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The magnitude of flow (and even its direction) depends in a complicated fashion on ionic strength and type, the presence of surfactants, and the charge on the walls of the flow channel; furthermore, because electrolysis is taking place continuously, the capacity of buffer to resist pH changes is finite. Precise control of flow thus requires calibration for each new buffer or solute and can be difficult when the exact composition of a sample is not known in advance. Electroosmotic flow can also induce unwanted electrophoretic separation of molecules, creating demixing problems. Dielectrophoresis does not require electrolysis and therefore does not cause bubble formation but still suffers from sample and solvent sensitivity.
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0343246500
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Each control channel was connected to the common port of a miniature three-way switch valve (LHDA1211111H; Lee Valve, Westbrook, CT), powered by a fast Zener-diode circuit and controlled by a digital data acquisition card (AT-DIO-32HS; National Instruments, Austin, TX). Regulated external pressure was provided to the normally closed port, allowing the control channel to be pressurized or vented to atmosphere by switching the miniature valve.
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0343246499
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If one used another actuation method that did not suffer from opening and closing lag, this valve would run at ∼375 Hz. The spring constant can be adjusted by changing the membrane thickness; this allows optimization for either fast opening or fast closing.
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E. coli were pumped at 10 Hz through the channel. Samples of known volume were taken from the output well (pumped) and the input well (control), and serial dilutions of each were plated on Luria-Bertani agar plates and grown overnight at 37°C. Viability was assessed by counting colonies in the control and pumped samples and correcting for sample volumes and dilution.
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This work was partially supported by NIH (NS-11756, DA-9121).
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