449-457.
25. Relethford JH. 2000. Human skin color diversity is highest in sub-Saharan African populations. Hum Biol 72:773-780.
26. Relethford JH. 2002. Apportionment of global human genetic diversity based on craniometrics and skin color. Am J Phys Anthropol 73:629-636.
27. Relethford JH. 2004a. Boas and beyond: migration and craniometric variation. Am J Hum Biol 16:379-386.
28. Relethford JH. 2004b. Global patterns of isolation by distance based on genetic and morphological data. Hum Biol 76:499-513.
29. Relethford JH. 2008. The human species: an introduction to biological anthropology, 7th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
30. Relethford JH, Blangero J. 1990. Detection of differential gene flow from patterns of quantitative variation. Hum Biol 62:5-25.
31. Relethford JH, Crawford MH, Blangero JC. 1997. Genetic drift and gene flow in post-famine Ireland. Hum Biol 69:443-465.
32. Relethford JH, Harpending HC. 1994. Craniometric variation, genetic theory, and modern human origins. Am J Phys Anthropol 95:249-270.
33. Roberts DF, Kahlon DPS. 1976. Environmental correlations of skin colour. Ann Hum Biol 3:11-22.
34. Roseman CC. 2004. Detecting interregionally diversifying natural selection on modern human cranial form by using matched molecular and morphometric data. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:12824-12829.
35. Roseman CC, Weaver TD. 2004. Multivariate apportionment of global human craniometric diversity. Am J Phys Anthropol 125:257-263.
36. Rosenberg NA, Pritchard JK, Weber JL, Cann HM, Kidd KK, Zhivotovsky LA, Feldman MW. 2002. Genetic structure of human populations. Science 298:2381-2385.
37. Sarich V, Miele F. 2004. Race: the reality of human differences. Boulder, CO: Westview.
38. Sauer NJ. 1992. Forensic anthropology and the concept of race: if races don't exist, why are forensic anthropologists so good at identifying them? Soc Sci Med 34:107-111.
39. Shanklin E. 1994. Anthropology and race. Belmont, CA: Wads- worth.
40. Templeton AR. 1998. Human races: a genetic and evolutionary perspective. Am Anthropol 100:632-650.
41. Templeton AR. 2007. Genetics and recent human evolution. Evolution 61:1507-1519.
42. Williams-Blangero S, Blangero J. 1989. Anthropometric variation and the genetic structure of the Jirels of Nepal. Hum Biol 61:1-12.
43. Williams-Blangero S, Blangero J. 1992. Quantitative genetic analysis of skin reflectance: a multivariate approach. Hum Biol 64:35-49.
44. Wilson EO, Brown WL Jr. 1953. The subspecies concept and its taxonomic application. Syst Zool 2:97-111.