메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 137, Issue 3, 2014, Pages 707-723

Toll-like receptor 2-mediated alternative activation of microglia is protective after spinal cord injury

Author keywords

axonal dieback; microglia; myelin; spinal cord injury; TLR2

Indexed keywords

ARGINASE 1; BIOCHEMICAL MARKER; CARBENOXOLONE; CD206 ANTIGEN; CYCLOHEXIMIDE; GLUTAMIC ACID; GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN; INDUCIBLE NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; INTERLEUKIN 10; INTERLEUKIN 1BETA; LIPOPROTEIN; MANNOSE RECEPTOR; METABOTROPIC RECEPTOR AGONIST; MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN 1; PAM2CSK4; SUPPRESSOR OF CYTOKINE SIGNALING 1; SUPPRESSOR OF CYTOKINE SIGNALING 3; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 2; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; YELLOW FLUORESCENT PROTEIN; ZYMOSAN;

EID: 84894582125     PISSN: 00068950     EISSN: 14602156     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt341     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (95)

References (68)
  • 1
    • 84872168596 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microglia: Scapegoat saboteur or something else?
    • Aguzzi A, Barres BA, Bennett ML. Microglia: scapegoat, saboteur, or something else? Science 2013; 339: 156-61.
    • (2013) Science , vol.339 , pp. 156-161
    • Aguzzi, A.1    Barres, B.A.2    Bennett, M.L.3
  • 2
    • 73049102435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Optic nerve and vitreal inflammation are both RGC neuroprotective but only the latter is RGC axogenic
    • Ahmed Z, Aslam M, Lorber B, Suggate EL, Berry M, Logan A. Optic nerve and vitreal inflammation are both RGC neuroprotective but only the latter is RGC axogenic. Neurobiol Dis 2010; 37: 441-54.
    • (2010) Neurobiol Dis , vol.37 , pp. 441-454
    • Ahmed, Z.1    Aslam, M.2    Lorber, B.3    Suggate, E.L.4    Berry, M.5    Logan, A.6
  • 3
    • 0028794076 scopus 로고
    • Characterization of axonal ultrastructural pathology following experimental spinal cord compression injury
    • Anthes DL, Theriault E, Tator CH. Characterization of axonal ultrastructural pathology following experimental spinal cord compression injury. Brain Res 1995; 702: 1-16.
    • (1995) Brain Res , vol.702 , pp. 1-16
    • Anthes, D.L.1    Theriault, E.2    Tator, C.H.3
  • 4
    • 0041319041 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemokine expression by glial cells directs leukocytes to sites of axonal injury in the CNS
    • Babcock AA, Kuziel WA, Rivest S, Owens T. Chemokine expression by glial cells directs leukocytes to sites of axonal injury in the CNS. J Neurosci 2003; 23: 7922-30.
    • (2003) J Neurosci , vol.23 , pp. 7922-7930
    • Babcock, A.A.1    Kuziel, W.A.2    Rivest, S.3    Owens, T.4
  • 6
    • 0018132354 scopus 로고
    • Pathology of experimental spinal cord trauma. II. Ultrastructure of axons and myelin
    • Balentine JD. Pathology of experimental spinal cord trauma. II. Ultrastructure of axons and myelin. Lab Invest 1978; 39: 254-66.
    • (1978) Lab Invest , vol.39 , pp. 254-266
    • Balentine, J.D.1
  • 7
    • 1642358379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early anti-inflammatory treatment reduces lipid peroxidation and protein nitration after spinal cord injury in rats
    • Bao F, Chen Y, Dekaban GA, Weaver LC. Early anti-inflammatory treatment reduces lipid peroxidation and protein nitration after spinal cord injury in rats. J Neurochem 2004; 88: 1335-44.
    • (2004) J Neurochem , vol.88 , pp. 1335-1344
    • Bao, F.1    Chen, Y.2    Dekaban, G.A.3    Weaver, L.C.4
  • 8
    • 0028331346 scopus 로고
    • Effects of silica on the outcome from experimental spinal cord injury: Implication of macrophages in secondary tissue damage
    • Blight AR. Effects of silica on the outcome from experimental spinal cord injury: implication of macrophages in secondary tissue damage. Neuroscience 1994; 60: 263-73.
    • (1994) Neuroscience , vol.60 , pp. 263-273
    • Blight, A.R.1
  • 9
    • 0017852099 scopus 로고
    • An electron-microscopic analysis of axonal alterations following blunt contusion of the spinal cord of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)
    • Bresnahan JC. An electron-microscopic analysis of axonal alterations following blunt contusion of the spinal cord of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). J Neurol Sci 1978; 37: 59-82.
    • (1978) J Neurol Sci , vol.37 , pp. 59-82
    • Bresnahan, J.C.1
  • 11
    • 69249101175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 improves recovery after spinal cord injury in rodents
    • Byrnes KR, Stoica B, Riccio A, Pajoohesh-Ganji A, Loane DJ, Faden AI. Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 improves recovery after spinal cord injury in rodents. Ann Neurol 2009; 66: 63-74.
    • (2009) Ann Neurol , vol.66 , pp. 63-74
    • Byrnes, K.R.1    Stoica, B.2    Riccio, A.3    Pajoohesh-Ganji, A.4    Loane, D.J.5    Faden, A.I.6
  • 12
  • 13
    • 79959379095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Repertoire of microglial and macrophage responses after spinal cord injury
    • David S, Kroner A. Repertoire of microglial and macrophage responses after spinal cord injury. Nature Rev Neurosci 2011; 12: 388-99.
    • (2011) Nature Rev Neurosci , vol.12 , pp. 388-399
    • David, S.1    Kroner, A.2
  • 15
    • 77954398133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NO mediates microglial response to acute spinal cord injury under ATP control in vivo
    • Dibaj P, Nadrigny F, Steffens H, Scheller A, Hirrlinger J, Schomburg ED, et al. NO mediates microglial response to acute spinal cord injury under ATP control in vivo. Glia 2010; 58: 1133-44.
    • (2010) Glia , vol.58 , pp. 1133-1144
    • Dibaj, P.1    Nadrigny, F.2    Steffens, H.3    Scheller, A.4    Hirrlinger, J.5    Schomburg, E.D.6
  • 16
    • 34248174912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • System xc-and glutamate transporter inhibition mediates microglial toxicity to oligodendrocytes
    • Domercq M, Sanchez-Gomez MV, Sherwin C, Etxebarria E, Fern R, Matute C. System xc-and glutamate transporter inhibition mediates microglial toxicity to oligodendrocytes. J Immunol 2007; 178: 6549-56.
    • (2007) J Immunol , vol.178 , pp. 6549-6556
    • Domercq, M.1    Sanchez-Gomez, M.V.2    Sherwin, C.3    Etxebarria, E.4    Fern, R.5    Matute, C.6
  • 17
    • 79960122953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Deficient CX3CR1 signaling promotes recovery after mouse spinal cord injury by limiting the recruitment and activation of Ly6Clo/iNOS + macrophages
    • Donnelly DJ, Longbrake EE, Shawler TM, Kigerl KA, Lai W, Tovar CA, et al. Deficient CX3CR1 signaling promotes recovery after mouse spinal cord injury by limiting the recruitment and activation of Ly6Clo/iNOS + macrophages. J Neurosci 2011; 31: 9910-22.
    • (2011) J Neurosci , vol.31 , pp. 9910-9922
    • Donnelly, D.J.1    Longbrake, E.E.2    Shawler, T.M.3    Kigerl, K.A.4    Lai, W.5    Tovar, C.A.6
  • 18
    • 0028326548 scopus 로고
    • Secondary cell death and the inflammatory reaction after dorsal hemisection of the rat spinal cord
    • Dusart I, Schwab ME. Secondary cell death and the inflammatory reaction after dorsal hemisection of the rat spinal cord. Euro J Neurosci 1994; 6: 712-24.
    • (1994) Euro J Neurosci , vol.6 , pp. 712-724
    • Dusart, I.1    Schwab, M.E.2
  • 19
    • 34548165095 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disorganized microtubules underlie the formation of retraction bulbs and the failure of axonal regeneration
    • Erturk A, Hellal F, Enes J, Bradke F. Disorganized microtubules underlie the formation of retraction bulbs and the failure of axonal regeneration. J Neurosci 2007; 27: 9169-80.
    • (2007) J Neurosci , vol.27 , pp. 9169-9180
    • Erturk, A.1    Hellal, F.2    Enes, J.3    Bradke, F.4
  • 20
    • 0034646695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacterial lipopolysaccharide activates NF-kappaB through toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) in cultured human dermal endothelial cells. Differential expression of TLR-4 and TLR-2 in endothelial cells
    • Faure E, Equils O, Sieling PA, Thomas L, Zhang FX, Kirschning CJ, et al. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide activates NF-kappaB through toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) in cultured human dermal endothelial cells. Differential expression of TLR-4 and TLR-2 in endothelial cells. J Bio Chem 2000; 275: 11058-63.
    • (2000) J Bio Chem , vol.275 , pp. 11058-11063
    • Faure, E.1    Equils, O.2    Sieling, P.A.3    Thomas, L.4    Zhang, F.X.5    Kirschning, C.J.6
  • 21
    • 0033634813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Imaging neuronal subsets in transgenic mice expressing multiple spectral variants of GFP
    • Feng G, Mellor RH, Bernstein M, Keller-Peck C, Nguyen QT, Wallace M, et al. Imaging neuronal subsets in transgenic mice expressing multiple spectral variants of GFP. Neuron 2000; 28: 41-51.
    • (2000) Neuron , vol.28 , pp. 41-51
    • Feng, G.1    Mellor, R.H.2    Bernstein, M.3    Keller-Peck, C.4    Nguyen, Q.T.5    Wallace, M.6
  • 22
    • 0033216123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cellular and molecular mechanisms of glial scarring and progressive cavitation: In vivo and in vitro analysis of inflammation-induced secondary injury after CNS trauma
    • Fitch MT, Doller C, Combs CK, Landreth GE, Silver J. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of glial scarring and progressive cavitation: in vivo and in vitro analysis of inflammation-induced secondary injury after CNS trauma. J Neurosci 1999; 19: 8182-98.
    • (1999) J Neurosci , vol.19 , pp. 8182-8198
    • Fitch, M.T.1    Doller, C.2    Combs, C.K.3    Landreth, G.E.4    Silver, J.5
  • 23
    • 0027463358 scopus 로고
    • Brain glia release factors with opposing actions upon neuronal survival
    • Giulian D, Vaca K, Corpuz M. Brain glia release factors with opposing actions upon neuronal survival. J Neurosci 1993; 13: 29-37.
    • (1993) J Neurosci , vol.13 , pp. 29-37
    • Giulian, D.1    Vaca, K.2    Corpuz, M.3
  • 24
    • 0037265240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alternative activation of macrophages
    • Gordon S. Alternative activation of macrophages. Nat Rev Immunol 2003; 3: 23-35.
    • (2003) Nat Rev Immunol , vol.3 , pp. 23-35
    • Gordon, S.1
  • 25
    • 84858861533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blockade of interleukin-6 signaling inhibits the classic pathway and promotes an alternative pathway of macrophage activation after spinal cord injury in mice
    • Guerrero AR, Uchida K, Nakajima H, Watanabe S, Nakamura M, Johnson WE, et al. Blockade of interleukin-6 signaling inhibits the classic pathway and promotes an alternative pathway of macrophage activation after spinal cord injury in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9: 40.
    • (2012) J Neuroinflammation , vol.9 , pp. 40
    • Guerrero, A.R.1    Uchida, K.2    Nakajima, H.3    Watanabe, S.4    Nakamura, M.5    Johnson, W.E.6
  • 26
    • 75749128695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stimulation of axon regeneration in the mature optic nerve by intravitreal application of the toll-like receptor 2 agonist Pam3Cys
    • Hauk TG, Leibinger M, Muller A, Andreadaki A, Knippschild U, Fischer D. Stimulation of axon regeneration in the mature optic nerve by intravitreal application of the toll-like receptor 2 agonist Pam3Cys. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 51: 459-64.
    • (2010) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci , vol.51 , pp. 459-464
    • Hauk, T.G.1    Leibinger, M.2    Muller, A.3    Andreadaki, A.4    Knippschild, U.5    Fischer, D.6
  • 27
    • 70449650338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microglia processes block the spread of damage in the brain and require functional chloride channels
    • Hines DJ, Hines RM, Mulligan SJ, Macvicar BA. Microglia processes block the spread of damage in the brain and require functional chloride channels. Glia 2009; 57: 1610-8.
    • (2009) Glia , vol.57 , pp. 1610-1618
    • Hines, D.J.1    Hines, R.M.2    Mulligan, S.J.3    MacVicar, B.A.4
  • 28
    • 56949089831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Another barrier to regeneration in the CNS: Activated macrophages induce extensive retraction of dystrophic axons through direct physical interactions
    • Horn KP, Busch SA, Hawthorne AL, van Rooijen N, Silver J. Another barrier to regeneration in the CNS: activated macrophages induce extensive retraction of dystrophic axons through direct physical interactions. J Neurosci 2008; 28: 9330-41.
    • (2008) J Neurosci , vol.28 , pp. 9330-9341
    • Horn, K.P.1    Busch, S.A.2    Hawthorne, A.L.3    Van Rooijen, N.4    Silver, J.5
  • 29
    • 0034028817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of fractalkine receptor CX( 3)CR1 function by targeted deletion and green fluorescent protein reporter gene insertion
    • Jung S, Aliberti J, Graemmel P, Sunshine MJ, Kreutzberg GW, Sher A, et al. Analysis of fractalkine receptor CX(3)CR1 function by targeted deletion and green fluorescent protein reporter gene insertion. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 20: 4106-14.
    • (2000) Mol Cell Biol , vol.20 , pp. 4106-4114
    • Jung, S.1    Aliberti, J.2    Graemmel, P.3    Sunshine, M.J.4    Kreutzberg, G.W.5    Sher, A.6
  • 30
    • 0017362931 scopus 로고
    • Electron microscopic observations of the mechanisms of terminal club formation in transected spinal cord axons
    • Kao CC, Chang LW, Bloodworth JM Jr. Electron microscopic observations of the mechanisms of terminal club formation in transected spinal cord axons. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1977; 36: 140-56.
    • (1977) J Neuropathol Exp Neurol , vol.36 , pp. 140-156
    • Kao, C.C.1    Chang, L.W.2    Bloodworth Jr., J.M.3
  • 31
    • 77951260924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: Update on Toll-like receptors
    • Kawai T, Akira S. The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: update on Toll-like receptors. Nat Immunol 2010; 11: 373-84.
    • (2010) Nat Immunol , vol.11 , pp. 373-384
    • Kawai, T.1    Akira, S.2
  • 32
    • 34250182782 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 and TLR-4 regulate inflammation, gliosis, and myelin sparing after spinal cord injury
    • Kigerl KA, Lai W, Rivest S, Hart RP, Satoskar AR, Popovich PG. Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 and TLR-4 regulate inflammation, gliosis, and myelin sparing after spinal cord injury. J Neurochem 2007; 102: 37-50.
    • (2007) J Neurochem , vol.102 , pp. 37-50
    • Kigerl, K.A.1    Lai, W.2    Rivest, S.3    Hart, R.P.4    Satoskar, A.R.5    Popovich, P.G.6
  • 33
    • 70350558453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of two distinct macrophage subsets with divergent effects causing either neurotoxicity or regeneration in the injured mouse spinal cord
    • Kigerl KA, Gensel JC, Ankeny DP, Alexander JK, Donnelly DJ, Popovich PG. Identification of two distinct macrophage subsets with divergent effects causing either neurotoxicity or regeneration in the injured mouse spinal cord. J Neurosci 2009; 29: 13435-44.
    • (2009) J Neurosci , vol.29 , pp. 13435-13444
    • Kigerl, K.A.1    Gensel, J.C.2    Ankeny, D.P.3    Alexander, J.K.4    Donnelly, D.J.5    Popovich, P.G.6
  • 35
    • 0036548360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The toll-like receptor TLR4 is necessary for lipopolysaccharide-induced oligodendrocyte injury in the CNS
    • Lehnardt S, Lachance C, Patrizi S, Lefebvre S, Follett PL, Jensen FE, et al. The toll-like receptor TLR4 is necessary for lipopolysaccharide-induced oligodendrocyte injury in the CNS. J Neurosci 2002; 22: 2478-86.
    • (2002) J Neurosci , vol.22 , pp. 2478-2486
    • Lehnardt, S.1    Lachance, C.2    Patrizi, S.3    Lefebvre, S.4    Follett, P.L.5    Jensen, F.E.6
  • 36
    • 75849151435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Innate immunity and neuroinflammation in the CNS: The role of microglia in Toll-like receptor-mediated neuronal injury
    • Lehnardt S. Innate immunity and neuroinflammation in the CNS: the role of microglia in Toll-like receptor-mediated neuronal injury. Glia 2010; 58: 253-63.
    • (2010) Glia , vol.58 , pp. 253-263
    • Lehnardt, S.1
  • 37
    • 0034659957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lens injury stimulates axon regeneration in the mature rat optic nerve
    • Leon S, Yin Y, Nguyen J, Irwin N, Benowitz LI. Lens injury stimulates axon regeneration in the mature rat optic nerve. J Neurosci 2000; 20: 4615-26.
    • (2000) J Neurosci , vol.20 , pp. 4615-4626
    • Leon, S.1    Yin, Y.2    Nguyen, J.3    Irwin, N.4    Benowitz, L.I.5
  • 38
    • 65949097502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lipoteichoic acid induces unique inflammatory responses when compared to other toll-like receptor 2 ligands
    • Long EM, Millen B, Kubes P, Robbins SM. Lipoteichoic acid induces unique inflammatory responses when compared to other toll-like receptor 2 ligands. PloS One 2009; 4: e5601.
    • (2009) PloS One , vol.4
    • Long, E.M.1    Millen, B.2    Kubes, P.3    Robbins, S.M.4
  • 40
    • 84864117759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kinetics of proinflammatory monocytes in a model of multiple sclerosis and its perturbation by laquinimod
    • Mishra MK, Wang J, Silva C, Mack M, Yong VW. Kinetics of proinflammatory monocytes in a model of multiple sclerosis and its perturbation by laquinimod. Am J Pathol 2012; 181: 642-51.
    • (2012) Am J Pathol , vol.181 , pp. 642-651
    • Mishra, M.K.1    Wang, J.2    Silva, C.3    MacK, M.4    Yong, V.W.5
  • 41
    • 0034856386 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • IL-1 receptor antagonist prevents apoptosis and caspase-3 activation after spinal cord injury
    • Nesic O, Xu GY, McAdoo D, High KW, Hulsebosch C, Perez-Pol R. IL-1 receptor antagonist prevents apoptosis and caspase-3 activation after spinal cord injury. J Neurotrauma 2001; 18: 947-56.
    • (2001) J Neurotrauma , vol.18 , pp. 947-956
    • Nesic, O.1    Xu, G.Y.2    McAdoo, D.3    High, K.W.4    Hulsebosch, C.5    Perez-Pol, R.6
  • 42
    • 56349127390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intracutaneous injection of the macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2 (MALP-2) which accelerates wound healing in mice-A phase i trial in 12 patients
    • Niebuhr M, Muhlradt PF, Wittmann M, Kapp A, Werfel T. Intracutaneous injection of the macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2 (MALP-2) which accelerates wound healing in mice-a phase I trial in 12 patients. Exp Dermatol 2008; 17: 1052-6.
    • (2008) Exp Dermatol , vol.17 , pp. 1052-1056
    • Niebuhr, M.1    Muhlradt, P.F.2    Wittmann, M.3    Kapp, A.4    Werfel, T.5
  • 43
    • 19744380563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resting microglial cells are highly dynamic surveillants of brain parenchyma in vivo
    • Nimmerjahn A, Kirchhoff F, Helmchen F. Resting microglial cells are highly dynamic surveillants of brain parenchyma in vivo. Science 2005; 308: 1314-8.
    • (2005) Science , vol.308 , pp. 1314-1318
    • Nimmerjahn, A.1    Kirchhoff, F.2    Helmchen, F.3
  • 44
    • 0032971226 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term effects of methylprednisolone following transection of adult rat spinal cord
    • Oudega M, Vargas CG, Weber AB, Kleitman N, Bunge MB. Long-term effects of methylprednisolone following transection of adult rat spinal cord. Euro J Neurosci 1999; 11: 2453-64.
    • (1999) Euro J Neurosci , vol.11 , pp. 2453-2464
    • Oudega, M.1    Vargas, C.G.2    Weber, A.B.3    Kleitman, N.4    Bunge, M.B.5
  • 45
    • 3042816808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of excitotoxicity in secondary mechanisms of spinal cord injury: A review with an emphasis on the implications for white matter degeneration
    • Park E, Velumian AA, Fehlings MG. The role of excitotoxicity in secondary mechanisms of spinal cord injury: a review with an emphasis on the implications for white matter degeneration. J Neurotrauma 2004; 21: 754-74.
    • (2004) J Neurotrauma , vol.21 , pp. 754-774
    • Park, E.1    Velumian, A.A.2    Fehlings, M.G.3
  • 46
    • 33845568271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proinflammatory cytokine synthesis in the injured mouse spinal cord: Multiphasic expression pattern and identification of the cell types involved
    • Pineau I, Lacroix S. Proinflammatory cytokine synthesis in the injured mouse spinal cord: multiphasic expression pattern and identification of the cell types involved. J Comp Neurol 2007; 500: 267-85.
    • (2007) J Comp Neurol , vol.500 , pp. 267-285
    • Pineau, I.1    Lacroix, S.2
  • 47
    • 45249119990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Myelin-induced microglial neurotoxicity can be controlled by microglial metabotropic glutamate receptors
    • Pinteaux-Jones F, Sevastou IG, Fry VA, Heales S, Baker D, Pocock JM. Myelin-induced microglial neurotoxicity can be controlled by microglial metabotropic glutamate receptors. J Neurochem 2008; 106: 442-54.
    • (2008) J Neurochem , vol.106 , pp. 442-454
    • Pinteaux-Jones, F.1    Sevastou, I.G.2    Fry, V.A.3    Heales, S.4    Baker, D.5    Pocock, J.M.6
  • 49
    • 0032838089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Depletion of hematogenous macrophages promotes partial hindlimb recovery and neuroanatomical repair after experimental spinal cord injury
    • Popovich PG, Guan Z, Wei P, Huitinga I, van Rooijen N, Stokes BT. Depletion of hematogenous macrophages promotes partial hindlimb recovery and neuroanatomical repair after experimental spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 1999; 158: 351-65.
    • (1999) Exp Neurol , vol.158 , pp. 351-365
    • Popovich, P.G.1    Guan, Z.2    Wei, P.3    Huitinga, I.4    Van Rooijen, N.5    Stokes, B.T.6
  • 50
    • 0031427380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activated macrophage/microglial cells can promote the regeneration of sensory axons into the injured spinal cord
    • Prewitt CM, Niesman IR, Kane CJ, Houle JD. Activated macrophage/ microglial cells can promote the regeneration of sensory axons into the injured spinal cord. Exp Neurol 1997; 148: 433-43.
    • (1997) Exp Neurol , vol.148 , pp. 433-443
    • Prewitt, C.M.1    Niesman, I.R.2    Kane, C.J.3    Houle, J.D.4
  • 51
    • 0031022698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grafting of cultured microglial cells into the lesioned spinal cord of adult rats enhances neurite outgrowth
    • Rabchevsky AG, Streit WJ. Grafting of cultured microglial cells into the lesioned spinal cord of adult rats enhances neurite outgrowth. J Neurosci Res 1997; 47: 34-48.
    • (1997) J Neurosci Res , vol.47 , pp. 34-48
    • Rabchevsky, A.G.1    Streit, W.J.2
  • 52
    • 67650966680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microglial physiology: Unique stimuli, specialized responses
    • Ransohoff RM, Perry VH. Microglial physiology: unique stimuli, specialized responses. Ann Rev Immunol 2009; 27: 119-45.
    • (2009) Ann Rev Immunol , vol.27 , pp. 119-145
    • Ransohoff, R.M.1    Perry, V.H.2
  • 53
    • 0031849511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implantation of stimulated homologous macrophages results in partial recovery of paraplegic rats
    • Rapalino O, Lazarov-Spiegler O, Agranov E, Velan GJ, Yoles E, Fraidakis M, et al. Implantation of stimulated homologous macrophages results in partial recovery of paraplegic rats. Nat Med 1998; 4: 814-21.
    • (1998) Nat Med , vol.4 , pp. 814-821
    • Rapalino, O.1    Lazarov-Spiegler, O.2    Agranov, E.3    Velan, G.J.4    Yoles, E.5    Fraidakis, M.6
  • 54
    • 34247146400 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of the early neuroinflammation after spinal cord injury in mice
    • Rice T, Larsen J, Rivest S, Yong VW. Characterization of the early neuroinflammation after spinal cord injury in mice. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2007; 66: 184-95.
    • (2007) J Neuropathol Exp Neurol , vol.66 , pp. 184-195
    • Rice, T.1    Larsen, J.2    Rivest, S.3    Yong, V.W.4
  • 55
    • 0037320253 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular insights on the cerebral innate immune system
    • Rivest S. Molecular insights on the cerebral innate immune system. Brain Behav Immun 2003; 17: 13-9.
    • (2003) Brain Behav Immun , vol.17 , pp. 13-19
    • Rivest, S.1
  • 56
    • 0023476453 scopus 로고
    • Nile red as a polarity-sensitive fluorescent probe of hydrophobic protein surfaces
    • Sackett DL, Wolff J. Nile red as a polarity-sensitive fluorescent probe of hydrophobic protein surfaces. Anal Biochem 1987; 167: 228-34.
    • (1987) Anal Biochem , vol.167 , pp. 228-234
    • Sackett, D.L.1    Wolff, J.2
  • 57
    • 0025143896 scopus 로고
    • Hydrophobic surfaces of tubulin probed by time-resolved and steady-state fluorescence of nile red
    • Sackett DL, Knutson JR, Wolff J. Hydrophobic surfaces of tubulin probed by time-resolved and steady-state fluorescence of nile red. J Biol Chem 1990; 265: 14899-906.
    • (1990) J Biol Chem , vol.265 , pp. 14899-14906
    • Sackett, D.L.1    Knutson, J.R.2    Wolff, J.3
  • 59
    • 34548316162 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intratumoural injection of the toll-like receptor-2/6 agonist 'macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2' in patients with pancreatic carcinoma: A phase I/II trial
    • Schmidt J, Welsch T, Jager D, Muhlradt PF, Buchler MW, Marten A. Intratumoural injection of the toll-like receptor-2/6 agonist 'macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2' in patients with pancreatic carcinoma: a phase I/II trial. Br J Cancer 2007; 97: 598-604.
    • (2007) Br J Cancer , vol.97 , pp. 598-604
    • Schmidt, J.1    Welsch, T.2    Jager, D.3    Muhlradt, P.F.4    Buchler, M.W.5    Marten, A.6
  • 60
    • 84857883847 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Macrophage plasticity and polarization: In vivo veritas
    • Sica A, Mantovani A. Macrophage plasticity and polarization: in vivo veritas. J Clin Invest 2012; 122: 787-95.
    • (2012) J Clin Invest , vol.122 , pp. 787-795
    • Sica, A.1    Mantovani, A.2
  • 61
    • 1542376941 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Minocycline treatment reduces delayed oligodendrocyte death, attenuates axonal dieback, and improves functional outcome after spinal cord injury
    • Stirling DP, Khodarahmi K, Liu J, McPhail LT, McBride CB, Steeves JD, et al. Minocycline treatment reduces delayed oligodendrocyte death, attenuates axonal dieback, and improves functional outcome after spinal cord injury. J Neurosci 2004; 24: 2182-90.
    • (2004) J Neurosci , vol.24 , pp. 2182-2190
    • Stirling, D.P.1    Khodarahmi, K.2    Liu, J.3    McPhail, L.T.4    McBride, C.B.5    Steeves, J.D.6
  • 62
    • 48249146633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of the inflammatory response after murine spinal cord injury revealed by flow cytometry
    • Stirling DP, Yong VW. Dynamics of the inflammatory response after murine spinal cord injury revealed by flow cytometry. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86: 1944-58.
    • (2008) J Neurosci Res , vol.86 , pp. 1944-1958
    • Stirling, D.P.1    Yong, V.W.2
  • 63
    • 15444363122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuritic beading induced by activated microglia is an early feature of neuronal dysfunction toward neuronal death by inhibition of mitochondrial respiration and axonal transport
    • Takeuchi H, Mizuno T, Zhang G, Wang J, Kawanokuchi J, Kuno R, et al. Neuritic beading induced by activated microglia is an early feature of neuronal dysfunction toward neuronal death by inhibition of mitochondrial respiration and axonal transport. J Biol Chem 2005; 280: 10444-54.
    • (2005) J Biol Chem , vol.280 , pp. 10444-10454
    • Takeuchi, H.1    Mizuno, T.2    Zhang, G.3    Wang, J.4    Kawanokuchi, J.5    Kuno, R.6
  • 64
    • 0037444442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activation of microglial group III metabotropic glutamate receptors protects neurons against microglial neurotoxicity
    • Taylor DL, Diemel LT, Pocock JM. Activation of microglial group III metabotropic glutamate receptors protects neurons against microglial neurotoxicity. J Neurosci 2003; 23: 2150-60.
    • (2003) J Neurosci , vol.23 , pp. 2150-2160
    • Taylor, D.L.1    Diemel, L.T.2    Pocock, J.M.3
  • 66
    • 0017802110 scopus 로고
    • Pathological changes from acute to chronic in experimental spinal cord trauma
    • Wagner FC Jr., VanGilder JC, Dohrmann GJ. Pathological changes from acute to chronic in experimental spinal cord trauma. J Neurosurg 1978; 48: 92-8.
    • (1978) J Neurosurg , vol.48 , pp. 92-98
    • Wagner Jr., F.C.1    Vangilder, J.C.2    Dohrmann, G.J.3
  • 67
    • 17844406364 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Severity-dependent expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in traumatic spinal cord injury in the rat
    • Yang L, Jones NR, Blumbergs PC, Van Den Heuvel C, Moore EJ, Manavis J, et al. Severity-dependent expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in traumatic spinal cord injury in the rat. J Clin Neurosci 2005; 12: 276-84.
    • (2005) J Clin Neurosci , vol.12 , pp. 276-284
    • Yang, L.1    Jones, N.R.2    Blumbergs, P.C.3    Van Den Heuvel, C.4    Moore, E.J.5    Manavis, J.6
  • 68
    • 43049125769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Macrophage-induced neurotoxicity is mediated by glutamate and attenuated by glutaminase inhibitors and gap junction inhibitors
    • Yawata I, Takeuchi H, Doi Y, Liang J, Mizuno T, Suzumura A. Macrophage-induced neurotoxicity is mediated by glutamate and attenuated by glutaminase inhibitors and gap junction inhibitors. Life Sci 2008; 82: 1111-16.
    • (2008) Life Sci , vol.82 , pp. 1111-1116
    • Yawata, I.1    Takeuchi, H.2    Doi, Y.3    Liang, J.4    Mizuno, T.5    Suzumura, A.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.