Guidelines for the treatment of acute ischaemic stroke;Guía para el tratamiento del infarto cerebral agudo

Neurologia

Volumn 29, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 102-122

  Alonso de Lecinana M ^a   Egido, J A ^a   Casado, I ^a   Ribo M ^a   Davalos A ^a   Masjuan, J ^a   Caniego, J L ^a   Martinez Vila E ^a   Diez Tejedor E ^a   Fuentes Secretaria B ^a   Alvarez Sabin J ^a   Arenillas, J ^a   Calleja, S ^a   Castellanos, M ^a   Castillo, J ^a   Diaz Otero F ^a   Lopez Fernandez J C ^a   Freijo, M ^a   Gallego J ^a   Garcia Pastor A ^a   Gil Nunez A ^a   Gilo, F ^a   Irimia, P ^a   Lago, A ^a   Maestre, J ^a   Marti Fabregas J ^a   Martinez Sanchez P ^a   Molina, C ^a   Morales, A ^a   Nombela, F ^a   Purroy, F ^a   Rodriguez Yanez M ^a   Roquer, J ^a   Rubio, F ^a   Segura, T ^a   Serena, J ^a   Simal, P ^a   Tejada, J ^a   Vivancos, J ^a   more..

^a NONE

Author keywords

Brain protection; Cerebral infarct; Cerebral venous thrombosis; Ischaemic stroke; Stroke units; Thrombolysis

Indexed keywords

ANTIPYRETIC AGENT;

ANTICOAGULANT THERAPY; BLOOD PRESSURE; BODY TEMPERATURE; BRAIN EDEMA; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; FIBRINOLYTIC THERAPY; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; MECHANICAL THROMBECTOMY; OCCLUSIVE CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; SHORT SURVEY; STROKE UNIT; COMPLICATION; INTRACRANIAL EMBOLISM; PROCEDURES; STROKE; THROMBECTOMY;

BRAIN ISCHEMIA; HUMANS; INTRACRANIAL EMBOLISM; STROKE; THROMBECTOMY; THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY;

EID: 84896725252     PISSN: 02134853     EISSN: 15781968     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2011.09.012     Document Type: Short Survey

References (220)

1. Egido J.A., Alonso de Leciñana M., Martínez-Vila E., Díez-Tejedor E. Guía para el tratamiento del infarto cerebral agudo. Guía para el Diagnóstico y Tratamiento del Ictus. Guías Oficiales de la Sociedad Española de Neurología N.° 3 2006, en representación del comité ad hoc del Grupo de Estudio de Enfermedades Cerebrovasculares de la Sociedad Española de Neurología, Prous Science, ISBN 84-8124-225-X: 97-132. E. Díez Tejedor (Ed.).
2. Centre for Evidence Based Medicine [consultado 2011]. Disponible en: http://www.cebm.net/.
3. Aboderin I., Venables G., Asplund K. Stroke management in Europe. J Intern Med 1996, 240:173-180.
4. Kjellström T., Norrving B., Shatchkute A. Helsingborg Declaration 2006 on European stroke strategies. Cerebrovasc Dis 2007, 23:231-241.
5. Alonso de Leciñana M., Gil Nuñez A., Díez Tejedor E. Relevance of stroke code, stroke unit and stroke networks in organization of acute stroke care. The Madrid Acute Stroke Care Program. Cerebrovasc Dis 2009, 27(Suppl 1):S140-S147.
6. Belvis R., Cocho D., Martí-Fábregas J., Pagonabarraga J., Aleu A., García-Bargo M.D., et al. Benefits of a prehospital stroke code system. Feasibility and efficacy in the first year of clinical practice in Barcelona, Spain. Cerebrovasc Dis 2005, 19:96-101.
7. Álvarez-Sabín J., Molina C.A., Abilleira S., Montaner J., García Alfranca F., Jiménez Fabrega X., et al. Impacto del código ictus en la eficacia del tratamiento trombolítico. Med Clin (Barc) 2003, 120:47-51.
8. Zarza B., Alonso de Leciñana M., García-Barragán N., Díaz-Sánchez M., López-Sendón J., Cruz-Culebras A., et al. Influence of the experience and of out-of-hospital stroke code in thrombolytic treatment of acute stroke. Neurologia 2008, 23:349-355.
9. Acker JE, Pancioli AM, Crocco TJ, Eckstein MK, Jauch EC, Larrabee H, et al., American Heart Association, American Stroke Association Expert Panel on Emergency Medical Services Systems, Stroke Council. Implementation strategies for emer- gency medical services within stroke systems of care: a policy statement from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Expert Panel on Emergency Medical Services Systems and the Stroke Council. Stroke. 2007;38:3097-115.
10. Adams H.P.JJr., Del Zoppo G., Alberts M.J., Bhatt D.L., Brass L., Furlan A., et al. Guidelines for the early management of adults with ischemic stroke: a guideline from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association Stroke Council, Clinical Cardiology Council, Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention Council, and the Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease and Quality of Care Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Groups: the American Academy of Neurology affirms the value of this guideline as an educational tool for neurologists. Stroke 2007, 38:1655-1711. American Heart Association, American Stroke Association Stroke Council, Clinical Cardiology Council; Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention Council, Atherosclerotic Peripheral Vascular Disease and Quality of Care Outcomes in Research Interdisciplinary Working Groups.
11. Dávalos A., Castillo J., Martínez-Vila E. Delay in neurological attention and stroke outcome. Stroke 1995, 26:2233-2237. for the Cerebrovascular Disease Study Group of the Spanish Society of Neurology.
12. Goldstein L.B., Matchar D.B., Hoff-Lindquist J., Samsa G.P., Horner R.D. VA Stroke Study: neurologist care is associated with increased testing but improved outcomes. Neurology 2003, 61:792-796.
13. Schwamm L.H., Holloway R.G., Amarenco P., Audebert H.J., Bakas T., Chumbler N.R., et al. Interdisciplinary Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease. A review of the evidence for the use of telemedicine within stroke systems of care: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2009, 40:2616-2634. American Heart Association Stroke Council.
14. Lanska D.J. Review criteria for hospital utilization for patients with cerebrovascular disease. Neurology 1994, 44:1531-1532. the Task Force on Hospital Utilization for Stroke of the American Academy of Neurology.
15. Indredavik B., Bakke F., Solberg R., Rokseth R., Haaheim Ll., Holme I. Benefit of a Stroke Unit: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke 1991, 22:1026-1031.
16. Stroke Unit Trialists' Collaboration Organised inpatient (stroke unit) care for stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;1:CD000197.
17. Lanhorne P., Williams B.O., Gilchrist W., Howie K. Do stroke units save lives?. Lancet 1993, 342:395-398.
18. Egido J.A., González J.L., Varela de Seijas E. Experiencia de una Unidad de Ictus en el Hospital Clínico de Madrid. Rev Neurol 1995, 23:381-384.
19. Díez-Tejedor E., Fuentes B. Acute care in stroke: do stroke units make the difference?. Cerebrovasc Dis 2001, 11(Suppl 1):S31-S39.
20. Govan L., Langhorne P., Weir C.J. Does the prevention of complications explain the survival benefit of organized inpatient (stroke unit) care? Further analysis of a systematic review. Stroke 2007, 38:2536-2540. Stroke Unit Trialists Collaboration.
21. Díez-Tejedor E., Fuentes B. Homeostasis as basis of acute stroke treatment: stroke units are the key. Cerebrovasc Dis 2005, 20(Suppl 2):S129-S134.
22. Seenan P., Long M., Langhorne P. Stroke units in their natural habitat: systematic review of observational studies. Stroke 2007, 38:1886-1892.
23. Fuentes B., Díez Tejedor E. Stroke Units. Many questions, some answers. International Journal of Stroke 2009, 4:28-37.
24. Álvarez Sabín J., Alonso de Leciñana M., Gállego J., Gil Peralta A., Casado I., Castillo J., et al. Plan de atención sanitaria al ictus. Neurología 2006, 21:717-726. Grupo de Estudio de las Enfermedades Cerebrovasculares de la Sociedad Española de Neurología.
25. Masjuan J., Álvarez-Sabín J., Arenillas J., Calleja S., Castillo J., Dávalos A., et al. Plan de asistencia sanitaria al ictus II 2010. Neurologia 2011, 26:383-396.
26. Rowat A.M., Dennis M.S., Wardlaw J.M. Hypoxaemia in acute stroke is frequent and worsens outcome. Cerebrovasc Dis 2006, 21:166-172.
27. Roffe C., Sills S., Pountain S.J., Allen M. A randomized controlled trial of the effect of fixed-dose routine nocturnal oxygen supplementation on oxygen saturation in patients with acute stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2010, 19:29-35.
28. Oliveira-Filho J., Silva S.C., Trabuco C.C., Pedreira B.B., Sousa E.U., Bacellar A. Detrimental effect of blood pressure reduction in the first 24 hours of acute stroke onset. Neurology 2003, 61:1047-1051.
29. Castillo J., Leira R., García M.M., Serena J., Blanco M., Dávalos A. Blood pressure decrease during the acute phase of ischemic stroke is associated with brain injury and poor stroke outcome. Stroke 2004, 35:520-526.
30. Leira R., Millán M., Díez-Tejedor E., Blanco M., Serena J., Fuentes B., et al. Age determines the effects of blood pressure lowering during the acute phase of ischemic stroke: the TICA study. Hypertension 2009, 54:769-774. TICA Study, Stroke Project, Cerebrovascular Diseases Group of the Spanish Neurological Society.
31. Vemmos K.N., Tsivgoulis G., Spengos K., Zakopoulos N., Synetos A., Manios E., et al. U-shaped relationship between mortality and admission blood pressure in patients with acute stroke. J Intern Med 2004, 255:257-265.
32. International Society of Hypertension: statement on the management of blood pressure in acute stroke. J Hypertens 2003, 21:665-672. International Society of Hypertension Writing Group.
33. Schrader J., Luders S., Kulschewski A., Berger J., Zidek W., Treib J., et al. Acute Candesartan Cilexitil Therapy in Stroke Survivors Study Group. The ACCESS Study: evaluation of Acute Candesartan Cilexitil Therapy in Stroke Survivors. Stroke 2003, 34:1699-1703.
34. Blood pressure in Acute Stroke Collaboration (BASC). Interventions for deliberately altering blood pressure in acute stroke. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2001, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD000039. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000039.
35. Potter J.F., Robinson T.G., Ford G.A., Mistri A., James M., Chernova J., et al. Controlling hypertension and hypotension immediately post-stroke (CHHIPS): a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind pilot trial. Lancet Neurol 2009, 8:48-56.
36. Robinson T.G., Potter J.F., Ford G.A., Bulpitt C.J., Chernova J., Jagger C., et al. Effects of antihypertensive treatment after acute stroke in the Continue or Stop Post-Stroke Antihypertensives Collaborative Study (COSSACS): a prospective, randomised, open, blinded-endpoint trial. Lancet Neurol 2010, 9:767-775.
37. Sandset E.C., Bath P.M., Boysen G., Jatuzis D., Kõrv J., Lüders S. The angiotensin-receptor blocker candesartan for treatment of acute stroke (SCAST): a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Lancet 2011, 377:741-750. SCAST Study Group.
38. Castillo J., Martínez F., Leira R., Prieto J.M., Lema M., Noya M. Mortality and morbidity of acute cerebral infarction related with temperature and basal analytic parameters. Cerebrovasc Dis 1994, 4:66-71.
39. Hajat C., Hajat S., Sharma P. Effects of poststroke pyrexia on stroke outcome: a meta-analysis of studies in patients. Stroke 2000, 31:404-409.
40. Den Hertog H.M., Van der Worp H.B., Van Gemert H.M., Algra A., Kappelle L.J., Van Gijn J., et al. The Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) In Stroke (PAIS) trial: a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase III trial. Lancet Neurol 2009, 8:434-440. PAIS Investigadors.
41. Den Hertog H.M., van der Worp H.B., Tseng M.C., Dippel D.W. Cooling therapy for acute stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009, 21:CD001247.
42. Macleod M.R., Petersson J., Norrving B., Hacke W., Dirnagl U., Wagner M., et al. Hypothermia for Stroke: call to action 2010. Int J Stroke 2010, 5:489-492. European Hypothermia Stroke Research Workshop.
43. van der Worp H.B., Macleod M.R., Kollmar R. Therapeutic hypothermia for acute ischemic stroke: ready to start large randomized trials?. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2010, 30:1079-1093. European Stroke Research Network for Hypothermia (EuroHYP).
44. Capes S.E., Hunt D., Malmberg K., Pathak P., Gerstein H.C. Stress hyperglycemia and prognosis of stroke in nondiabetic and diabetic patients: a systematic overview. Stroke 2001, 32:2426-2432.
45. Baird T.A., Parsons M.W., Phanh T., Butcher K.S., Desmond P.M., Tress B.M., et al. Persistent poststroke hyperglycemia is independently associated with infarct expansion and worse clinical outcome. Stroke 2003, 34:2208-2214.
46. Fuentes B., Castillo J., San José B., Leira R., Serena J., Vivancos J., et al. Spanish Society of Neurology. The prognostic value of capillary glucose levels in acute stroke: the GLycemia in Acute Stroke (GLIAS) study. Stroke 2009, 40:562-568. Stroke Project of the Cerebrovascular Diseases Study Group.
47. Fuentes B., Ortega-Casarrubios M.A., Sanjosé B., Castillo J., Leira R., Serena J., et al. Persistent hyperglycemia >155mg/dL in acute ischemic stroke patients: how well are we correcting it?: implications for outcome. Stroke 2010, 41:2362-2365. Stroke Project of the Cerebrovascular Diseases Study Group Spanish Society of Neurology.
48. Álvarez-Sabín J., Molina C.A., Montaner J., Arenillas J.F., Huertas R., Ribo M., et al. Effects of admission hyperglycemia on stroke outcome in reperfused tissue plasminogen activator-treated patients. Stroke 2003, 34:1235-1241.
49. Ribo M., Molina C., Montaner J., Rubiera M., Delgado-Mederos R., Arenillas J.F., et al. Acute hyperglycemia state is associated with lower tPA-induced recanalization rates in stroke patients. Stroke 2005, 36:1705-1709.
50. Gray C.S., Hildreth A.J., Sandercock P.A., O'Connell J.E., Johnston D.E., Cartlidge N.E., et al. Glucose-potassium-insulin infusions in the management of post-stroke hyperglycaemia: the UK Glucose Insulin in Stroke Trial (GIST-UK). Lancet Neurol 2007, 6:397-406. GIST Trialists Collaboration.
51. Bruno A., Kent T.A., Coull B.M., Shankar R.R., Saha C., Becker K.J., et al. Treatment of hyperglycemia in ischemic stroke (THIS): a randomized pilot trial. Stroke 2008, 39:384-389.
52. Davalos A., Ricart W., Gonzalez-Huix F., Soler S., Marrugat J., Molins A., et al. Effect of malnutrition after acute stroke on clinical outcome. Stroke 1996, 27:1028-1032.
53. Poor nutritional status on admission predicts poor outcomes after stroke: observational data from the FOOD trial. Stroke 2003, 34:1450-1456. FOOD Trial Collaboration.
54. Dennis M.S., Lewis S.C., Warlow C. Effect of timing and method of enteral tube feeding for dysphagic stroke patients (FOOD): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005, 365:764-772. FOOD Trial Collaboration.
55. Kwakkel G., Wagenaar R.C., Koelman T.W., Lankhorst G.J., Koetsier J.C. Effects of intensity of rehabilitation after stroke. A research synthesis. Stroke 1997, 28:1550-1556.
56. Langhorne P., Wagenaar R., Partridge C. Physiotherapy after stroke: more is better?. Physiother Res Int 1996, 1:75-88.
57. Langhorne P., Duncan P. Does the organization of postacute stroke care really matter?. Stroke 2001, 32:268-274.
58. Goldstein L.B. Potential effects of common drugs on stroke recovery. Arch Neurol 1998, 55:454-456.
59. Chollet F., Tardy J., Albucher J.F., Thalamas C., Berard E., Lamy C., et al. Fluoxetine for motor recovery after acute ischaemic stroke (FLAME): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 2011, 10:123-130.
60. Zittel S., Weiller C., Liepert J. Citalopram improves dexterity in chronic stroke patients. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2008, 22:311-314.
61. Hackett M.L., Anderson C.S., House A., Xia J. Interventions for treating depression after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008, 4:CD003437.
62. van der Worp H.B., Kappelle L.J. Complications of acute ischaemic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 1998, 8:124-132.
63. Hacke W., Schwab S., Horn M., Spranger M., De Georgia M., von Kummer R. Malignant middle cerebral artery territory infarction: clinical course and prognostic signs. Arch Neurol 1996, 53:309-315.
64. Berrouschot J., Sterker M., Bettin S., Koster J., Schneider D. Mortality of space-occupying (malignant) middle cerebral artery infarction under conservative intensive care. Intensive Care Med 1998, 24:620-623.
65. Schwarz S., Georgiadis D., Aschoff A., Schwab S. Effects of body position on intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion in patients with large hemispheric stroke. Stroke 2002, 33:497-501.
66. Bauer R.B., Tellez H. Dexamethasone as treatment in cerebrovascular disease. A controlled study of acute cerebral infarction. Stroke 1973, 4:547-555.
67. Norris J.W., Hachinski V. High dose steroid treatment in cerebral infarction. Br Med J 1986, 292:21-23.
68. Qizilbash N., Lewington S.L., López-Arrieta J.M. Corticosteroids for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002, 2:CD000064.
69. Bereczki D., Liu M., do Prado G.F., Fekete I. Cochrane report: a systematic review of mannitol therapy for acute ischemic stroke and cerebral parenchymal hemorrhage. Stroke 2000, 31:2719-2722.
70. Bereczki D., Mihálka L., Szatmári S., Fekete K., Di Cesar D., Fülesdi B., et al. Mannitol use in acute stroke: case fatality at 30 days and 1 year. Stroke 2003, 34:1730-1735.
71. Righetti E., Celani M.G., Cantisani T., Sterzi R., Boysen G., Ricci S. Glycerol for acute stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004, 2:CD000096.
72. Jüttler E., Schwab S., Schmiedek P., Unterberg A., Hennerici M., Woitzik J., et al. Decompressive Surgery for the Treatment of Malignant Infarction of the Middle Cerebral Artery (DESTINY): a randomized, controlled trial. Stroke 2007, 38:2518-2525. DESTINY Study Group.
73. Vahedi K., Vicaut E., Mateo J., Kurtz A., Orabi M., Guichard J.P., et al. Sequential-design, multicenter, randomized, controlled trial of early decompressive craniectomy in malignant middle cerebral artery infarction (DECIMAL Trial). Stroke 2007, 38:2506-2517. DECIMAL Investigators.
74. Vahedi K., Hofmeijer J., Juettler E., Vicaut E., George B., Algra A., et al. Early decompressive surgery in malignant infarction of the middle cerebral artery: a pooled analysis of three randomised controlled trials. Lancet Neurol 2007, 6:215-222. DECIMAL, DESTINY, and HAMLET investigators.
75. Hofmeijer J., Kappelle L.J., Algra A., Amelink G.J., Van Gijn J., Van der Worp H.B. Surgical decompression for space-occupying cerebral infarction (the Hemicraniectomy After Middle Cerebral Artery infarction with Life-threatening Edema Trial [HAMLET]): a multicentre, open, randomised trial. Lancet Neurol 2009, 8:326-333.
76. Staykov D., Gupta R. Hemicraniectomy in malignant middle cerebral artery infarction. Stroke 2011, 42:513-516.
77. Schwab S., Aschoff A., Spranger M., Albert F., Hacke W. The value of intracranial pressure monitoring in acute hemispheric stroke. Neurology 1996, 47:393-398.
78. Jensen M.B., St Louis E.K. Management of acute cerebellar stroke. Arch Neurol 2005, 62:537-544.
79. Bladin C.F., Alexandrov A.V., Bellavance A., Bornstein N., Chambers B., Cote R., et al. Seizures after stroke: a prospective multicenter study. Arch Neurol 2000, 57:1617-1622.
80. Ryvlin P., Montanov A., Nighoghossian N. Optimizing therapy of seizures in stroke patients. Neurology 2006, 67(Suppl 4):S83-S89.
81. Kwan J., Wood E. Antiepileptic drugs for the primary and secondary prevention of seizures after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010, 1:CD005398.
82. Kutlu G., Gomceli Y.B., Unal Y., Inan L.E. Levetiracetam monotherapy for late poststroke seizures in the elderly. Epilepsy Behav 2008, 13:542-544.
83. Belcastro V., Pierguidi L., Tambasco N. Levetiracetam in brain ischemia: clinical implications in neuroprotection and prevention of post-stroke epilepsy. Brain Dev 2011, 33:289-293.
84. Aslanyan S., Weir C.J., Diener H.C., Kaste M., Lees K.R. Pneumonia and urinary tract infection after acute ischaemic stroke: a tertiary analysis of the GAIN International trial. Eur J Neurol 2004, 11:49-53. GAIN International Steering Committee and Investigators.
85. Bath P.M., Iddenden R., Bath F.J. Low-molecular-weight heparins and heparinoids in acute ischemic stroke: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Stroke 2000, 3:1770-1778.
86. The International Stroke Trial (IST): a randomized trial of aspirin, subcutaneous heparin, both or neither among 19435 patients with acute ischaemic stroke. Lancet 1997, 349:1569-1581. International Stroke Trial Collaborative Group.
87. CAST: randomized placebo controlled trial of early aspirin use in 20000 patients witn acute ischaemic stroke. Lancet 1997, 349:1641-1649. CAST (Chinese Acute Strke Trial) Collaborative Group.
88. Naccarato M., Chiodo Grandi F., Dennis M., Sandercock P.A. Physical methods for preventing deep vein thrombosis in stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010, 8:CD001922.
89. Candelario-Jalil E. Injury and repair mechanisms in ischemic stroke: considerations for the development of novel neurotherapeutics. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2009, 10:644-654.
90. Rodríguez-González R., Hurtado O., Sobrino T., Castillo J. Neuroplasticity and cellular therapy in cerebral infarction. Cerebrovasc Dis 2007, 24(Suppl 1):S167-S180.
91. Burns T.C., Verfaillie C.M., Low W.C. Stem cells for ischemic brain injury: a critical review. J Comp Neurol 2009, 515:125-144.
92. Saxena R., Lewis S., Berge E., Sandercock P.A., Koudstaal P.J. Risk of early death and recurrent stroke and effect of heparin in 3169 patients with acute ischemic stroke and atrial fibrillation in the International Stroke Trial. Stroke 2001, 32:2333-2337.
93. Immediate anticoagulation and embolic stroke. A randomized trial. Stroke 1983, 14:668-676. Cerebral Embolism Study Group.
94. Immediate anticoagulation and embolic stroke. Brain Hemorrhage and management options. Stroke 1984, 15:779-789. Cerebral Embolism Study Group.
95. Rödén-Jüllig A., Britton M. Effectiveness of heparin treatment for progressing ischaemic stroke: before and after study. J Intern Med 2000, 248:287-291.
96. Sandercock P.A., Counsell C., Kamal A.K. Anticoagulants for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008, 4:CD000024.
97. Paciaroni M., Agnelli G., Micheli S., Caso V. Efficacy and safety of anticoagulant treatment in acute cardioembolic stroke: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Stroke 2007, 38:423-430.
98. Kay R., Wong K.S., Yu Y.L., Chan Y.W., Tsoi T.H., Ahuja A.T., et al. Low molecular weight heparin for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. N Eng J Med 1995, 333:1588-1593.
99. Hommel M. Fraxiparine in Ischemic Stroke Study (FISS bis). Cerebrovasc Dis 1998, 8(Suppl 4):S1-S103. for the FISS Investigators group.
100. Low molecular weight heparinoid, ORG 10172 (danaparoid), and outcome after acute ischemic stroke: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1998, 279:1265-1272. The Publications Committee for the Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST) Investigators.
101. Berge E., Abdelnoor M., Nakstad P.H., Sandset P.M. Low molecular-weight heparin versus aspirin in patients with acute ischaemic stroke and atrial fibrillation: a double-blind randomised study. HAEST Study Group. Heparin in Acute Embolic Stroke Trial. Lancet 2000, 355:1205-1210.
102. Bath P.M., Lindenstrom E., Boysen G., De Deyn P., Friis P., Leys D., et al. Tinzaparin in acute ischaemic stroke (TAIST): a randomised aspirin-controlled trial. Lancet 2001, 358:702-710.
103. Sandercock P., Counsell C., Stobbs S. Low-molecular-weight heparins or heparinoids versus standard unfractionated heparin for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005, 2:CD000119.
104. Sherman O.G., Atkinson R.P., Chippeudale T., Levin K.A., Ng K., Intrell N., et al. The STAT Study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2000, 283:2395-2403. for STAT_Intravenous Ancrod for treatment of Acute Ischaemic Stroke.
105. Orgogozo J.M., Verstraete M., Kay R., Hennerici M., Lenzi G.L. Outcomes of ancrod in acute ischemic stroke. Independent Data and Safety Monitoring Board for ESTAT. Steering Committee for ESTAT. European Stroke Treatment with Ancrod Trial. JAMA 2000, 284:1926-1927.
106. Zheng M.C., Sandercock P., Hong C.P., Counsell C., Collins R., Li S.L., et al. Indications for early aspirin use in acute ischemic stroke: a combined analysis of 40,000 randomized patients from the Chinese Acute Stroke Trial and the International Stroke Trial. Stroke 2000, 31:1240-1249.
107. Morris D.C., Silver B., Mitsias P., Lewandowski C., Patel S., Daley S., et al. Treatment of acute stroke with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator and abciximab. Acad Emerg Med 2003, 10:1396-1399.
108. Straub S., Junghans U., Jovanovic V., Wittsack H.Z., Seitz R.J., Siebler M. Systemic thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator and tirofiban in acute middle cerebral artery occlusion. Stroke 2004, 35:705-709.
109. Emergency administration of abciximab for treatment of patients with acute ischemic stroke: results of a randomized phase 2 trial. Stroke 2005, 36:880-890. Abciximab Emergent Stroke Treatment Trial (AbESTT) Investigators.
110. The Internet stroke center. Stroke trials [consultado 2011]. Disponible en: http://www.strokecenter.org/trials.
111. Hacke W., Kaste M., Fieschi C., Toni D., Lesaffre E., von Kummer R., et al. Intravenous thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator for acute hemispheric stroke. The Eurpean Cooperative Acute Stroke Study (ECASS). JAMA 1995, 274:1017-1025. for the ECASS Study Group.
112. Tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. N Eng J Med 1995, 333:1581-1587. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke rtPA Stroke Study Group.
113. Hacke W., Kaste M., Fieschi C., Von Kummer R., Davalos A., Meier D., et al. Randomised double-blind placebo-controlled trial of thrombolytic therapy with intravenous alteplase in acute ischaemic stroke (ECASS II). Lancet 1998, 352:1245-1251.
114. Clark W.M., Wissman S., Albers G.W., Jhamandas J.H., Madden K.P., Hamilton S. for bthe ATLANTIS study investigators. Recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (alteplase) for ischemic stroke 3 to 5hours after symptom onset. The ATLANTIS study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1999, 282:2019-2026.
115. Hacke W., Kaste M., Bluhmki E., Brozman M., Dávalos A., Guidetti D., et al. ECASS Investigators. Thrombolysis with alteplase 3 to 4.5hours after acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2008, 359:1317-1329.
116. Hacke W., Brott T., Caplan L., Meier D., Fieschi C., von Kummer R., et al. Thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke: controlled trials and clinical experience. Neurology 1999, 53(Suppl 4):S3-S14.
117. Hacke W., Donan G., Fieschi C., Kaste M., von Kummer R., Broderick J.P., et al. Association of outcome with early stroke treatment: pooled analisis of ATLANTIS, ECASS and NINDS rt-PA stroke trials. Lancet 2004, 363:768-774.
118. Wardlaw J.M., Murray V., Berge E., sel Zoppo G.J. Thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009, 4:DC:000213.
119. Wahlgren N., Ahmed N., Dávalos A., Ford G.A., Grond M., Hacke W., et al. SITS-MOST investigators. Thrombolysis with alteplase for acute ischaemic stroke in the Safe Implementation of Thrombolysis in Stroke-Monitoring Study (SITS-MOST): an observational study. Lancet 2007, 369:275-282.
120. Ahmed N., Wahlgren N., Grond M., Hennerici M., Lees K.R., Mikulik R., et al. SITS investigators Implementation and outcome of thrombolysis with alteplase 3-4.5h after an acute stroke: an updated analysis from SITS_ISTR. Lancet Neurol 2010, 9:866-874.
121. Mishra N.K., Ahmed N., Andersen G., Egido J.A., Lindsberg P.J., Ringleb P.A., et al. Thrombolysis in very elderly people: controlled comparison of SITS International Stroke Thrombolysis Registry and Virtual International Stroke Trials Archive. BMJ 2010, 341:c6046. VISTA collaborators; SITS collaborators.
122. Mishra N.K., Davis S.M., Kaste M., Lees K.R. Comparison of outcomes following thrombolytic therapy among patients with prior stroke and diabetes in the Virtual International Stroke Trials Archive (VISTA). Diabetes Care 2010, 33:2531-2537. VISTA Collaboration.
123. Selim M., Kumar S., Fink J., Schlaug G., Caplan L.R., Linfante I. Seizure at stroke onset: should it be an absolute contraindication to thrombolysis?. Cerebrovasc Dis 2002, 14:54-57.
124. De Keyser J., Gdovinová Z., Uyttenboogaart M., Vroomen P.C., Luijckx G.J. Intravenous alteplase for stroke: beyond the guidelines and in particular clinical situations. Stroke 2007, 38:2612-2618.
125. Alexandrov A.V., Grotta J.C. Arterial reocclusion in stroke patients treated with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator. Neurology 2002, 59:862-867.
126. Alexandrov A.V., Molina C.A., Grotta J.C., Garami Z., Ford S.R., Álvarez-Sabín J., et al. Ultrasound-enhanced systemic thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2004, 351:2170-2178. CLOTBUST Investigators.
127. Molina C.A., Barreto A.D., Tsivgoulis G., Sierzenski P., Malkoff M.D., Rubiera M., et al. Transcranial ultrasound in clinical sonothrombolysis (TUCSON) trial. Ann Neurol 2009, 66:28-38.
128. Gahn G., Barlinn K., Dzialowski I., Puetz V., Kunz A., Hentschel H., et al. Combined thrombolysis with abciximab and rtPA in patients with middle cerebral artery occlusion. Acta Neurol Scand 2010, 121:63-66.
129. Haley E.C.JJr., Thompson J.L., Grotta J.C., Lyden P.D., Hemmen T.G., Brown D.L., et al. Phase IIB/III trial of tenecteplase in acute ischemic stroke: results of a prematurely terminated randomized clinical trial. Stroke 2010, 41:707-711. Tenecteplase in Stroke Investigators.
130. Parsons M.W., Miteff F., Bateman G.A., Spratt N., Loiselle A., Attia J. Levi CRAcute ischemic stroke: imaging-guided tenecteplase treatment in an extended time window. Neurology 2009, 72:915-921.
131. Hacke W., Albers G., Al-Rawi Y., Bogousslavsky J., Davalos A., Eliasziw M., et al. The Desmoteplase in Acute Ischemic Stroke Trial (DIAS): a phase II MRI-based 9-hour window acute stroke thrombolysis trial with intravenous desmoteplase. Stroke 2005, 36:66-73. DIAS Study Group.
132. Furlan A.J., Eyding D., Albers G.W., Al-Rawi Y., Lees K.R., Rowley H.A., et al. Dose Escalation of Desmoteplase for Acute Ischemic Stroke (DEDAS): evidence of safety and efficacy 3 to 9hours after stroke onset. Stroke 2006, 37:1227-1231. DEDAS Investigators.
133. Hacke W., Furlan A.J., Al-Rawi Y., Davalos A., Fiebach J.B., Gruber F., et al. Intravenous desmoteplase in patients with acute ischaemic stroke selected by MRI perfusion-diffusion weighted imaging or perfusion CT (DIAS-2): a prospective, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Lancet Neurol 2009, 8:141-150.
134. Del Zoppo G.J., Higashida R.T., Furlan A.J., Pessin M.S., Rowley H.A., Gent M. (PROACT): a phase II randomized trial of recombinant prourokinase by direct arterial delivery in acute middle cerebral artery stroke. Stroke 1998, 29:4-11. the PROACT investigators.
135. Furlan A., Higashida R., Weschler L., Gent M., Rowley H., Kase C., et al. Intra-arterial prourokinase for acute ischemic stroke. The PROACT II study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1999, 282:2003-2011.
136. Mattle H.P., Arnold M., Georgiadis D., Baumann C., Nedeltchev K., Benninger D., et al. Comparison of intraarterial and intravenous thrombolysis for ischemic stroke with hyperdense middle cerebral artery sign. Stroke 2008, 39:379-383.
137. Lee M., Hong K.S., Saver J.L. Efficacy of intra-arterial fibrinolysis for acute ischemic stroke: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Stroke 2010, 41:932-937.
138. Meyers P.M., Schumacher H.C., Higashida R.T., Barnwell S.L., Creager M.A., Gupta R., et al. American Heart Association. Indications for the performance of intracranial endovascular neurointerventional procedures: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2009, 119:2235-2249.
139. Lindsberg P.J., Soinne L., Tatlisumak T., Roine R.O., Kallela M., Häppölä O., et al. Long-term outcome after intravenous thrombolysis of basilar artery occlusion. JAMA 2004, 292:1826-1862.
140. Hill M.D., Barber P.A., Demchuk A.M., Newcommon N.J., Cole-Haskayne A., Ryckborst K., et al. Acute intravenous-intra-arterial revascularization therapy for severe ischemic stroke. Stroke 2002, 33:279-282.
141. Zaidat O.O., Suarez J.I., Santillan C., Sunshine J.L., Tarr R.W., Paras V.H., et al. Response to intra-arterial and combined intravenous and intra-arterial thrombolytic therapy in patients with distal internal carotid artery occlusion. Stroke 2002, 33:1821-1826.
142. Combined intravenous and intraarterial recanalization for acute ischemic stroke: The Interventional Management of Stroke Study. Stroke 2004, 35:904-911. IMS Study Investigators.
143. IMS III. Interventional Management of Stroke III. Disponible en: 2011. http://www.strokecenter.org/trials/trialDetail.aspx%3Ftid=747%26search_string=IMS.
144. Gobin Y.P., Starkman S., Duckwiler G.R., Grobelny T., Kidwell C.S., Jahan R., et al. MERCI 1: a phase 1 study of mechanical embolus removal in cerebral sschemia. Stroke 2004, 35:2848-2854.
145. Smith W.S., Sung G., Saver J., Budzik R., Duckwiler G., Liebeskind D.S., et al. Mechanical thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke: final results of the Multi MERCI trial. Stroke 2008, 39:1205-1212.
146. Josephson S.A., Saver J.L., Smith W.S. Comparison of mechanical embolectomy and intraarterial thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke within the MCA: MERCI and Multi MERCI compared to PROACT II. Neurocrit Care 2009, 10:43-49. Merci and Multi Merci Investigators.
147. The penumbra pivotal stroke trial: safety and effectiveness of a new generation of mechanical devices for clot removal in intracranial large vessel occlusive disease. Stroke 2009, 40:2761-2768. Penumbra Pivotal Stroke Trial Investigators.
148. Gutiérrez M., Merino J., Alonso de Leciñana M., Díez-Tejedor E. Cerebral protection, brain repair and cell therapy in sschemic stroke. Cerebrovascular Dis 2009, 27(Suppl 1):S177-S186.
149. Ginsberg M.D. Neuroprotection for ischemic stroke: Past, present and future. Neuropharmacology 2008, 55:363-389.
150. Fisher M., Feuerstein G., Howells D.W., Hurn P.D., Kent T.A., Savitz S.I., et al. Update of the stroke therapy academic industry roundtable preclinical recommendations. Stroke 2009, 40:2244-2250. STAIR Group.
151. Mohr J.P., Orgogozo J.M., Harrison M.J.G., Wahlgren N.G., Gelmers J.H., Matínez-Vila E., et al. Meta-analysis of oral nimodipine trials in acute ischemic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 1994, 4:197-203.
152. Horn J., Limburg M., Vermeulen M. VENUS-Very Early Nimodipine Use in Stroke: final results from a randomised placebo controlled trial. Cerebrovasc Dis 1999, 9(Suppl 1):S127.
153. Wahlgren N.G., MacMahon D.G., DeKeyser J., Indredavik B., Ryman T. Intravenous Nimodipine West European Stroke Trial (INWEST) of nimodipine in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Cerevrovasc Dis 1994, 4:204-210. for the INWEST Study Group.
154. Rosenbaum D., Zabranski J., Frey J., Yatsu F., Marler J., Speztler R., et al. Early treatment of ischemic stroke with a calcium antagonist. Stroke 1991, 33:437-441.
155. Oczkowski W.J., Hachinski V.C., Bogousslavsky J., Barnett H.J.M., Carruthers S.G. A double blind randomized trial of PY 108-086 in acute ischemic cerebral infarction. Stroke 1989, 20:604-608.
156. Lataste X, Maurer W, Whitehead J and the ASCLEPIOS study group. Application of sequential methods to clinical trial in stroke. The Asclepios Study. 2nd World Congress of Stroke, 1992. S 16.
157. Franke C.L., Palm R., Dalby M., Schoonderwaldt H.C., Hantson L., Eriksson B., et al. Fllunarizine in nstroke treatment (FIST): a double blind placebo controlled trial in Scandinavia and the Netherlands. Acta Neurol Scand 1996, 93:56-60.
158. Horn J., Limburg M. Calcium antagonists for acute ischemic stroke (cochrane Review). The cochrane Library, Issue 3 2000, Update software, Oxford.
159. Bozik M.E., Hommel M., Grotta J., Fisher M., Fayad P., Bogousslavsky J. USA. POST-011: efficacy and safety of maxipost in patients with acute stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 2001, 11(Suppl 4):S127. Bristol-Myers Squibb Company.
160. Davis S.M., Alberts G.W., Diener H.C., Lees K.R., Norris J. Termination of acute stroke studies involving selfotel treatment (letter). Lancet 1997, 349:32.
161. Albers G.W., Atkinson R.P., Kelley R.E., Rosenbaum M.D. Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of the N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist dextrorphan in patients with acute stroke. Stroke 1995, 26:254-258. on behalf of the Dextrorphan Study Group.
162. Albers G.W., Goldstein L.B., Hall D., Lsko L.M. Aptiganel hydrochloride in acute ischemic stroke: a randomized controlled trial. J AM Med Assoc 2001, 286:2673-2682.
163. Muir K.W., Lees K.R., Ford I., Davis S. Magnesium for acute stroke (Intravenous Magnesium Efficacy in Stroke trial): randomized controlled trial. Lancet 2004, 363:439-445.
164. Lees K.R., Asplund K., Carolei A., Davis S.M., Dienet H.C., Kaste M., et al. Glycine antagonist (gavastinel) in neuroprotection (GAIN International) in patients with acute stroke: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2000, 355:1949-1954. for the GAIN international Investigators.
165. Sacco R.L., de Rosa J.T., Haley E.C.JJr., Levin B., Ordronneau P., Phillips S.J., et al. Glycine antagonist in neuroprotection for patients with acute stroke: GAIN Americas: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc 2001, 285:1719-1728.
166. Grotta J. Lubeluzole treatment of acute ischemic stroke. The US and Canadian Lubeluzole Ischemic Stroke Study Group. Stroke 1997, 28:2338-2346.
167. Diener H.C. Multinational randomized controlled trial of lubeluzole in acute ischemic stroke. European and Australian Lubeluzole Ischemic Stroke Study Group. Cerebrovasc Dis 1998, 8:172-181.
168. Wahlgren N.G., Ranasinha K.W., Rosolacci T., Franke C.L., van Erven P.M., Ashwood T., et al. Clomethiazole acute stroke study (CLASS): results of a randomized, controlled trial of clomethiazole versus placebo in 1360 acute stroke patients. Stroke 1999, 30:21-28.
169. Lyden P., Shuaib A., Ng K., Levin K., Atkinson R.P., Rajput A., et al. CLASS-I/H/T Investigators. Clomethiazole Acute Stroke Study in ischemic stroke (CLASS-I): final results. Stroke 2002, 33:122-128.
170. Lyden P., Jacoby M., Schim J., Albers G., Mazzeo P., Ashwood T., et al. The Clomethiazole Acute Stroke Study in tissue-type plasminogen activator-treated stroke (CLASS-T): final results. Neurology 2001, 57:1199-1205.
171. Lodder J., van Raak L., Hilton A., Hardy E., Kessels A. Diazepam to improve acute stroke outcome: results of the early GABA-Ergic activation study in stroke trial. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Cerebrovasc Dis 2006, 21:120-127. EGASIS Study Group.
172. Clark W.M., Raps E.C., Tong D.C., Kelly R.E. Cervene (Nalmefene) in acute ischemic stroke: final results of a phase III efficacy study. The Cervene Stroke Study Investigators. Stroke 2000, 31:1234-1239.
173. Peters G.R., Hwang L.J., Musch B., Brosse D.M., Orgogozo J.M. Safety and efficacy of 6mg/kg/day tirilazad mesylate in patients with acute ischemic stroke (TESS study). Stroke 1996, 27:195.
174. A randomized trial of tirilazad mesylate in patients with acute stroke (RANTTAS). Stroke 1996, 27:1453-1458. The RANTTAS Investigators.
175. Haley E.C. High dose tirilazad mesylate in patients with acute stroke (RANTTAS II). Stroke 1998, 29:1256-1257. on behalf of the RANTTAS InvestigatorsII.
176. Tirilazad Mesylate in acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review. Stroke 2000, 31:2257-2265. Tirilazad International Steering Committee.
177. Yamaguchi T, Sano K, Takakura K, Saito I, Shinohara Y, Asano T, Yasuhara H, para el Ebselen Study Group. Ebselen in acute ischemic stroke: a placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Stroke. 1998;29:12-17.
178. Effect of a novel free radical scavenger, edaravone (MCI-186) on acute brain infarction. Randomized placebo-controlled double-blind study at multicenters. Cerebrovasc Dis 2003, 15:222-229. Edaravone Acute Infarction Study.
179. Lees K.R., Zivin J.A., Ashwood T., Davalos A., Davis S.M., Diener H.C., et al. Stroke-Acute Ischemic NXY Treatment (SAINT I) Trial Investigators. NXY-059 for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2006, 354:588-600.
180. Shuaib A., Lees K.R., Lyden P., Grotta J., Davalos A., Davis S.M., et al. NXY-059 for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 2007, 357:562-571. SAINT II Trial Investigators.
181. Use of anti-ICAM-1 therapy in ischemic stroke: results of the Enlimomab Acute Stroke Trial. Neurology 2001, 57:1428-1434. Enlimomab Acute Stroke Trial Investigators.
182. Krams M., Lees K.R., Hacke W., Grieve A.P., Orgogozo J.M., Ford G.A. Acute Stroke Therapy by Inhibition of Neutrophils (ASTIN): an adaptive dose-response study of UK-279,276 in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 2003, 34:2543-2548. ASTIN Study Investigators.
183. D'Orlando J.K., Sandgadge B.W. Citicoline (CDP-Choline): mechanisms of action and effects on ischemic brain injury. Neurol Res 1995, 17:281-284.
184. Clark W.M., Warach S.J., Pettigrew L.C., Gammans R.E., Sabounjian L.A. A randomized dose-response trial of citicoline in acute ischemic stroke patients. Neurology 1997, 49:671-678. for the Citicoline Stroke Study Group.
185. Clark W.M., Williams B.J., Selzer K.A., Zweifler R.M., Sabounjian L.A., Gammans R.E. A randomized efficacy trial of citicoline in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 1999, 30:2592-2597.
186. Clark W.M., Wechsler L.R., Sabounjian L.A., Schwiderski U.E. A phase III randomized efficacy trial of 2000mg citicoline in acute ischemic stroke patients. Neurology 2001, 57:1595-1602. for the Citicoline Stroke Study Group.
187. Warach S., Pettigrew L.C., Dashe J.F., Pullicino P., Lefkowitz D.M., Sabounjian L.A., et al. Effect of citicoline on ischemic lesions as measured by diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Citicoline 010 Investigators. Ann Neurol 2000, 48:713-722.
188. Dávalos A., Castillo J., Álvarez-Sabín J., Secades J.J., Mercadal J., López S., et al. Oral citicoline in acute ischemic stroke: an individual patient data pooling analysis of clinical trials. Stroke 2002, 33:2850-2857.
189. Dávalos A., Secades J. Citicoline preclinical and clinical update 2009-2010. Stroke 2011, 42(Suppl):S36-S39.
190. De Deyn P.P., Reuck J.D., Deberdt W., Vlietinck R., Orgogozo J.M. Treatment of acute ischemic stroke with piracetam. Members of the Piracetam in Acute Stroke Study (PASS) Group. Stroke 1997, 28:2347-2352.
191. Bogousslavsky J., Victor S.J., Salinas E.O., Pallay A., Donnan G.A., Fieschi C., et al. European-Australian Fiblast (Trafermin) in Acute Stroke Group. Fiblast (trafermin) in acute stroke: results of the European-Australian phase II/III safety and efficacy trial. Cerebrovasc Dis 2002, 14:239-251.
192. Candelise L., Ciccone A. Gangliosides for acute ischemic stroke. Cochrane Database Sys Rev 2001, CD000094.
193. Hong Z., Moessler H., Bornstein N., Brainin M., Heiss W.D. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of Cerebrolysin in patients with acute ischaemic stroke in Asia-CASTA. Int J Stroke 2009, 4:406-412. CASTA-investigators.
194. Jianu D.C., Muresanu D.F., Bajenaru O., Popescu B.O., Deme S.M., Moessler H., et al. Cerebrolysin adjuvant treatment in Broca's aphasics following first acute ischemic stroke of the left middle cerebral artery. J Med Life 2010, 3:297-307.
195. Ziganshina L.E., Abakumova T., Kuchaeva A. Cerebrolysin for acute ischaemic stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010, 4:CD007026.
196. Multicenter Trial of hemodilution in acute ischemic stroke. I. Results in the total patient population. Stroke 1987, 18:691-699. Scandinavian Stroke Study Group.
197. Haemodilution in acute stroke: results of the Italian haemodilution trial. Lancet 1988, 1:318-321. Italian Acute Stroke Study Group.
198. Goslinga H., Eijzenbach V., Heuvelmans J.H., Van der Laan de Vries E., Melis V.M., Schmid-Schönbein H., et al. Custom-tailored hemodilution with albumin and crystalloids in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 1992, 23:181-188.
199. Palesch Y.Y., Hill M.D., Ryckborst K.J., Tamariz D., Ginsberg M.D. The ALIAS Pilot Trial: a dose-escalation and safety study of albumin therapy for acute ischemic stroke II: neurologic outcome and efficacy analysis. Stroke 2006, 37:2107-2114.
200. Ginsberg M.D., Palesch Y.Y., Hill M.D. The ALIAS (ALbumin In Acute Stroke) phase III randomized multicentre clinical trial: design and progress report. Biochem Soc Trans 2006, 34:1323-1326.
201. Lampl Y., Boaz M., Gilad R., Lorberboym M., Dabby R., Rapoport A., et al. Minocycline treatment in acute stroke: an open-label, evaluator-blinded study. Neurology 2007, 69:1404-1410.
202. Martí-Fàbregas J., Gomis M., Arboix A., Aleu A., Pagonabarraga J., Belvís R., et al. Favorable outcome of ischemic stroke in patients pretreated with statins. Stroke 2004, 35:1117-1121.
203. Fuentes B., Martínez-Sánchez P., Díez-Tejedor E. Lipid-lowering drugs in ischemic stroke prevention and their influence on acute stroke outcome. Cerebrovasc Dis 2009, 27(Suppl 1):S126-S133.
204. Martínez-Sánchez P., Rivera-Ordóñez C., Fuentes B., Ortega-Casarrubios M.A., Idrovo L., Díez-Tejedor E. The beneficial effect of statins treatment by stroke subtype. Eur J Neurol 2009, 16:127-133.
205. Blanco M., Nombela F., Castellanos M., Rodríguez-Yáñez M., García-Gil M., Leira R., et al. Statin treatment withdrawal in ischemic stroke: a controlled randomized study. Neurology 2007, 69:904-910.
206. Biffi A., Devan W.J., Anderson C.D., Cortellini L., Furie K.L., Rosand J., et al. Statin treatment and functional outcome after ischemic stroke: case-control and meta-analysis. Stroke 2011, 42:1314-1319.
207. Gutiérrez M., Merino J.J., Alonso de Leciñana M., Díez-Tejedor E. Cerebral protection, brain repair, plasticity and cell therapy in ischemic stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 2009, 27(Suppl 1):S177-S186.
208. Ehrenreich H., Weissenborn K., Prange H., Schneider D., Weimar C., Wartenberg K., et al. Recombinant human erythropoietin in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 2009, 40:e647-e656.
209. Gutiérrez-Fernández M., Rodríguez-Frutos B., Álvarez-Grech J., Vallejo-Cremades M.T., Expósito-Alcaide M., Merino J., et al. Functional recovery after hematic administration of allogenic mesenchymal stem cells in acute ischemic stroke in rats. Neuroscience 2011, 175:394-405.
210. Lee J.S., Hong J.M., Moon G.J., Lee P.H., Ahn Y.H., Bang O.Y. A long-term follow-up study of intravenous autologous mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in patients with ischemic stroke. Stem Cells 2010, 28:1099-1106. STARTING collaborators.
211. Suárez-Monteagudo C., Hernández-Ramírez P., Álvarez-González L., García-Maeso I., de la Cuétara-Bernal K., Castillo-Díaz L., et al. Autologous bone marrow stem cell neurotransplantation in stroke patients. An open study. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2009, 27:151-161.
212. Guenther G., Arauz A. Cerebral venous thrombosis: a diagnostic and treatment update. Neurologia 2011, 26:488-498.
213. Bousser M.G., Ferro J.M. Cerebral venous thrombosis: an update. Lancet Neurol 2007, 56:162-170.
214. Saposnik G, Barinagarrementeria F, Brown Jr RD, Bushnell CD, Cucchiara B, Cushman M, et al, on behalf of the American Heart Association Stroke Council and the Council on Epidemiology and Prevention. Diagnosis and management of cerebral venous thrombosis: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2011;42:1158-92.
215. Einhäupl K.M., Villringer A., Meister W. Heparin treatment in sinus venous treatment thrombosis. Lancet 1991, 338:597-600.
216. De Bruijn F.T.M., Stam J. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of anticoagulant treatment with low-molecular-weight heparin for cerebral sinus thrombosis. Stroke 1999, 30:484-488. para el Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis Study Group.
217. Stam J., De Bruijn S.F., DeVeber G. Anticoagulation for cerebral sinus thrombosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002, 4:CD002005.
218. Coutinho J.M., Ferro J.M., Canhão P., Barinagarrementeria F., Bousser M.G., Stam J. Unfractionated or low-molecular weight heparin for the treatment of cerebral venous thrombosis. Stroke 2010, 41:2575-2580. ISCVT Investigators.
219. Canhão P., Falcão F., Ferro J.M. Thrombolytics for cerebral sinus thrombosis: a systematic review. Cerebrovasc Dis 2003, 15:159-166.
220. Ferro JM, Crassard I, Coutinho JM, Canhão P, Barinagarrementeria F, Cucchiara B, et al, and the Second International Study on Cerebral Vein and Dural Sinus Thrombosis (ISCVT 2) Investigators. Decompressive surgery in cerebrovenous thrombosis. A multicentre registry and a systematic review of individual patient data. Stroke. 2011;42:2825-31.