Immunology on chip: Promises and opportunities

Biotechnology Advances

Volumn 32, Issue 2, 2014, Pages 333-346

  Baratchi, Sara ^a   Khoshmanesh, Khashayar ^a   Sacristán, Catarina ^b   Depoil, David ^b   Wlodkowic, Donald ^a   McIntyre, Peter ^a   Mitchell, Arnan ^a  

^a RMIT UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Immunoassays; Immunology; Lab on a chip; Microfluidics

Indexed keywords

IMMUNOLOGY; LAB-ON-A-CHIP; LABORATORIES;

CLINICAL SAMPLES; CURRENT ANALYSIS; ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS; HIGH THROUGHPUT; IMMUNOASSAYS; LABORATORY EQUIPMENTS; ON CHIPS; PARALLEL TASK;

MICROFLUIDICS;

BIOASSAY; ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS; IMMUNE SYSTEM; LABORATORY METHOD; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS;

NUCLEIC ACID; PROTEIN;

ANIMAL; CELL LINE; CELL SEPARATION; HUMAN; IMMUNOASSAY; IMMUNOASSAYS; IMMUNOLOGY; LAB ON A CHIP; MICROFLUIDIC ANALYSIS; MICROFLUIDICS; REVIEW;

IMMUNOASSAYS; IMMUNOLOGY; LAB ON A CHIP; MICROFLUIDICS;

ANIMALS; CELL LINE; CELL SEPARATION; HUMANS; IMMUNOASSAY; LAB-ON-A-CHIP DEVICES; MICROFLUIDIC ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES; NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS;

EID: 84895430586     PISSN: 07349750     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.11.008     Document Type: Review

References (122)

1. Abhyankar V.V., Lokuta M.A., Huttenlocher A., Beebe D.J. Characterization of a membrane-based gradient generator for use in cell-signaling studies. Lab Chip 2006, 6:389-393.
2. Ambravaneswaran V., Wong I.Y., Aranyosi A.J., Toner M., Irimia D. Directional decisions during neutrophil chemotaxis inside bifurcating channels. Integr Biol 2010, 2:639-647.
3. Azimi S.M., Nixon G., Ahern J., Balachandran W. A magnetic bead-based DNA extraction and purification microfluidic device. Microfluid Nanofluid 2011, 11:157-165.
4. Baker M. Clever PCR: more genotyping, smaller volumes. Nat Methods 2010, 7:351-355.
5. Baret J.-C., Miller O.J., Taly V., Ryckelynck M., El-Harrak A., Frenz L., et al. Fluorescence-activated droplet sorting (FADS): efficient microfluidic cell sorting based on enzymatic activity. Lab Chip 2009, 9:1850-1858.
6. Brian A.A., McConnell H.M. Allogeneic stimulation of cytotoxic T cells by supported planar membranes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A Biol Sci 1984, 81:6159-6163.
7. Cady N.C., Stelick S., Batt C.A. Nucleic acid purification using microfabricated silicon structures. Biosens Bioelectron 2003, 19:59-66.
8. Cesaro-Tadic S., Dernick G., Juncker D., Buurman G., Kropshofer H., Michel B., et al. High-sensitivity miniaturized immunoassays for tumor necrosis factor a using microfluidic systems. Lab Chip 2004, 4:563-569.
9. Chen D., Mauk M., Qiu X., Liu C., Kim J., Ramprasad S., et al. An integrated, self-contained microfluidic cassette for isolation, amplification, and detection of nucleic acids. Biomed Microdevices 2010, 12:705-719.
10. Chen G.D., Alberts C.J., Rodriguez W., Toner M. Concentration and purification of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virions by microfluidic separation of superparamagnetic nanoparticles. Anal Chem 2010, 82:723-728.
11. Chen Y., Zhang B., Feng H., Shu W., Chen G.Y., Zhong J.F. An automated microfluidic device for assessment of mammalian cell genetic stability. Lab Chip 2012, 12:3930-3935.
12. Chen W., Huang N.-T., Li X., Yu Z.T.F., Kurabayashi K., Fu J. Emerging microfluidic tools for functional cellular immunophenotyping: a new potential paradigm for immune status characterization. Front Oncol 2013, 3.
13. Chen W., Huang N.-T., Oh B., Lam R.H.W., Fan R., Cornell T.T., et al. Surface-micromachined microfiltration membranes for efficient isolation and functional immunophenotyping of subpopulations of immune cells. Adv Healthc Mater 2013, 965-975.
14. Chung Y.C., Jan M.S., Lin Y.C., Lin J.H., Cheng W.C., Fan C.Y. Microfluidic chip for high efficiency DNA extraction. Lab Chip 2004, 4:141-147.
15. Crews N., Wittwer C., Gale B. Continuous-flow thermal gradient PCR. Biomed Microdevices 2008, 10:187-195.
16. Davis J.A., Inglis D.W., Morton K.J., Lawrence D.A., Huang L.R., Chou S.Y., et al. Deterministic hydrodynamics: taking blood apart. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006, 103:14779-14784.
17. Di Carlo D., Jeong K.H., Lee L.P. Reagentless mechanical cell lysis by nanoscale barbs in microchannels for sample preparation. Lab Chip 2003, 3:287-291.
18. Dustin M.L., Groves J.T. Receptor signaling clusters in the immune synapse. Annual review of biophysics 2012, vol. 41:543-556. D.C. Rees (Ed.).
19. Dykes J., Lenshof A., Astrand-Grundstrom I.-B., Laurell T., Scheding S. Efficient removal of platelets from peripheral blood progenitor cell products using a novel micro-chip based acoustophoretic platform. PLoS ONE 2011, 6.
20. Easley C.J., Karlinsey J.M., Bienvenue J.M., Legendre L.A., Roper M.G., Feldman S.H., et al. A fully integrated microfluidic genetic analysis system with sample-in-answer-out capability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006, 103:19272-19277.
21. El-Ali J., Sorger P.K., Jensen K.F. Cells on chips. Nature 2006, 442:403-411.
22. Emrich C.A., Medintz I.L., Chu W.K., Mathies R.A. Microfabricated two-dimensional electrophoresis device for differential protein expression profiling. Anal Chem 2007, 79:7360-7366.
23. Faley S., Seale K., Hughey J., Schaffer D.K., VanCornpernolle S., McKinney B., et al. Microfluidic platform for real-time signaling analysis of multiple single T cells in parallel. Lab Chip 2008, 8:1700-1712.
24. Fan A., Byrnes S., Klapperich C. Purification of DNA/RNA in a microfluidic device #. T Microfluidic Diagnostics 2012, 403-411.
25. Frankowski M., Bock N., Kummrow A., Schaedel-Ebner S., Schmidt M., Tuchscheerer A., et al. A microflow cytometer exploited for the immunological differentiation of leukocytes. Cytometry A 2011, 79A:613-624.
26. Freire S.L.S., Wheeler A.R. Proteome-on-a-chip: mirage, or on the horizon?. Lab Chip 2006, 6:1415-1423.
27. Garcia-Schwarz G., Santiago J.G. Integration of on-chip isotachophoresis and functionalized hydrogels for enhanced-sensitivity nucleic acid detection. Anal Chem 2012, 84:6366-6369.
28. Gascoyne P., Mahidol C., Ruchirawat M., Satayavivad J., Watcharasit P., Becker F.F. Microsample preparation by dielectrophoresis: isolation of malaria. Lab Chip 2002, 2:70-75.
29. Gascoyne P.R.C., Noshari J., Anderson T.J., Becker F.F. Isolation of rare cells from cell mixtures by dielectrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2009, 30:1388-1398.
30. Gorbatsova J., Borissova M., Kaljurand M. Electrowetting on dielectric actuation of droplets with capillary electrophoretic zones for MALDI mass spectrometric analysis. Electrophoresis 2012, 33:2682-2688.
31. Gossett D.R., Weaver W.M., Mach A.J., Hur S.C., Tse H.T.K., Lee W., et al. Label-free cell separation and sorting in microfluidic systems. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010, 397:3249-3267.
32. Grow A.E., Wood L.L., Claycomb J.L., Thompson P.A. New biochip technology for label-free detection of pathogens and their toxins. J Microbiol Methods 2003, 53:221-233.
33. Hatch A., Pesko D.M., Murthy S.K. Tag-free microfluidic separation of cells against multiple markers. Anal Chem 2012, 84:4618-4621.
34. Hauss O., Müller O. The protein truncation test in mutation detection and molecular diagnosis. In vitro transcription and translation protocols 2007, 151-164. Humana Press. G. Grandi (Ed.).
35. He M., Herr A.E. Microfluidic polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with in situ immunoblotting for native protein analysis. Anal Chem 2009, 81:8177-8184.
36. He M., Herr A.E. Automated microfluidic protein immunoblotting. Nat Protoc 2010, 5:1844-1856.
37. Herr A.E., Throckmorton D.J., Davenport A.A., Singh A.K. On-chip native gel electrophoresis-based immunoassays for tetanus antibody and toxin. Anal Chem 2005, 77:585-590.
38. Heyries K.A., Tropini C., Vaninsberghe M., Doolin C., Petriv O.I., Singhal A., et al. Megapixel digital PCR. Nat Methods 2011, 8:649-651.
39. Holmes D., Pettigrew D., Reccius C.H., Gwyer J.D., van Berkel C., Holloway J., et al. Leukocyte analysis and differentiation using high speed microfluidic single cell impedance cytometry. Lab Chip 2009, 9:2881-2889.
40. Hua Z., Rouse J.L., Eckhardt A.E., Srinivasan V., Pamula V.K., Schell W.A., et al. Multiplexed real-time polymerase chain reaction on a digital microfluidic platform. Anal Chem 2010, 82:2310-2316.
41. Huang F.C., Liao C.S., Lee G.B. An integrated microfluidic chip for DNA/RNA amplification, electrophoresis separation and on-line optical detection. Electrophoresis 2006, 27:3297-3305.
42. Huang N.-T., Chen W., Oh B.-R., Cornell T.T., Shanley T.P., Fu J., et al. An integrated microfluidic platform for in situ cellular cytokine secretion immunophenotyping. Lab Chip 2012, 12:4093-4101.
43. Huppa J.B., Axmann M., Moertelmaier M.A., Lillemeier B.F., Newell E.W., Brameshuber M., et al. TCR-peptide-MHC interactions in situ show accelerated kinetics and increased affinity. Nature 2010, 463:963-967.
44. Irimia D., Tompkins R.G., Toner M. Single-cell chemical lysis in picoliter-scale closed volumes using a microfabricated device. Anal Chem 2004, 76:6137-6143.
45. Irimia D., Mindrinos M., Russom A., Xiao W., Wilhelmy J., Wang S., et al. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis of 150 cell samples. Integr Biol 2009, 1:99-107.
46. Ji H.M., Samper V., Chen Y., Heng C.K., Lim T.M., Yobas L. Silicon-based microfilters for whole blood cell separation. Biomed Microdevices 2008, 10:251-257.
47. Jing Y., Moore L.R., Williams P.S., Chalmers J.J., Farag S.S., Bolwell B., et al. Blood progenitor cell separation from clinical leukapheresis product by magnetic nanoparticle binding and magnetophoresis. Biotechnol Bioeng 2007, 96:1139-1154.
48. Kam L., Boxer S.G. Formation of supported lipid bilayer composition arrays by controlled mixing and surface capture. J Am Chem Soc 2000, 122:12901-12902.
49. Khoshmanesh K., Akagi J., Nahavandi S., Kalantar-Zadeh K., Baratchi S., Williams D.E., et al. Interfacing cell-based assays in environmental scanning electron microscopy using dielectrophoresis. Anal Chem 2011, 83:3217-3221.
50. Khoshmanesh K., Akagi J., Nahavandi S., Skommer J., Baratchi S., Cooper J.M., et al. Dynamic analysis of drug-induced cytotoxicity using chip-based dielectrophoretic cell immobilization technology. Anal Chem 2011, 83:2133-2144.
51. Khoshmanesh K., Nahavandi S., Baratchi S., Mitchell A., Kalantar-zadeh K. Dielectrophoretic platforms for bio-microfluidic systems. Biosens Bioelectron 2011, 26:1800-1814.
52. Kim D., Haynes C.L. Neutrophil chemotaxis within a competing gradient of chemoattractants. Anal Chem 2012, 84:6070-6078.
53. Kim D., Herr A.E. Protein immobilization techniques for microfluidic assays. Biomicrofluidics 2013, 7.
54. Kim J., Johnson M., Hill P., Gale B.K. Microfluidic sample preparation: cell lysis and nucleic acid purification. Integr Biol 2009, 1:574-586.
55. Kim J., Lee H.-H., Steinfeld U., Seidel H. Fast capturing on micromagnetic cell sorter. IEEE Sens J 2009, 9:908-913.
56. Kim S.-B., Koo K.-i., Bae H., Dokmeci M.R., Hamilton G.A., Bahinski A., et al. A mini-microscope for in situ monitoring of cells. Lab Chip 2012, 12:3976-3982.
57. Koh Y., Lee B.-R., Yoon H.-J., Jang Y.-H., Lee Y.-S., Kim Y.-K., et al. Bead affinity chromatography in a temperature-controllable microsystem for biomarker detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012, 404:2267-2275.
58. Lee B.S., Lee J.-N., Park J.-M., Lee J.-G., Kim S., Cho Y.-K., et al. A fully automated immunoassay from whole blood on a disc. Lab Chip 2009, 9:1548-1555.
59. Lenshof A., Laurell T. Emerging clinical applications of microchip-based acoustophoresis. Jala 2011, 16:443-449.
60. Lenshof A., Ahmad-Tajudin A., Jaras K., Sward-Nilsson A.-M., Aberg L., Marko-Varga G., et al. Acoustic whole blood plasmapheresis chip for prostate specific antigen microarray diagnostics. Anal Chem 2009, 81:6030-6037.
61. Li X.F., Kolega J. Effects of direct current electric fields on cell migration and actin filament distribution in bovine vascular endothelial cells. J Vasc Res 2002, 39:391-404.
62. Li J., Lin F. Microfluidic devices for studying chemotaxis and electrotaxis. Trends Cell Biol 2011, 21:489-497.
63. Li Y., Buch J.S., Rosenberger F., DeVoe D.L., Lee C.S. Integration of isoelectric focusing with parallel sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis for multidimensional protein separations in a plastic microfludic network. Anal Chem 2004, 76:742-748.
64. Li J., Zhu L., Zhang M., Lin F. Microfluidic device for studying cell migration in single or co-existing chemical gradients and electric fields. Biomicrofluidics 2012, 6.
65. Lin F., Baldessari F., Gyenge C.C., Sato T., Chambers R.D., Santiago J.G., et al. Lymphocyte electrotaxis in vitro and in vivo. J Immunol 2008, 181:2465-2471.
66. Liu C., Qu Y., Luo Y., Fang N. Recent advances in single-molecule detection on micro- and nano-fluidic devices. Electrophoresis 2011, 32:3308-3318.
67. Luo Y., Xu S., Schilling J.W., Lau K.H., Whitin J.C., Yu T.T.S., et al. Microfluidic device for coupling capillary electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry. Jala 2009, 14:252-261.
68. Maecker H.T., McCoy J.P., Nussenblatt R. Standardizing immunophenotyping for the Human Immunology Project. Nat Rev Immunol 2012, 12:191-200.
69. Male D.K., Brostoff J., Roth D.E., Roitt I.M. Immunology 2012, Elsevier. 8th ed.
70. Marshall L.A., Han C.M., Santiago J.G. Extraction of DNA from malaria-infected erythrocytes using isotachophoresis. Anal Chem 2011, 83:9715-9718.
71. Marshall L.A., Wu L.L., Babikian S., Bachman M., Santiago J.G. Integrated printed circuit board device for cell lysis and nucleic acid extraction. Anal Chem 2012, 84:9640-9645.
72. Mattila P.K., Feest C., Depoil D., Treanor B., Montaner B., Otipoby K.L., et al. The actin and tetraspanin networks organize receptor nanoclusters to regulate B cell receptor-mediated signaling. Immunity 2013, 38:461-474.
73. McClain M.A., Culbertson C.T., Jacobson S.C., Allbritton N.L., Sims C.E., Ramsey J.M. Microfluidic devices for the high-throughput chemical analysis of cells. Anal Chem 2003, 75:5646-5655.
74. Medzhitov R., Shevach E.M., Trinchieri G., Mellor A.L., Munn D.H., Gordon S., et al. Highlights of 10years of immunology in Nature Reviews Immunology. Nat Rev Immunol 2011, 11:693-702.
75. Mellors J.S., Gorbounov V., Ramsey R.S., Ramsey J.M. Fully integrated glass microfluidic device for performing high-efficiency capillary electrophoresis and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2008, 80:6881-6887.
76. Melville D., Paul F., Roath S. Direct magnetic separation of red cells from whole blood. Nature 1975, 255:706.
77. Mohamed H., Turner J.N., Caggana M. Biochip for separating fetal cells from maternal circulation. J Chromatogr A 2007, 1162:187-192.
78. Mun B.P., Jung S.M., Yoon S.Y., Kim S.H., Lee J.H., Yang S. Continuous cell cross over and lysis in a microfluidic device. Microfluid Nanofluid 2010, 8:695-701.
79. Munce N.R., Li J.Z., Herman P.R., Lilge L. Microfabricated system for parallel single-cell capillary electrophoresis. Anal Chem 2004, 76:4983-4989.
80. Nagrath S., Sequist L.V., Maheswaran S., Bell D.W., Irimia D., Ulkus L., et al. Isolation of rare circulating tumour cells in cancer patients by microchip technology. Nature 2007, 450:1235-1239.
81. Olvecka E., Kaniansky D., Pollak B., Stanislawski B. Separation of proteins by zone electrophoresis on-line coupled with isotachophoresis on a column-coupling chip with conductivity detection. Electrophoresis 2004, 25:3865-3874.
82. Peoples M.C., Karnes H.T. Microfluidic capillary system for immunoaffinity separations of C-reactive protein in human serum and cerebrospinal fluid. Anal Chem 2008, 80:3853-3858.
83. Perroud T.D., Kaiser J.N., Sy J.C., Lane T.W., Branda C.S., Singh A.K., et al. Microfluidic-based cell sorting of Francisella tularensis infected macrophages using optical forces. Anal Chem 2008, 80:6365-6372.
84. Persat A., Marshall L.A., Santiago J.G. Purification of nucleic acids from whole blood using isotachophoresis. Anal Chem 2009, 81:9507-9511.
85. Pethig R., Menachery A., Pells S., De Sousa P. Dielectrophoresis: a review of applications for stem cell research. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010.
86. Quinto-Su P.A., Lai H.-H., Yoon H.H., Sims C.E., Allbritton N.L., Venugopalan V. Examination of laser microbeam cell lysis in a PDMS microfluidic channel using time-resolved imaging. Lab Chip 2008, 8:408-414.
87. Robert D., Pamme N., Conjeaud H., Gazeau F., Iles A., Wilhelm C. Cell sorting by endocytotic capacity in a microfluidic magnetophoresis device. Lab Chip 2011, 11:1902-1910.
88. Rogacs A., Qu Y., Santiago J.G. Bacterial RNA extraction and purification from whole human blood using isotachophoresis. Anal Chem 2012, 84:5858-5863.
89. Root B.E., Agarwal A.K., Kelso D.M., Barron A.E. Purification of HIV RNA from serum using a polymer capture matrix in a microfluidic device. Anal Chem 2011, 83:982-988.
90. Rosenbach A.E., Koria P., Goverman J., Kotz K.T., Gupta A., Yu M., et al. Microfluidics for T-Lymphocyte cell separation and inflammation monitoring in burn patients. Clin Transl Sci 2011, 4:63-68.
91. Rotman B. Measurement of activity of single molecules of beta-d-galactosidase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1961, 47:1981-1991.
92. Ruan C.M., Yang L.J., Li Y.B. Immunobiosensor chips for detection of Escherichia coli O157: H7 using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2002, 74:4814-4820.
93. Sandison M.E., Cumming S.A., Kolch W., Pitt A.R. On-chip immunoprecipitation for protein purification. Lab Chip 2010, 10:2805-2813.
94. Sasuga Y., Iwasawa T., Terada K., Oe Y., Sorimachi H., Ohara O., et al. Single-cell chemical lysis method for analyses of intracellular molecules using an array of picoliter-scale microwells. Anal Chem 2008, 80:9141-9149.
95. Satterfield B.C., Stern S., Caplan M.R., Hukari K.W., West J.A.A. Microfluidic purification and preconcentration of mRNA by flow-through polymeric monolith. Anal Chem 2007, 79:6230-6235.
96. Shevkoplyas S.S., Yoshida T., Munn L.L., Bitensky M.W. Biomimetic autoseparation of leukocytes from whole blood in a microfluidic device. Anal Chem 2005, 77:933-937.
97. Sims C.E., Allbritton N.L. Analysis of single mammalian cells on-chip. Lab Chip 2007, 7:423-440.
98. Skommer J., Akagi J., Takeda K., Fujimura Y., Khoshmanesh K., Wlodkowic D. Multiparameter lab-on-a-chip flow cytometry of the cell cycle. Biosens Bioelectron 2013, 42:586-591.
99. Sun T., Morgan H. Single-cell microfluidic impedance cytometry: a review. Microfluid Nanofluid 2010, 8:423-443.
100. Toetsch S., Olwell P., Prina-Mello A., Volkov Y. The evolution of chemotaxis assays from static models to physiologically relevant platforms. Integr Biol 2009, 1:170-181.
101. Toner M., Irimia D. Blood-on-a-chip. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2005, 7:77-103.
102. Treanor B., Depoil D., Bruckbauer A., Batista F.D. Dynamic cortical actin remodeling by ERM proteins controls BCR microcluster organization and integrity. J Exp Med 2011, 208:1055-1068.
103. Unger M.A., Chou H.-P., Thorsen T., Scherer A., Quake S.R. Monolithic microfabricated valves and pumps by multilayer soft lithography. Science 2000, 288:113-116.
104. VanDelinder V., Groisman A. Separation of plasma from whole human blood in a continuous cross-flow in a molded microfluidic device. Anal Chem 2006, 78:3765-3771.
105. VanDelinder V., Groisman A. Perfusion in microfluidic cross-flow: separation of white blood cells from whole blood and exchange of medium in a continuous flow. Anal Chem 2007, 79:2023-2030.
106. Varma R., Campi G., Yokosuka T., Saito T., Dustin M.L. T cell receptor-proximal signals are sustained in peripheral microclusters and terminated in the central supramolecular activation cluster. Immunity 2006, 25:117-127.
107. Vickers D.A.L., Chory E.J., Murthy S.K. Separation of two phenotypically similar cell types via a single common marker in microfluidic channels. Lab Chip 2012, 12:3399-3407.
108. Wen J., Guillo C., Ferrance J.P., Landers J.P. Microfluidic-based DNA purification in a two-stage, dual-phase microchip containing a reversed-phase and a photopolymerized monolith. Anal Chem 2007, 79:6135-6142.
109. Wen J., Legendre L.A., Bienvenue J.M., Landers J.P. Purification of nucleic acids in microfluidic devices. Anal Chem 2008, 80:6472-6479.
110. Whale A.S., Huggett J.F., Cowen S., Speirs V., Shaw J., Ellison S., et al. Comparison of microfluidic digital PCR and conventional quantitative PCR for measuring copy number variation. Nucleic Acids Res 2012, 40.
111. Wlodkowic D., Telford W., Skommer J., Darzynkiewicz Z. Apoptosis and beyond: cytometry in studies of programmed cell death. Recent advances in cytometry, part b: advances in applications 2011, 55-98. Fifth ed. Z. Darzynkiewicz, E. Holden, A. Orfao, W. Telford, D. Wlodkowic (Eds.).
112. Wolfe K.A., Breadmore M.C., Ferrance J.P., Power M.E., Conroy J.F., Norris P.M., et al. Toward a microchip-based solid-phase extraction method for isolation of nucleic acids. Electrophoresis 2002, 23:727-733.
113. Wolff A., Perch-Nielsen I.R., Larsen U.D., Friis P., Goranovic G., Poulsen C.R., et al. Integrating advanced functionality in a microfabricated high-throughput fluorescent-activated cell sorter. Lab Chip 2003, 3:22-27.
114. Wu H.K., Wheeler A., Zare R.N. Chemical cytometry on a picoliter-scale integrated microfluidic chip. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004, 101:12809-12813.
115. Wu T.-H., Chen Y., Park S.-Y., Hong J., Teslaa T., Zhong J.F., et al. Pulsed laser triggered high speed microfluidic fluorescence activated cell sorter. Lab Chip 2012, 12:1378-1383.
116. Yager P., Edwards T., Fu E., Helton K., Nelson K., Tam M.R., et al. Microfluidic diagnostic technologies for global public health. Nature 2006, 442:412-418.
117. Yang A.H.J., Soh H.T. Acoustophoretic sorting of viable mammalian cells in a microfluidic device. Anal Chem 2012, 84:10756-10762.
118. Yang S., Undar A., Zahn J.D. A microfluidic device for continuous, real time blood plasma separation. Lab Chip 2006, 6:871-880.
119. Zare R.N., Kim S. Microfluidic platforms for single-cell analysis. Annual review of biomedical engineering 2010, vol. 12:187-201. Annual Reviews, Palo Alto. M.L. Yarmush, J.S. Duncan, M.L. Gray (Eds.).
120. Zborowski M., Ostera G.R., Moore L.R., Milliron S., Chalmers J.J., Schechter A.N. Red blood cell magnetophoresis. Biophys J 2003, 84:2638-2645.
121. Zhang Y., Ozdemir P. Microfluidic DNA amplification - a review. Anal Chim Acta 2009, 638:115-125.
122. Zheng S., Lin H., Liu J.-Q., Balic M., Datar R., Cote R.J., et al. Membrane microfilter device for selective capture, electrolysis and genomic analysis of human circulating tumor cells. J Chromatogr A 2007, 1162:154-161.