Thrombolysis for acute ischaemic stroke

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

Volumn , Issue 4, 2009, Pages

  Wardlaw, Joanna M ^a   Murray, Veronica ^b   Berge, Eivind ^c   Del Zoppo, Gregory J ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^b DANDERYD HOSPITAL   (Sweden)

^c ULLEVÅL UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Norway)

^d UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

*Thrombolytic therapy; Brain ischemia drug therapy ; Drug administration schedule; Fibrinolytic agents adverse effects; *therapeutic use ; Humans; Randomized controlled trials as topic; Stroke *drug therapy; etiology

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ALTEPLASE; ANTICOAGULANT AGENT; DESMOTEPLASE; DUTEPLASE; HEPARIN; SARUPLASE; STREPTOKINASE; UROKINASE;

BLOOD CLOT LYSIS; BRAIN EDEMA; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DEATH; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG DOSE TITRATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG SAFETY; FIBRINOLYTIC THERAPY; FOLLOW UP; FUNCTIONAL STATUS; HUMAN; LOW DRUG DOSE; MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY OCCLUSION; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OCCLUSIVE CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATIENT ASSESSMENT; PROGNOSIS; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK BENEFIT ANALYSIS; RISK FACTOR; THROMBOEMBOLISM; TREATMENT INDICATION; TREATMENT RESPONSE;

EID: 71749102216     PISSN: 1469493X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000213.pub2     Document Type: Review

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298. Savitz SI, Lew R, Bluhmki E, HackeW, Fisher M. Shift analysis versus dichotomization of the modified Rankin scale outcome scores in the NINDS and ECASS-II trials. Stroke 2007;38:3205-12.
299. Sila CA, Furlan AJ. Therapy for acute ischemic stroke: the door opens. Interpreting the NINDS rt-PA stroke study. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine 1996;63(2):77-9.
300. Smith B, Ingall TJ, O'Fallon WM, Christianson TJH, Asplund K, Goldfrank LR, et al.NINDS stroke trial data reanalysis leaves issues unresolved (response). Stroke 2005;36:529-30.
301. Smith BJ. Thromobolysis for acute ischaemic stroke: revisiting the evidence. Medical Journal of Australia 2003;179:386-9.
302. Tanne D, Bates VE, Verro P, Kasner SE, Binder JR, Patel SC, et al.Initial clinical experience with IV tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke: a multicenter survey. Neurology 1999;53: 424-7.
303. Tanne D, Levine SR, Brey RL, Lin H, Tilley BC, the NINDS rt-PA Stroke Study Group. Antiphospholipid antibodies and outcome of acute ischemic stroke in the NINDS rt-PA Stroke Trial. Stroke 2003;34(1):279.
304. Tanne D, Levine SR, Brey RL, Lin H, Tilley BC for the NINDS rt-PA Stroke Study Group. Antiphospholipid-protein antibodies and acute ischemic stroke in the NINDS rt-PA stroke trial. Neurology 2003;61:1158-9.
305. Tanne D, Macko RF, Lin H, Tilley BC, Levine SR, the NINDS rt-PA Stroke Study Group. Effect of elevated hemostatic markers on outcome after rt-PA therapy for acute ischemic stroke: results from the NINDS rt-PA stroke trial. Stroke 2006;37(2):704.
306. Tanne D, Macko RF, Lin Y, Tilley BC, Levine SR for the NINDS rtPA Stroke Study Group. Hemostatic activation and outcome after recombinant tissue plasminogen activator therapy for acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 2006;37:1798-1804.
307. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) rt-PA Stroke Study Group. A systems approach to immediate evaluation and management of hyperacute stroke. Experience at eight centres and implications for community practice and patient care. Stroke 1997;28:1530-40.
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314. The NINDS rt-PA Stroke Trial. Predictors of an unfavourable outcome. Cerebrovascular Diseases 1996;6:181.
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318. Tilley BC, Lyden PD, Brott TG, LuM, Levine SR, Welch KMA, et al.Total quality improvement method for reduction of delays between emergency department admission and treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Archives of Neurology 1997;54:1466-74.
319. Trotter G. Why were the benefits of tPA exaggerated?. Western Journal of Medicine 2002;176:194-7.
320. von Kummer R, HackeW. 'Self-fulfilling prophecy' or recognition requires a concept of perception. Stroke 2000;31:231-2.
321. Wardlaw JM, Lindley RI, Lewis S. Thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke: still a treatment for the few by the few. Western Journal of Medicine 2002;176:198-9.
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324. Ohtomo 1985 {published data only} Ohtomo E, Araki G, Itoh E, Toghi H, Matsuda T, Atarashi J. Clinical efficacy of urokinase in patients with cerebral thrombosis: multicentre double blind study. Kiso-to-Rinshyo (Basic and Clinical) 1985;19:445-78.
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326. PROACT 1998 {published and unpublished data} del Zoppo GJ, Higashida RT, Furlan AJ, Pessin MS, Rowley HA, Gent M, et al.PROACT: A phase II randomised trial of recombinant pro-urokinase by direct arterial delivery in acute middle cerebral artery stroke. Stroke 1998;29:4-11.
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329. * Furlan AJ, Putney K, Barker W, del Zoppo GJ, Higashida R, Pessin M, et al.The clinical trials acceleration program: experience from the Prolyse in Acute Cerebral Thromboembolism Trial (PROACT). Stroke 1996;27(1):171.
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331. PROACT 2 1999 {published and unpublished data} Furlan A, Higashida R, Wechsler L, Schulz G, on behalf of the PROACT II Investigators. PROACT II: recombinant prourokinase (r-ProUK) in acute cerebral thromboembolism. Proceedings of the 23rd Joint International Conference on Stroke and Cerebral Circulation; 1998 Feb 5-7; Orlando (FL). 1998.
332. * Furlan A, Higashida R, Weschler L, Gent M, Rowley H, Kase C, et al.Intraarterial pro-urokinase for acute ischaemic stroke. The PROACT II Study: a randomised controlled trial. JAMA 1999; 282:2003-11.
333. Furlan AJ, Abou-Chebi A. The role of recombinant pro-urokinase (r-pro-UK) and intra-arterial thrombolysis in acute ischaemic stroke: the PROACT trials. Current Medical Research and Opinion 2002;18 Suppl 2:s44-7.
334. Furlan AJ, Higashida R, Wechsler L, Schulz G for the PROACT 2 Investigators: PROACT II. Recombinant prourokinase (r-ProUK) in acute cerebral thromboembolism: initial trial results. The PROACT investigators. Stroke 1999;30:234.
335. Furlan AJ, Higashida RT. Early ischemic signs should not be used as exclusion criteria in thrombolysis trials. Stroke 2004;35:e3-4.
336. Hamann GF. Early ischemic signs should not be used as exclusion criteria in thrombolysis trials. Stroke 2004;35:e3.
337. Hill MD, Eliasziw M, Buchan AM, Rowley HA, Furlan AJ, Schulz G. Predicting functional outcome after intra-arterial thrombolysis: aspects of ASPECTS. Stroke 2004;35:e7-8.
338. Hill MD, Kent DM, Hinchey J, Rowley H, Buchan AM, Wechsler LR, et al.Sex-based differences in the effect of intra-arterial treatment of stroke. Analysis of the PROACT-2 Study. Stroke 2006;37:2322-5.
339. Hill MD, Kent DM, Hinchey JA, Schulz G, Furlan AJ. Sex-based differences in the effect of intra-arterial treatment of stroke: analysis of the PROACT-2 study. Stroke 2006;37(2):706-7.
340. Hill MD, Rowley HA, Adler F, Eliasziw M, Furlan A, Higashida RT, et al.Selection of acute ischaemic stroke patients for intraarterial thrombolysis with pro-urokinase by using ASPECTS. Stroke 2003;34:1925-31.
341. Kase CS, Furlan AJ, Wechsler LR, Higashida RT, Rowley HA, Hart RG, et al.Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage after intraarterial thrombolysis with recombinant prourokinase in acute ischaemic stroke: The PROACT II Study. Neurology 2000;54 Suppl 3: A260-1.
342. Kim JJ, Fischbein NJ, Lu Y, Pham D, Dillon WP. Regional angiographic grading system for collateral flow: correlation with cerebral infarction in patients with middle cerebral artery occlusion. Stroke 2004;35:1340-4.
343. Roberts HC, Dillon WP, Furlan AJ, Rowley HA, Fischbein NJ, Higashida RT, et al.Angiographic collaterals in acute stroke - relationship to clinical presentation and outcome: The PROACT II Trial. Stroke 2001;32:336-b.
344. Roberts HC, Dillon WP, Furlan AJ, Wechsler LR, Rowley HA, Fischbein NJ, et al.Computed tomographic findings in patients undergoing intra-arterial thrombolysis for acute ischaemic stroke due to middle cerebral artery occlusion: results from the PROACT II trial. Stroke 2002;33:1557-65.
345. Roberts HC, Rowley HA, Dillon WP, Fischbein NJ, Furlan AJ, Higashida RT, et al.Effect of intraarterial prourokinase on CT infarct volume: results of PROACT II. Stroke 2000;31:278.
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347. Saposnik G. Predicting functional outcome after intra-arterial thrombolysis: aspects of ASPECTS. Stroke 2004;35:e7.
348. Saver JL. Intra-arterial fibrinolysis for acute ischemic stroke. The message of MELT. Stroke 2007;38:2627-8.
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352. Bao 2003 {published data only} Bao Z. Clinical revaluation of intravenous thrombolysis with urokinase in treatment of acute cerebral infarction. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Research Advances in Cerebrovascular Disease; 2003 Oct 13-15; China. 2003:201-3.
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356. Defuse {published data only} Boehringer Ingelheim. Defuse. Powerpoint presentation.
357. DeWinter 1999 {published data only} DeWinter G, Guerrero S, Mouren S, Baillard C, Bertrand M, Coriat P. Hemodynamic stability during remifentanil or sufentanil anaesthesia in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy (CE). British Journal of Anaesthesia 1999;82 Suppl 1:46-7.
358. Ducrocq 2005 {published data only} Ducrocq C, Anxionnat R, Taillandier L, Lacour JC, Bracard S, Bollaert PE, et al.Intravenous versus intra-arterial urokinase thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke. Randomised study of 27 patients. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2000;10 Suppl 2:76.
359. * Ducrocq X, Bracard S, Taillandier L, Anxionnat R, Lacour JC, Guillemin F, et al.Comparison of intravenous and intra-arterial urokinase thrombolysis for acute ischaemic stroke. Journal of Neuroradiology 2005;32:26-32.
360. EAST II {published data only} Mori E. Personal communication 18 January 1999.
361. Edinburgh 1991 {published data only} Wardlaw JM, Lindley RI, Warlow CP, Sandercock PAG. Edinburgh Stroke Trial. A pilot study of intra-arterial thrombolysis for acute ischaemic stroke. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 1994;57:251.
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363. Fieschi C, HackeW, Kaste M for the EMFATAS Study Group. Early protocol of the EuropeanMulticentre Four-arm Trial in Acute Stroke (EMFATAS) of combination therapy in acute ischaemic stroke. The Challenge of Stroke. The Lancet Confererence; 1998 Oct 15-16; Montreal. 1998:36.
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367. * Emergency Management of Stroke (EMS) Investigators. Combined intra-arterial and intravenous tPA for stroke. Stroke 1997;28(1):273.
368. Sandercock P. Interim results of EMS trial in acute ischaemic stroke. Personal communication 1997.
369. The EMS Bridging Trial Investigators. Combined intravenous and intra-arterial thrombolysis versus intra-arterial thrombolysis alone: preliminary safety and clot lysis. Cerebrovascular Diseases 1996;6: 184.
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382. INSTINCT {published data only} * Meurer WJ, Majersik JJ, Frederiksen SM, Zhang L, Sandretto A, Scott PA. Barriers to the emergency use of thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke: the INcreasing Stroke Treatment through INteractive Behavioural Change Tactics (INSTINCT) Trial. Stroke 2008;39(2):597.
383. Scott P, Morgenstern L. INcreasing Stroke Treatment through INterventional behavior Change Tatics (the INSTINCT Trial). http://sitemaker. umich.edu/instinct/home (accessed 3 August 2007).
384. Scott PA. INSTINCT. INcreasing Stroke Treatment through INterventional Behavior Change Tactics. www.strokecenter.org/ trials/TrialDetail.aspx?tid=688 (accessed 18 July 2007).
385. Scott PA, Silbergleit R, Morgenstern LB, HaanMN, Kalbfleisch JD, Cabana MD, et al.INcreasing Stroke Treatment through INterventional Behaviour Change Tactics. www.abstractsonline.com/arch/RecordPrintView.aspx? LookupKey= 12345&Re... (accessed 3 August 2007).
386. ITAIS {published data only} Donnan G. Comment on ITAIS. International Journal of Stroke 2009;4:49.
387. Wang, Y. Personal communication 30 November 2007. Wang Y, Jiang W, Liao X, Du B, Zhao X, Dong K, et al.Comparison of intravenous and intra-arterial tPA within 3-6 hours guided by multi-MRI: randomised study of 36 patients. Stroke 2008;39(2):602.
388. Wang Y, Jiang W, Zhao X, Du B, Dong K, Liao X, et al.Imagingbased thrombolysis trial in acute ischemic stroke. http:// www.abstractonline.com/ arch/RecordPrintView.aspx? LookupKey=12345&recordID=17703 (accessed 3 August 2007).
389. Wang Y, Liao X, Zhao X, Wang C, Li L, Zhou Y, et al.Imagingbased thrombolysis trial in acute ischemic stroke-II (ITAIS-II). International Journal of Stroke 2009;4:49-53.
390. * Wang Y, Wang Y. ITAIS. Imaging-based thrombolysis trial in acute ischemic stroke. http://www.strokecenter.org/trials/ TrialDetail.aspx?tid=680 (accessed 18 July 2007).
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392. Kandil 2001 {published and unpublished data} Kandil MR, Farweez HM, Aziz A, Ahmed MA. Evaluation of intraarterial urokinase therapy in acute stroke. Journal of Neurological Science 2001;187 Suppl 1:S256.
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395. Li 2003 {published data only} Li JY, Peng YZ, Yang F, et al.Clinical observation on effect of tongnao huolo acupuncture therapy in treating acute cerebral infarction at ultra-early or acute stage. Chinese Journal of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine 2003;23(10): 736-9.
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397. Liu 1991 {published data only} Liu CX, Shun XY, Zhu Q. Efficacy analysis of DUM infusion interventionally on 33 cases of cerebral thrombosis. Chinese Journal of Practical Internal Medicine 1991;11(6):303-5.
398. Liu 1994 {published data only} Yufeng L. Randomised controlled trial of Crack Ahylysantifarctase in treating cerebral infarction. Beijing Medical Journal 1994;16(5): 313-5.
399. Liu 2004 {published data only} Liu M, MA X. Clinical observation of treatment through intravenous thrombolysis with urokinase for patients with early acute cerebral infarction. Practical Journal of Medicine and Pharmacy 2004;21(6):504-5.
400. Lu 2001 {published data only} Lu XR, Mi Z, Yuan XD, et al.Study of correlation between times of a disease and plasma fibrinogen molecular reactivity in patients with acute cerebral infarction. Hong Kong Medical Journal 2001;7(4):42.
401. Lyden 2003a {published data only} Haley EC. Pilot study of TNK-TPA in acute ischemic stroke. http: //commons.cit.nih.gov/crisp3...dit- numfound=53&p-keywords=stroke (accessed 12 September 2002).
402. * Haley EC Jr, Lyden PD, Johnston KC, Hemmen TM, the TNK in Stroke Investigators. A pilot dose-escalation safety study of tenecteplase in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 2005;36:607-12.
403. Lyden P on behalf of the TNK for Stroke Investigators. Pilot study of tenecteplase (TNK) in acute ischemic stroke: preliminary report. Stroke 2003;34(1):246.
404. Lyden 2003b {published data only} Lyden P. Intravenous thrombolysis plus hypothermia for acute treatment of ischemic stroke. www.strokecenter.org.
405. Meyer 1963 {published data only} Meyer JS, Gilroy J, Barnhart MI, Johnson JF. Therapeutic thrombolysis in cerebral thromboembolism. Neurology 1963;13: 927-37.
406. Meyer 1964 {published data only} Meyer JS, Gilroy J, Barnhart MI, et al.Anticoagulants plus streptokinase therapy in progressing stroke. JAMA 1963;189:373.
407. Molina 2005 {published data only} Molina CA, Ribo M, Arenillas JF, Rubiera M, Montaner J, Santamarina E, et al.Microbubbles administration accelerates clot lysis during continuous 2 MHz ultrasound monitoring in stroke patients treated with intravenous tPA. Stroke 2005;36:419.
408. Molina CA, Ribo M, Rubiera M, Arenillas JF, Montaner J, Santamarina E, et al.Microbubbles-enhanced sonothrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke. CerebrovascularDiseases 2005;19 Suppl 2:30.
409. * Molina CA, Ribo M, Rubiera M, Montaner J, Santamarina E, Delgado-Mederos R, et al.Microbubbles administration accelerates clot lysis during continuous 2-MHz ultrasound monitoring in stroke patients treated with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator. Stroke 2006;37:425-9.
410. Rubiera M, Ribo M, Delgado-Mederos R, Santamarina E, Huertas R, Delgado P, et al.Efficacy of microbubble-enhanced sonothrombolysis among stroke subtypes. Stroke. 2006:621.
411. Rubiera M, Ribo M, Delgado-Mederos R, Santamarina E, Maisterra O, Montaner J, et al.Effects of microbubbles-enhanced sonothrombolysis among stroke subtypes. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2006;21 Suppl 4:39.
412. Morris 2002 {unpublished data only} Morris DC. Abciximab and rt-PA in acute ischemic stroke treatment. www.strokecenter.org/trials/ TrialDetail.aspx?tid=481 (accessed 20 July 2007).
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414. Ohta 1997 {published data only} Ohta H, Yokogami K, Nakano S, Goya T, Wakisaka S. Acute thrombolytic therapy for middle cerebral artery occlusion. Japanese Journal of Neurosurgery 1997;6:84-9.
415. Pang 1993 {published data only} Pang S-Q, et al.Clinical study of therapeutic effectiveness in treating ischaemic cerebrovascular disease with lumbrokinase. Chinese Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry 1993;26(4):229-31.
416. PRACTISE {published data only} Dippel DWJ, Dirks M, Niessen L, Huijsman R, Minkman M, Franke C, et al.PRACTISE. Promoting acute thrombolysis for ischemic stroke ISRCTN 20405426. unknown.
417. Dirks M, Niessen LW, Koudstaal PJ, vanWijngaarden J, Minkman M, Franke C, et al.PRACTISE: Promoting acute thrombolysis for ischemic stroke. A cluster-randomised trial of high intensity versus regular intensity implementation of thrombolysis. www.escbrussels. org/esc-ongoing-trials.asp.
418. * Nederlands Trial Register. PRACTISE: Promoting acute thrombolysis for ischemic stroke. www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/ admin/rctview.asp?TC=311 (accessed 19 July 2007). On behalf of the PRACTISE Investigators, Dirks M, Niessen L, Koudstaal PJ, Franke C, van Oostenbrugge RJ, Huijsman R. Indications and contra-indications for intravenous thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke. Unpublished.
419. PRACTISE. PRACTISE. Promoting acute thrombolysis for ischemic stroke. www.practise-trial.org (accessed 6 August 2007). vanWijngaarden JDH, Dirks M, Dippel DWJ, Minkman M, Niessen LW. Towards effective and efficient care pathways: thrombolysis in acute ischaemic stroke. Quarterly Journal of Medicine 2006;99:267-72.
420. Qiang 2001 {published data only} Qiang D. The dynamic study of stroke MRI in hyperacute stroke patients with thrombolysis. Hong Kong Medical Journal 2001;7(4): 16.
421. Qureshi 2001 {unpublished data only} Qureshi AI. Safety and efficacy of intra-arterial reteplase and intravenous Abciximab in patients with acute ischemic stroke. www.strokecenter.org/trials/TrialDetails.aspx?tid= 201 (accessed 20 July 2007).
422. Qureshi 2006 {published data only} Qureshi AI, Harris-Lane P, Kirmani JF, Janjua N, Divani AA, Mohammad YM, et al.Intra-arterial reteplase and intravenous abciximab in patients with acute ischemic stroke: an open-label, dose-ranging, Phase 1 study. Neurosurgery 2006;59(4):789-97.
423. ROSIE {published data only} Clinical Trials.gov. ReoPro and retavase to restore brain blood flow after stroke. http://clinicaltrials. gov/ct/gui/show/NCT00039832 (accessed 6 August 2007).
424. Clinical Trials.gov. ReoPro and retavase to treat acute stroke. http:/ /www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct/gui/show/NCT00046293 (accessed 19 July 2007).
425. Dunn B, Davis LA, Todd JW, Chalela JA, Warach S. Safety of combined abciximab and reteplase in acute ischemic stroke: interim results of ReoPro Retavase Reperfusion of Stroke Safety Study Imaging Evaluation (ROSIE). Neurology 2005;62 Suppl 5:A462.
426. Dunn B, Davis LA, Todd JW, Chalela JA, Warach S for the ROSIE Investigators. ReoPro Retavase Reperfusion of Stroke Safety Study - Imaging Evaluation (ROSIE). http://www.abstractsonline.com/ arch/RecordView.aspx? LookupKey=12345&recordID=10974 (accessed 6 August 2007).
427. Dunn B, Warach S. ReoPro Retavase Reperfusion of Stroke Safety Study - Imaging Evaluation. http://www.abstractsonline.com/arch/ RecordView.aspx? LookupKey=12345&recordID=16962 (accessed 6 August 2007).
428. Thall PF, Nguyen HQ, Wstey EH. Patient-specific dose finding based on bivariate outcomes and covariates. Biometrics. 2008; Vol. DOI 10.1111/j.1541-0420.2008.01009.x.
429. Warach S. Personal communication 1 October 2008. Warach S. ROSIE. ReoPro Retavase Reperfusion of Stroke Safety Study - Imaging Evaluation. http://www.strokecenter.org/trials/ TrialDetail.aspx?tid=462 (accessed 20 July 2007).
430. Warach S, Butman J, Davis L, Dunn B, Hsia A, Latour L, et al.ReoPro Retavase Reperfusion in Stroke Safety Study - Imaging Evaluation (ROSIE): interim safety and efficacy results. http:// www.abstractsonline.com/arch/ RecordView.aspx? LookupKey=12345&recordID=16995 (accessed 6 August 2007).
431. * Warach S, Davis L for the ROSIE Study Group. ReoPro Retavase Reperfusion of Stroke Safety Study - Imaging Evaluation (ROSIE). The American Stroke Association 28th International Stroke Conference; 2003 Feb 13-15; Phoenix. 2003:CTP40.
432. ROSIE-2 {published data only} Davis L. ROSIE-2. Reperfusion of stroke Safety study Imaging Evaluation - 2. http://www. strokecenter.org.
433. ROSIE-CT {published data only} Warach S. Personal communication 1 October 2008. * Warach S. ROSIE-CT. ReoPro Retavase Reperfusion of Stroke Safety Study - Imaging Evaluation with Computed Tomography. http://www.strokecenter.org/trials/TrialDetail.aspx?tid=438& printView=true (accessed 6 August 2007).
434. Rother 2003 {published data only} Rother J, Schellinger PD, Gass A, Siebler M, Villringer A, Fiebach JB, et al.Thrombolysis in patients without MRI mismatch. Stroke 2003;34:260-1.
435. Shi 2000 {published data only} Shi Y, Li D, Zhao Y, et al.Clinical study on ultra-early intravenous thrombolysis with high-dose urokinase in treatment of acute cerebral infarction. National Medical Journal of China 2000;80(2): 101-3.
436. Skoloudik 2004 {published data only} Skoloudik D, Bar M, Vaclavik D, Skoda O, Hradilek P, Simickova K. Thrombotripsy study - safety and efficacy of acceleration of thrombolysis by TCCS. Stroke. 2004:e217.
437. Skoloudik 2006 {published data only} Skoloudik D, Bar M, Skoda O, Vaclavik D, Hradilek P, Herzig R, et al.Efficacy of sonothrombotripsy versus sonothrombolysis in recanalization of intracranial arteries. European Journal of Neurology 2006;13 Suppl 2:180.
438. Sobrino 2007 {published data only} Sobrino T, Arenillas JF, Leira R, Brea D, Castellanos M, Hurtado O, et al.T-PA treatment increases circulating endothelial progenitor cells (SPCS) in acute ischemic stroke. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2007;23 Suppl 2:21.
439. SYNTHESIS {unpublished data only} Ciccone A, Valvassori L, Gasparotti R, Ballabio E, Sterzi R. Debunking 7 myths that hamper the realization of randomized controlled trials on intra-arterial thrombolysis for acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 2007;38:2191-5.
440. TNK {published data only} Haley EC Jr, Lyden PD, Johnston KC, Hemmen TM, the TNK Stroke Investigators. A pilot dose-escalation safety study of tenecteplase in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 2005;36:607-12.
441. Wang D, Talkad A, Beck J, Mathews M, Jahnel J. TNK for ischemic lacunar syndrome - the TNKilas trial. American Heart Association. 2008:CT P42.
442. TNK-S2B {published data only} Haley EC. Study of tenecteplase (TNK) in acute ischemic stroke (TNK-S2B). http://clinicaltrials. gov/ct/show/NCT00252239 (accessed 20 November 2007).
443. TNK-TPA {published data only} Molina CA, Ribo M, Rubiera M, Santamarina E, Delgado-Mederos R, Maisterra O, et al.TNK induces faster MCA recanalization and better short-term outcome than native TPA. The TNK-TPA reperfusion stroke study. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2008;25 Suppl 2: 14.
444. * Molina CA, Ribo M, Rubiera M, Santamarina E, Delgado-Mederos R, Maisterra O, et al.TNK induces faster MCS recanalization and leads to better short- and long-term clinical outcome than native tPA. The TNK-TPA reperfusion stroke study. Stroke 2008;39(2):563.
445. Trouillas 2000 {published data only} Troullias P, Philippeau F, Nighoghossian N, Derex L, Honnorat J, Dechavanne M. A biological syndrome predictive of cerebral bleeding in rtPA thrombolysis (data from the Lyon thrombolysis registry). Cerebrovascular Diseases 2000;10 Suppl 2:71.
446. TTATTS {published data only} Del Zoppo G. Personal communication 18 February 1997.
447. VASTT {published data only} Hill M, Demaerschalk B, Teal P, Pawsey S, Kwiatkowski K, Stratton G. Vastt - the v10153 acute stroke thrombolysis trial. International Journal of Stroke 2008;3 Suppl 1:133.
448. * Hill M, Demaerschalk B, Teal P, Pawsey S, Munro S, Forton N. VASTT - the V10153 Acute Stroke Thrombolysis Trial. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2007;24:abstract 26.
449. Hill MD. VASTT. The V10153 acute stroke thrombolysis trial. http://www.strokecenter.org/trials/TrialDetail.aspx?tid=735 (accessed 19 July 2007).
450. Pawsey S, Hutchinson JH, Munro S, Barsikian NA. VASTT - The V10153 Acute Stroke Thrombolysis Trial. International Journal of Stroke 2006;1 Suppl 2:45.
451. Vernalis Development. Safety and efficacy study in acute ischaemic stroke. www.clinicaltrials.gov (accessed 2007).
452. Vernalis 2005 {published data only} Vernalis. Thrombotic disease: V10153. www.vernalis.com/ver/ rdc2/neurology/v10153 (accessed 19 July 2007).
453. Wang 1997 {published data only} Wang Y-H, Zhao Y-B, Chen Q-T. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of lumbrokinase capsules on the patients of blood rheology disorders with ischemic cerebrovascular diseases. Chinese Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 1997;13(2): 65-70.
454. Wang 1999 {published data only} Wang Y. Observations of effect of defibrase in treatment of 30 cases with acute cerebral thrombosis. Chinese Journal of Critical Care Medicine 1999;19(8):485.
455. Xiang 1995 {published data only} Xiang ZY, et al.Thrombolytic therapy and external counterpulsation in acute cerebral infarction. Proceedings of the 4th Chinese Stroke Conference; 1995 Oct; Chengdu. 1995:44.
456. Xu 1997 {published data only} * Xu YL. Acute cerebral infarction treated by ahylsantinfarctase acupuncture: report of 60 cases. Forum on Traditional Chinese Medicine 1997;12(4):35.
457. Xu 2000 {published data only} Xu H, Bei S, Chengye Z. Comparison of the curative effects between ahylysantinfarctase and difibrinogenase on cerebral infarction. Journal of Wenzhou Medical College 2000;30(2):124-6.
458. Xu 2004 {published data only} Xu XY, Chen XF. Clinical study on urokinase and nimodipine intravenous thrombolysis in acute cerebral infarction. Chinese Pharmacological Bulletin 2004;20(3):359-60.
459. Yuan 1995 {published data only} Yuan D-C, et al.High dose urokinase in the treatment of acute ischaemic stroke. Journal of Brain and Neurological Diseases 1995;3 (2):111.
460. Zhang 2003 {published data only} Zhang Z, Zhou Y, Gao L. Intravenous thrombolysis with urokinase in treating acute cerebral infarctions. Sichuan Medical Journal 2003; 24(8):790-2.
461. Zhou 1996 {published data only} Zhou Y, Gao H, Ma R. Functions changes of VEC and therapeutic effect on VEC in patients with acute cerebral infarct. Zuzhong Yu Shenjing Jibing 1996;3(4):191-3.
462. FRALYSE {published data only} Results of the FRALYSE randomized study: effect of the duration of rt-PA infusion on the functional outcome in patients with acute cerebral infarct. Email dated 24 January 2009 from Eivind Berge.
463. Lin 2006 {published data only} Lin J, Chen DM, Wang Y. Effects of intravenous thrombolysis in treatment of acute cerebral infraction at early stage. Chinese Journal of Emergency Medicine 2006;15(10): 924-6.
464. MITI-IV {published and unpublished data} Thijs V. Personal correspondence 11 December 2007.
465. Thijs V. MITI-IV. Intravenous administration of microplasmin for treatment of acute ischemic stroke. http://www.strokecenter.org/ trials/TrialDetail.aspx?tid=523 (accessed 19 July 2007).
466. Thijs V, Vosko, Peeters A, Aichner F, Rother J, Pakola S, et al.Double blind placebo controlled IV microplasmin administration in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Powerpoint Presentation.
467. Thijs VN, MITI-IV Study Group. Intravenous administration of microplasmin for treatment of acute ischemic stoke (MITI-IV). http://www.abstractsonline. com/arch/RecordPrintView.aspx? LookupKey=12345&RecordID=17591 (accessed 3 August 2007).
468. Thijs VN, Vosko MR, Peeters A, Aichner F, Roether J, Pakola S. Double-blind, placebo-controlled, intra-venous microplasmin administration in patients with acute ischemic stroke. International Journal of Stroke 2008;3 Suppl 1:82.
469. ThromboGenics. Intravenous administration of microplasmin for treatment of acute ischemic stroke. http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct/ NCT00123305 (accessed 18 July 2007).
470. Zeng 2006 {published data only} Zeng H, Wang X, Qi X, Wang H. Thrombolytic therapy using Actilyse (rt-PA) in patients with acute cerebral infarction. Chinese Journal of Emergency Medicine 2006;15(5):457-9.
471. EXTEND {published data only} EXTEND. Ongoing study Unclear - seeking funding.
472. ICTuS-L {published data only} Guluma KZ, Hemmen TM, Olsen SE, Rapp KS, Lyden PD. A trial of therapeutic hypothermia via endovascular approach in awake patients with acute ischemic stroke: methodology. Academic Emergency Medicine 2006;13(8):820-7.
473. Hemmem TM, Cruz-Flores S, Martin-Schild S, Gomes JA, Wijman CA, Rapp KS, et al.Intravenous thrombolysis plus hypothermia for acute treatment of ischemic stroke (ICTuS-L). http://asa.scientificposter.com/epsView.cfm?pid=CTP43&vr= 2008 (accessed 25 February 2008).
474. Hemmen TM, Cruz-Flores S, Martin-Schild S, Gomes JA,Wijman CA, Rapp KS, et al.Intravenous thrombolysis plus hypothermia for acute treatment of ischemic stroke (ICTuS-L). Proceedings of the International Stroke Conference; 2008 Feb 20-22; New Orleans (LA). American Stroke Associate, 2008:CTP43.
475. Hemmen TM, Guluma KZ, Wijman CA, Cruz-Flores S, Meyer BC, Rapp KS, et al.Intravenous thrombolysis plus hypothermia for acute treatment of ischemic stroke (ICTuS-L). Stroke 2006;37(2): 706.
476. Lyden PD. Personal communication 30 November 2007.
477. IST3 {unpublished data only} Chang K-C. Thrombolysis for acute ischaemic stroke: the Third International Stroke Trial (IST-3). Proceedings of the 2003 Annual Meeting of Taiwan Stroke Society; 2003 Mar 22-23; Taiwan. Taiwan Stroke Society, 2003:104.
478. Hankey GJ, Hand PJ, Lindley RI, Wardlaw JM, Sandercock PA, Anderson C. Thrombolysis for acute ischaemic stroke: the Third International Stroke Trial (IST-3). Journal of Clinical Neuroscience 2002;9(4):480-93.
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480. Kane I, Lindley R, Lewis S, Sandercock P on behalf of the IST-3 Collaborative Group. Impact of stroke syndrome and stroke severity on the process of consent in the Third International Stroke Trial. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2006;21:348-52.
481. Kane I, Lindley R, Sandercock P, Lewis S on behalf of the IST-3 Collaborative Group. Consent for thrombolysis for acute ischaemic stroke. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2005;19 Suppl 2:76.
482. Kane I, Sandercock P, Lindley R. The Third International Stroke Trial (IST-3). Stroke 2004;35(6):e200.
483. Kane I, Sandercock P, Lindley R, Gubitz G, Phillips S, IST-3 Collaborative Group. The MRC Third International Stroke Trial (IST-3). http://asa.apprisor.com/snap/NET/GT/700.cfm (accessed 7 April 2006).
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494. Kane I, Wardlaw J, Sandercock P, Lewis S, on behalf of the IST-3 Collaborative Group. Baseline CT characteristics of the first 253 patients in the Third International Stroke Trial. British Association of Stroke Physicians Annual Scientific Meeting; 2005 Jan 19; Newcastle upon Tyne. 2005:4.
495. Kobayashi A, Bembenek J, Sandercock P, Kane I, Skowronska M, Czlonkowska A, et al.Correlation of stroke subtype in OCSP classification and early ischaemic changes on CT: an analysis based on the first 389 patients from the IST-3 Trial. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2006;21 Suppl 4:35.
496. Kobayashi A, Sandercock P, Czlonkowska A, Lewis S, Wardlaw J. Early ischaemic changes on CT and the OCSP classification: an analysis of the first 389 patients from the IST-3 Trial. European Journal of Neurology 2006;13 Suppl 2:26.
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498. Lindley R, Grimley R on behalf of the Australian IST-3 Collaborative Group. The Third International Stroke Trial (IST-3): thrombolysis for acute ischaemic stroke. Internal Medicine Journal 2007;37 Suppl 2:A84.
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502. Lindley RI, Sandercock PAG, Wardlaw JM, Dennis MS, Lewis SC on behalf of the IST-3 Collaborative Group. Hyperintense artery sign, atrial fibrillation and infarct subtype in the Third International Stroke Trial (IST-3). Internal Medicine Journal 2008; 38 Suppl 4:A96.
503. Lindley RI on behalf of the IST-3 Collaborative Group. The Third International Stroke Trial. Baseline characteristics of patients recruited. Internal Medicine Journal 2005;35 Suppl:A62.
504. Ricci S, Celani MG, Righetti E, Cantisani AT. [Trombolisi per l'ictus ischemico: lo studio IST 3]. Proceedings of the Conferenza Nazionale Sull'ictus Cerebrale; 2004 Mar 7-9; Firenze. 2004:158.
505. Ricci S, Celani MG, Righetti E, Cantisani TA per il gruppo collaborative IST 3. [L'international Stroke Trial 3: trombolisi per l'ictus ischeico acuto]. Proceedings of the Conferenza Nazionale Sull'ictus Cerebrale; 2003 Mar 2-4; Firenze. 2003:135.
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513. Sandercock PAG, Lindley RI, Wardlaw JM, Dennis MS, Lewis SC on behalf of the IST-3 collaborative group. Thrombolysis for stroke - what are the "grey areas" of uncertainty and are they changing? Results from the Third International Stroke Trial (IST-3). Proceedings of the UK Stroke Forum Conference; 2007 Dec 4-6; Harrogate. 2007:71-2.
514. SCOPE (Stroke Complications and Outcomes Prediction Engine) Collaborations and IST. Predicting outcome in hyper-acute stroke: validation of a prognostic model in the Third International Stroke Trial (IST3). Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 2008; 79:397-400.
515. Skowronska M, Bembenek, J, Sandercock P, Kane I, Kobayashi A, Czlonkowska A, et al.Persisting hyperdense artery sign, ASPECTS score and risk of developing mass effect: an analysis based on the first 389 patients from the IST-3 Trial. Cerebrovascular Diseases 2006;21 Suppl 4:33-4.
516. Venables G, Kane I, Sandercock P, Wardlaw J on behalf of the IST-3 collaborative group. Baseline CT characteristics of the first 137 patients in the start-up phase of the MRC Third International Stroke Trial (IST-3). Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 2006;77:136.
517. Wardlaw JM, Bath P, Sandercock P, Perry D, Palmer J, Watson G, et al.The NeuroGrid stroke exemplar clinical trial protocol. International Journal of Stroke 2007;2:63-9.
518. Whiteley W, Lindley R, Wardlaw J, Sandercock P on behalf of the IST-3 Collaborative Group. Third International Stroke Trial. International Journal of Stroke 2006;1:172-6.
519. Whiteley W, Sandercock P, Lewis S, Wardlaw J, Venables G, et al.The performance of UK centres in the Third International Stroke Trial. Book of Abstracts from the UK Stroke Forum Conference; 2006 Dec 7-8; Harrogate. 2006:57-8. Whiteley W, Sandercock P, Lindley R, Wardlaw J, IST-3 Collaborative Group. CT appearance at baseline in the MRC Third International Stroke Trial: relationship with time from stroke onset to scan and stroke severity. Stroke 2007;38(2):488.
520. Ogawa ia Urokinase {unpublished data only} Intra-arterial urokinase trial. Ongoing study April 2002.
521. PROACT III {unpublished data only} PROACT III. Ongoing study Unknown.
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