Spectral imaging in preclinical research and clinical pathology

Biophotonics in Pathology: Pathology at the Crossroads

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 43-75

  Levenson, Richard ^a   Beechem, Joseph ^b   Mcnamara, George ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b Life Technologies Corporation   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI MILLER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL; CELL TRACKING; COMPUTER ASSISTED DIAGNOSIS; CYTODIAGNOSIS; EQUIPMENT; EQUIPMENT DESIGN; HUMAN; METHODOLOGY; MOLECULAR IMAGING; REVIEW; SPECTROSCOPY; DEVICES; PROCEDURES;

ANIMALS; CELL TRACKING; CYTODIAGNOSIS; EQUIPMENT DESIGN; HUMANS; IMAGE INTERPRETATION, COMPUTER-ASSISTED; MOLECULAR IMAGING; RESEARCH DESIGN; SPECTRUM ANALYSIS;

EID: 84891694681     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.3233/978-1-61499-234-9-43     Document Type: Chapter

References (124)

1. W.A. Wells, P.E. Barker, C. MacAulay, M. Novelli, R.M. Levenson and J.M. Crawford, Validation of novel optical imaging technologies: The pathologists' view, J Biomed Opt 12 (2007), 051801.
2. M.E. van den Akker-van Marle, D. Gurwitz, S.B. Detmar, C.M. Enzing, M.M. Hopkins, E. Gutierrez de Mesa and D. Ibarreta, Cost-3 of pharmacogenomics in clinical practice: A case study of thiopurine methyltransferase genotyping in acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Europe, Pharmacogenomics 7 (2006), 783-792.
3. M. Titford, The long history of hematoxylin, Biotech Histochem 80 (2005), 73-78.
4. R.E. Heller, A requiem for aniline dyes, Perspect Biol Med 35 (1992), 398-400.
5. C.R. Taylor and R.J. Cote, Immunohistochemical markers of prognostic value in surgical pathology, Histol Histopathol 12 (1997), 1039-1055.
6. S.S. Bacus, D.A. Altomare, L. Lyass, D.M. Chin, M.P. Farrell, K. Gurova, A. Gudkov and J.R. Testa, AKT2 is frequently upregulated in HER-2/neu-positive breast cancers and may contribute to tumor aggressiveness by enhancing cell survival, Oncogene 21 (2002), 3532-3540.
7. R.K. Reddy, C. Mao, P. Baumeister, R.C. Austin, R.J. Kaufman and A.S. Lee, Endoplasmic reticulum chaperone protein GRP78 protects cells from apoptosis induced by topoisomerase inhibitors: Role of ATP binding site in suppression of caspase-7 activation, J Biol Chem 278 (2003), 20915-20924.
8. J. Cicenas, P. Urban, W. Kung, V. Vuaroqueaux, M. Labuhn, E. Wight, U. Eppenberger and S. Eppenberger-Castori, Phosphorylation of tyrosine 1248-ERBB2 measured by chemiluminescence-linked immunoassay is an independent predictor of poor prognosis in primary breast cancer patients, Eur J Cancer 42 (2006), 636-645.
9. O. David, J. Jett, H. LeBeau, G. Dy, J. Hughes, M. Friedman and A.R. Brody, Phospho-Akt overexpression in non-small cell lung cancer confers significant stage-independent survival disadvantage, Clin Cancer Res 10 (2004), 6865-6871.
10. E. Tokunaga, Y. Kimura, E. Oki, N. Ueda, M. Futatsugi, K. Mashino, M. Yamamoto, M. Ikebe, Y. Kakeji, H. Baba and Y. Maehara, Akt is frequently activated in HER2/neupositive breast cancers and associated with poor prognosis among hormone-treated patients, Int J Cancer 118 (2006), 284-289.
11. A. Lugli, I. Zlobec, P. Minoo, K. Baker, L. Tornillo, L. Terracciano and J.R. Jass, Role of the mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/AKT pathways downstream molecules, phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and phosphorylated AKT in colorectal cancer-a tissue microarray-based approach, Hum Pathol 37 (2006), 1022-1031.
12. S.B. Vestey, C. Sen, C.J. Calder, C.M. Perks, M. Pignatelli and Z.E. Winters, Activated Akt expression in breast cancer: Correlation with p53, Hdm2 and patient outcome, Eur J Cancer 41 (2005), 1017-1025.
13. S. Yamamoto, Y. Tomita, Y. Hoshida, T. Morooka, H. Nagano, K. Dono, K. Umeshita, M. Sakon, O. Ishikawa, H. Ohigashi, S. Nakamori, M. Monden and K. Aozasa, Prognostic significance of activated Akt expression in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, Clin Cancer Res 10 (2004), 2846-2850.
14. J. Luo, B.D. Manning and L.C. Cantley, Targeting the PI3K-Akt pathway in human cancer: Rationale and promise, Cancer Cell 4 (2003), 257-262.
15. J. Bergqvist, G. Elmberger, J. Ohd, B. Linderholm, J. Bjohle, H. Hellborg, H. Nordgren, A.L. Borg, L. Skoog and J. Bergh, Activated, ERK1/2 and phosphorylated oestrogen receptor alpha are associated with improved breast cancer survival in women treated with tamoxifen, Eur J Cancer 42 (2006), 1104-1112.
16. R.M. Levenson, E.S. Wachman, W. Niu and D.L. Farkas, Spectral imaging in biomedicine: A selective overview, Proc SPIE 3438 (1998), 300-312.
17. M.P. DiGiovanna and D.F. Stern, Activation state-specific monoclonal antibody detects tyrosine phosphorylated p185neu/erbB-2 in a subset of human breast tumors over-expressing this receptor, Cancer Res 55 (1995), 1946-1955.
18. B.Z. Ring, R.S. Seitz, R. Beck, W.J. Shasteen, S.M. Tarr, M.C. Cheang, B.J. Yoder, G.T. Budd, T.O. Nielsen, D.G. Hicks, N.C. Estopinal and D.T. Ross, Novel prognostic immunohistochemical biomarker panel forestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer, J Clin Oncol 24 (2006), 3039-3047.
19. D. Loussouarn, J. Brunon, H. Avet-Loiseau, M. Campone and J.F. Mosnier, Prognostic value of HER2 expression in meningiomas: An immunohistochemical and fluorescence in situ hybridization study, Hum Pathol 37 (2006), 415-421.
20. S.M. Wiseman, N. Makretsov, T.O. Nielsen, B. Gilks, E. Yorida, M. Cheang, D. Turbin, K. Gelmon and D.G. Huntsman, Coexpression of the type 1 growth factor receptor family members HER-1, HER-2, and HER-3 has a synergistic negative prognostic effect on breast carcinoma survival, Cancer 103 (2005), 1770-1777.
21. G. Jayaram and E.M. Elsayed, Cytologic evaluation of prognostic markers in breast carcinoma, Acta Cytol 49 (2005), 605-610.
22. N.A. Makretsov, D.G. Huntsman, T.O. Nielsen, E. Yorida, M. Peacock, M.C.U. Cheang, S.E. Dunn, M. Hayes, M. van de Rijn, C. Bajdik and C.B. Gilks, Hierarchical clustering analysis of tissue microarray immunostaining data identifies prognostically significant groups of breast carcinoma, Clin Cancer Res 10 (2004), 6143-6151.
23. S. Abdul-Rasool, S.H. Kidson, E. Panieri, D. Dent, K. Pillay and G.S. Hanekom, An evaluation of molecular markers for improved detection of breast cancer metastases in sentinel nodes, J Clin Pathol 59 (2006), 289-297.
24. W. Pao and N. Girard, New driver mutations in non-small-cell lung cancer, The Lancet Oncology 12 (2011), 175-180.
25. P.T. Nelson, D.A. Baldwin, W.P. Kloosterman, S. Kauppinen, R.H. Plasterk and Z. Mourelatos, RAKE and LNA-ISH reveal microRNA expression and localization in archival human brain, RNA 12 (2006), 187-191.
26. P.T. Nelson, M. De Planell-Saguer, S. Lamprinaki, M. Kiriakidou, P. Zhang, U. O'Doherty and Z. Mourelatos, A novel monoclonal antibody against human Argonaute proteins reveal sun expected characteristics of miRNAs in human blood cells, RNA 13 (2007), 1787-1792.
27. S.S. Jeffrey, Cancer biomarker profiling with microRNAs, Nat Biotechnol 26 (2008), 400-401.
28. N.L. Simone, R.F. Bonner, J.W. Gillespie, M.R. Emmert-Buck and L.A. Liotta, Lasercapture microdissection: Opening the microscopic frontier to molecular analysis, Trends Genet 14 (1998), 272-276.
29. J.M. Lubieniecka and T.O. Nielsen, cDNA microarray-based translational research in soft tissue sarcoma, Journal of Surgical Oncology 92 (2005), 267-271.
30. R.E. Banks, M.J. Dunn, M.A. Forbes, A. Stanley, D. Pappin, T. Naven, M. Gough, P. Harnden and P.J. Selby, The potential use of laser capture microdissection to selectively obtain distinct populations of cells for proteomic analysis - Preliminary findings, Electrophoresis 20 (1999), 689-700.
31. F. Fend, M.R. Emmert-Buck, R. Chuaqui, K. Cole, J. Lee, L.A. Liotta and M. Raffeld, Immuno-LCM: Laser capture microdissection of immunostained frozen sections for mRNA analysis, Am J Pathol 154 (1999), 61-66.
32. J. Liu, S.K. Lau, V.A. Varma, B.A. Kairdolf and S. Nie, Multiplexed detection and characterization of rare tumor cells in Hodgkin's lymphoma with multicolor quantum dots, Anal Chem 82 (2010), 6237-6243.
33. M.H. Oktay, F.B. Gertler, Y.F. Liu, T.E. Rohan, J.S. Condeelis and J.G. Jones, Correlated immunohistochemical and cytological assays for the prediction of hematogenous dissemination of breast cancer, J Histochem Cytochem 60 (2012), 168-173.
34. W.J. Frable, Pathologic classification of soft tissue sarcomas, Semin Surg Oncol 10 (1994), 332-339.
35. Z.H. Zhu, B.Y. Sun, Y. Ma, J.Y. Shao, H. Long, X. Zhang, J.H. Fu, L.J. Zhang, X.D. Su, Q.L. Wu, P. Ling, M. Chen, Z.M. Xie, Y. Hu and T.H. Rong, Three immunomarker support vector machines-based prognostic classifiers for stage IB non-small-cell lung cancer, J Clin Oncol 27 (2009), 1091-1099.
36. M.A. Rubin, M.P. Zerkowski, R.L. Camp, R. Kuefer, M.D. Hofer, A.M. Chinnaiyan and D.L. Rimm, Quantitative determination of expression of the prostate cancer protein alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase using automated quantitative analysis (AQUA): A novel paradigm for automated and continuous biomarker measurements, Am J Pathol 164 (2004), 831-840.
37. T.J. Fountaine, S.M. Wincovitch, D.H. Geho, S.H. Garfield and S. Pittaluga, Multispectral imaging of clinically relevant cellular targets in tonsil and lymphoid tissue using semiconductor quantum dots, Mod Pathol 19 (2006), 1181-1191.
38. R.J. Byers and E.R. Hitchman, Quantum dots brighten biological imaging, Prog Histochem Cytochem 45 (2011), 201-237.
39. J. Guo, S. Wang, N. Dai, Y.N. Teo and E.T. Kool, Multispectral labeling of antibodies with polyfluorophores on a DNA backbone and application in cellular imaging, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108 (2011), 3493-3498.
40. J.R. Mansfield, K.W. Gossage, C.C. Hoyt and R.M. Levenson, Autofluorescence removal, multiplexing, and automated analysis methods for in-vivo fluorescence imaging, J Biomed Opt 10 (2005), 41207.
41. R.M. Levenson and J.R. Mansfield, Multispectral imaging in biology and medicine: Slices of life, Cytometry A 69 (2006), 748-758.
42. B. Clancy and L.J. Cauller, Reduction of background autofluorescence in brain sections following immersion in sodium borohydride, J Neurosci Methods 83 (1998), 97-102.
43. W. Baschong, R. Suetterlin and R.H. Laeng, Control of autofluorescence of archival formaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue in confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), J Histochem Cytochem 49 (2001), 1565-1572.
44. T.J. Staughton, C.J. McGillicuddy and P.D. Weinberg, Techniques for reducing the interfering effects of autofluorescence in fluorescence microscopy: Improved detection of sulphorhodamine B-labelled albumin in arterial tissue, J Microsc 201 (2001), 70-76.
45. M. Neumann and D. Gabel, Simple method for reduction of autofluorescence in fluorescence microscopy, J Histochem Cytochem 50 (2002), 437-439.
46. P.C. Roche, V.J. Suman, R.B. Jenkins, N.E. Davidson, S. Martino, P.A. Kaufman, F.K. Addo, B. Murphy, J.N. Ingle and E.A. Perez, Concordance between local and central laboratory HER2 testing in the breast intergroup trial N9831, J Natl Cancer Inst 94 (2002), 855-857.
47. C.R. Taylor and R.M. Levenson, Quantification of immunohistochemistry - Issues concerning methods, utility and semiquantitative assessment II, Histopathology 49 (2006), 411-424.
48. W.J. Cukierski and D.J. Foran, Metamerism in multispectral imaging of histopathology specimens, Proceedings/IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging: From Nano to Macro, IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging 2010 (2010), 145-148.
49. M. Speicher, S. Gwyn Ballard and D. Ward, Karyotyping human chromosomes by combinatorial multi-fluor FISH, Nat Genet 12 (1996), 368-375.
50. J.A. Kiernan, Suppressing autofluorescence, Biotech Histochem 77 (2002), 232.
51. R. Levenson, P.J. Cronin and K.P. Pankratov, Spectral imaging for brightfield microscopy, Proc SPIE 4959 (2003), 27-33.
52. R. Levenson, Putting the "more" back in morphology: Spectral imaging and image analysis in the service of pathology, Arch Pathol Lab Med 132 (2008), 748-757.
53. S. Villette, S. Pigaglio-Deshayes, C. Vever-Bizet, P. Validire and G. Bourg-Heckly, Ultraviolet-3 autofluorescence characterization of normal and tumoral esophageal epithelium cells with quantitation of NAD(P)H, Photochem Photobiol Sci 5 (2006), 483-492.
54. D. Chorvat, Jr., J. Kirchnerova, M. Cagalinec, J. Smolka, A. Mateasik and A. Chorvatova, Spectral unmixing of flavin autofluorescence components in cardiac myocytes, Biophys J 89 (2005), L55-L57.
55. A.A. Ghazaryan, P.S. Hu, S.J. Chen, H.Y. Tan and C.Y. Dong, Spatial and temporal analysis of skin glycation by the use of multiphoton microscopy and spectroscopy, J Dermatol Sci (2011).
56. B. Lin, M.S. Bergholt, D.P. Lau and Z. Huang, Diagnosis of early stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma using ultraviolet autofluorescence excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy and parallel factor analysis, Analyst 136 (2011), 3896-3903.
57. R.S. DaCosta, H. Andersson, M. Cirocco, N.E. Marcon and B.C. Wilson, Autofluorescence characterisation of isolated whole crypts and primary cultured human epithelial cells from normal, hyperplastic, and adenomatous colonic mucosa, J Clin Pathol 58 (2005), 766-774.
58. B.H. Li and S.S. Xie, Autofluorescence excitation-emission matrices for diagnosis of colonic cancer, World J Gastroenterol 11 (2005), 3931-3934.
59. M. Monici, G. Agati, F. Fusi, R. Pratesi, M. Paglierani, V. Santini and P.A. Bernabei, Dependence of leukemic cell autofluorescence patterns on the degree of differentiation, Photochem Photobiol Sci 2 (2003), 981-987.
60. M. Monici, V. Basile, G. Romano, L. Evangelisti, L. Lucarini, M. Attanasio, E. Bertini, F. Fusi, G.F. Gensini and G. Pepe, Fibroblast autofluorescence in connective tissue disorders: A future tool for clinical and differential diagnosis?, Journal of Biomedical Optics 13 (2008), 054025.
61. A. Del Fiore, M. Reverberi, A. Ricelli, F. Pinzari, S. Serranti, A.A. Fabbri, G. Bonifazi and C. Fanelli, Early detection of toxigenic fungi on maize by hyperspectral imaging analysis, International Journal of Food Microbiology 144 (2010), 64-71.
62. J.M. Lerner, N. Gat and E. Wachman, Approaches to spectral imaging hardware, In: Current Protocols in Cytometry/Editorial Board, J. Paul Robinson, managing Editor... [et al.] Chapter 12 (2010), Unit 12 20.
63. M.E. Dickinson, G. Bearman, S. Tille, R. Lansford and S.E. Fraser, Multi-3 imaging and linear unmixing add a whole new dimension to laser scanning fluorescence microscopy, Biotechniques 31 (2001), 1272, 1274-1276, 1278.
64. B. Rajwa, Modern confocal microscopy, In: Current Protocols in Cytometry/Editorial Board, J. Paul Robinson, managing Editor... [et al.] Chapter 12 (2005), Unit 12 3.
65. Z. Malik, M. Dishi and Y. Garini, Fourier transform multipixel spectroscopy and spectral imaging of protoporphyrin in single melanoma cells, Photochem Photobiol 63 (1996), 608-614.
66. B.K. Ford, C.E. Volin, S.M. Murphy, R.M. Lynch and M.R. Descour, Computed tomography-based spectral imaging for fluorescence microscopy, Biophys J 80 (2001), 986-993.
67. A. Gorman, D.W. Fletcher-Holmes and A.R. Harvey, Generalization of the Lyot filter and its application to snapshot spectral imaging, Optics Express 18 (2010), 5602-5608.
68. D.J. Mordant, I. Al-Abboud, G. Muyo, A. Gorman, A. Sallam, P. Ritchie, A.R. Harvey and A.I. McNaught, Spectral imaging of the retina, Eye 25 (2011), 309-320.
69. A.A. Wagadarikar, N.P. Pitsianis, X. Sun and D.J. Brady, Video rate spectral imaging using a coded aperture snapshot spectral imager, Optics Express 17 (2009), 6368-6388.
70. C.F. Cull, K. Choi, D.J. Brady and T. Oliver, Identification of fluorescent beads using a coded aperture snapshot spectral imager, Applied Optics 49 (2010), B59-B70.
71. L. Gao, R.T. Kester, N. Hagen and T.S. Tkaczyk, Snapshot Image Mapping, Spectrometer, (IMS) with high sampling density for hyperspectral microscopy, Optics Express 18 (2010), 14330-14344.
72. C.D. Tran, Development and analytical applications of multispectral imaging techniques: An overview, Fresenius J Anal Chem 369 (2001), 313-319.
73. Y. Hiraoka, T. Shimi and T. Haraguchi, Multispectral imaging fluorescence microscopy for living cells, Cell Struct Funct 27 (2002), 367-374.
74. G. Bearman and R. Levenson, Biological imaging spectroscopy, In: Biomedical Photonics Handbook, T. Vo-Dinh, Editor, CRC Press, Boca Raton, (2003), p. 8_1-8_26.
75. M.M. Schulz, F. Wehner and H.D. Wehner, The use of a tunable light source (Mini-Crimescope MCS-400, SPEX Forensics) in dissecting microscopic detection of cryptic epithelial particles, Journal of Forensic Sciences 52 (2007), 879-883.
76. Y. Garini, N. Katzir, D. Cabib, R.A. Buckwald, D.G. Soenksen and Z. Malik, Spectral bioimaging, In: Fluorescence Imaging Spectroscopy and Microscopy, X.F. Wang and B. Herman, Editors, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1996.
77. G. Themelis, J.S. Yoo and V. Ntziachristos, Multispectral imaging using multiple-bandpass filters, Optics Letters 33 (2008), 1023-1025.
78. R. Neher and E. Neher, Optimizing imaging parameters for the separation of multiple labels in a fluorescence image, Journal of Microscopy 213 (2004), 46-62.
79. T.C. Wood, S. Thiemjarus, K.R. Koh, D.S. Elson and G.Z. Yang, Optimal feature selection applied to multispectral fluorescence imaging, In: Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention (MICCAI), London, 2008.
80. J. Minet, J. Taboury, F. Goudail, M. Péalat, N. Roux, J. Lonny and Y. Ferrec, Influence of band selection and target estimation error on the performance of the matched filter in hyperspectral imaging, Applied Optics 50 (2011), 4276-4285.
81. C. Hoyt, Liquid crystal tunable filters clear the way for imaging multiprobe fluorescence, Biophotonics International July/August (1996), 49-51.
82. E.S. Wachman, W. Niu and D.L. Farkas, AOTF microscope for imaging with increased speed and spectral versatility, Biophysical Journal 73 (1997), 1215-1222.
83. T. Huang, L.M. Browning and X.H. Xu, Far-3 photostable optical nanoscopy (PHOTON) for real-time super-resolution single-molecular imaging of signaling pathways of single live cells, Nanoscale (2012).
84. A.J. Chaudhari, S. Ahn, R. Levenson, R.D. Badawi, S.R. Cherry and R.M. Leahy, Excitation spectroscopy in multispectral optical fluorescence tomography: Methodology, feasibility and computer simulation studies, Physics in Medicine and Biology 54 (2009), 4687-4704.
85. C. Dunsby, P.M.P. Lanigan, J. McGinty, D.S. Elson, J. Requejo-Isidro, I. Munro, N. Galletly, F. McCann, B. Treanor, B. Önfelt, D.M. Davis, M.A.A. Neil and P.M.W. French, An electronically tunable ultrafast laser source applied to fluorescence imaging and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 37 (2004), 3296.
86. K.R. Koh, T.Wood, H. Zhang, K. Lekadir, D. Elson and G.-Z. Yang, Fluorescence excitation spectroscopic imaging with a tuneable light source and dimensionality reduction using FRIsoMap, Proc SPIE 6848 (2008), 68480Z-1-8.
87. W.C. Chan and S. Nie, Quantum dot bioconjugates for ultrasensitive nonisotopic detection, Science 281 (1998), 2016-2018.
88. T.D. Lacoste, X. Michalet, F. Pinaud, D.S. Chemla, A.P. Alivisatos and S. Weiss, Ultrahighresolution multicolor colocalization of single fluorescent probes, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 97 (2000), 9461-9466.
89. J. Itoh and R.Y. Osamura, Quantum dots for multicolor tumor pathology and multispectral imaging, Methods Mol Biol 374 (2007), 29-42.
90. M.J. Booth, A. Jesacher, R. Juskaitis and T. Wilson, Full spectrum filterless fluorescence microscopy, Journal of Microscopy 237 (2010), 103-109.
91. L. Gao, N. Hagen and T.S. Tkaczyk, Quantitative comparison between full-spectrum and filter-based imaging in hyperspectral fluorescence microscopy, J Microsc (2012).
92. A. Mazhar, S. Dell, D.J. Cuccia, S. Gioux, A.J. Durkin, J.V. Frangioni and B.J. Tromberg, Wavelength optimization for rapid chromophore mapping using spatial frequency domain imaging, Journal of Biomedical Optics 15 (2010), 061716.
93. I.B. Styles, Selection of optimal filters for multispectral imaging, Applied Optics 47 (2008), 5585-5591.
94. Z. Shi and S. Yang, Robust high-order matched filter for hyperspectral target detection, Electronics Letters 46 (2010), 1065-1066.
95. Y. Yagi, Color standardization and optimization in whole slide imaging, Diagnostic Pathology 6(Suppl 1) (2011), S15.
96. D.L. Farkas, C. Du, G.W. Fisher, C. Lau, W. Niu, E.S. Wachman and R.M. Levenson, Noninvasive image acquisition and advanced processing in optical bioimaging, Comput Med Imaging Graph 22 (1998), 89-102.
97. H. Xu and B.W. Rice, In-vivo fluorescence imaging with a multivariate curve resolution spectral unmixing technique, Journal of Biomedical Optics 14 (2009), 064011.
98. E. Schrock, S. du Manoir, T. Veldman, B. Schoell, J. Wienberg, M.A. Ferguson-Smith, Y. Ning, D.H. Ledbetter, I. Bar-Am, D. Soenksen, Y. Garini and T. Ried, Multicolor spectral karyotyping of human chromosomes, Science 273 (1996), 494-497.
99. J. Livet, T.A. Weissman, H. Kang, R.W. Draft, J. Lu, R.A. Bennis, J.R. Sanes and J.W. Lichtman, Transgenic strategies for combinatorial expression of fluorescent proteins in the nervous system, Nature 450 (2007), 56-62.
100. M. Sugiyama, A. Sakaue-Sawano, T. Iimura, K. Fukami, T. Kitaguchi, K. Kawakami, H. Okamoto, S. Higashijima and A. Miyawaki, Illuminating cell-cycle progression in the developing zebrafish embryo, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106 (2009), 20812-20817.
101. A.M. Valm, J.L. Mark Welch, C.W. Rieken, Y. Hasegawa, M.L. Sogin, R. Oldenbourg, F.E. Dewhirst and G.G. Borisy, Systems-3 analysis of microbial community organization through combinatorial labeling and spectral imaging, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108 (2011), 4152-4157.
102. C.M. van der Loos, Multiple immunoenzyme staining: Methods and visualizations for the observation with spectral imaging, J Histochem Cytochem 56 (2008), 313-328.
103. X. Tang, J. He, J. Partin and A. Vafai, Comparative analysis of direct fluorescence, Zenon labeling, and quantum dot nanocrystal technology in immunofluorescence staining, Journal of Immunoassay & Immunochemistry 31 (2010), 250-257.
104. J.A. Bradford, G. Buller, M. Suter, M. Ignatius and J.M. Beechem, Fluorescence-3 multiplexing: Simultaneous seven-marker, two-color immunophenotyping using flow cytometry, Cytometry Part A: The Journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology 61 (2004), 142-152.
105. M.K. Szeszel, C.L. Crisman, L. Crow, S. McMullen, J.M. Major, L. Natarajan, A. Saquib, J.R. Feramisco and L.M. Wasserman, Quantifying estrogen and progesterone receptor expression in breast cancer by digital imaging, J Histochem Cytochem 53 (2005), 753-762.
106. S.J. Rosenthal, J.C. Chang, O. Kovtun, J.R. McBride and I.D. Tomlinson, Biocompatible quantum dots for biological applications, Chemistry & Biology 18 (2011), 10-24.
107. E. Tholouli, J.A. Hoyland, D. Di Vizio, F. O'Connell, S.A. Macdermott, D. Twomey, R. Levenson, J.A. Yin, T.R. Golub, M. Loda and R. Byers, Imaging of multiple mRNA targets using quantum dot based in situ hybridization and spectral deconvolution in clinical biopsies, Biochem Biophys Res Commun 348 (2006), 628-636.
108. B. Bruhn, J. Valenta, F. Sangghaleh and J. Linnros, Blinking statistics of silicon quantum dots, Nano Letters 11 (2011), 5574-5580.
109. X. Shi, Z. Xie, Y. Song, Y. Tan, E.S. Yeung and H. Gai, Superlocalization spectral imaging microscopy of a multicolor quantum dot complex, Analytical Chemistry 84 (2012), 1504-1509.
110. P. Hoyer, T. Staudt, J. Engelhardt and S.W. Hell, Quantum dot blueing and blinking enables fluorescence nanoscopy, Nano Letters 11 (2011), 245-250.
111. M. Bottrill and M. Green, Some aspects of quantum dot toxicity, Chemical Communications 47 (2011), 7039-7050.
112. W. Liu, S. Zhang, L. Wang, C. Qu, C. Zhang, L. Hong, L. Yuan, Z. Huang, Z. Wang, S. Liu and G. Jiang, CdSe quantum dot (QD)-induced morphological and functional impairments to liver in mice, PLoS ONE 6 (2011), e24406.
113. D. Zarkowsky, L. Lamoreaux, P. Chattopadhyay, R.A. Koup, S.P. Perfetto and M. Roederer, Heavy metal contaminants can eliminate quantum dot fluorescence, Cytometry Part A: The Journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology 79 (2011), 84-89.
114. I.P. Sugar, J. Gonzalez-Lergier and S.C. Sealfon, Improved compensation in flow cytometry by multivariable optimization, Cytometry A 79 (2011), 356-360.
115. Sequential Analysis of Biological Samples, US, Editor (2009).
116. S. Pierre and K. Scholich, Toponomics: Studying protein-protein interactions and protein networks in intact tissue, Mol Biosyst 6 (2010), 641-647.
117. W. Schubert, A. Gieseler, A. Krusche, P. Serocka and R. Hillert, Next-3 biomarkers based on 100-parameter functional super-resolution microscopy TIS, N Biotechnol (2011).
118. C. Hennig, N. Adams and G. Hansen, A versatile platform for comprehensive chip-based explorative cytometry, Cytometry Part A: The Journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology 75 (2009), 362-370.
119. E. Barash, S. Dinn, C. Sevinsky and F. Ginty, Multiplexed analysis of proteins in tissue using multispectral fluorescence imaging, IEEE Trans Med Imaging 29 (2010), 1457-1462.
120. S.C. Bendall, E.F. Simonds, P. Qiu, A.D. Amir el, P.O. Krutzik, R. Finck, R.V. Bruggner, R. Melamed, A. Trejo, O.I. Ornatsky, R.S. Balderas, S.K. Plevritis, K. Sachs, D. Pe'er, S.D. Tanner and G.P. Nolan, Single-3 mass cytometry of differential immune and drug responses across a human hematopoietic continuum, Science 332 (2011), 687-696.
121. R.S. Weinstein, The S-curve framework: Predicting the future of anatomic pathology, Arch Pathol Lab Med 132 (2008), 739-742.
122. B.A. Friedman, A survey of the myriad forces changing anatomic pathology and their consequences, Arch Pathol Lab Med 132, 735-738.
123. V.K. Anagnostou, A.W. Welsh, J.M. Giltnane, S. Siddiqui, C. Liceaga, M. Gustavson, K.N. Syrigos, J.L. Reiter and D.L. Rimm, Analytic variability in immunohistochemistry biomarker studies, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 19 (2010), 982-991.
124. A.J. North, Seeing is believing? A beginners' guide to practical pitfalls in image acquisition, J Cell Biol 172 (2006), 9-18.