Escherichia coli redox mutants as microbial cell factories for the synthesis of reduced biochemicals

Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal

Volumn 3, Issue 4, 2012, Pages e201210019-

  Ruiz, Jimena A ^a,b   De Almeida, Alejandra ^a   Godoy, Manuel S ^a   Mezzina, Mariela P ^a   Bidart, Gonzalo N ^c   Méndez, Beatriz S ^a   Pettinari, M Julia ^a   Nikel, Pablo I ^a,c  

^a Universidad de Buenos Aires   (Argentina)

^b Universidad de Buenos Aires   (Argentina)

^c UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE SAN MARTÍN   (Argentina)

Author keywords

ArcBA; CreBC; Escherichia coli; Metabolic flux analysis; Polyhydroxyalkanoates; Redox homeostasis; Reduced biochemicals

Indexed keywords

EID: 84891628298     PISSN: None     EISSN: 20010370     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.5936/csbj.201210019     Document Type: Short Survey

References (110)

1. Verlinden RAJ, Hill DJ, Kenward MA, Williams CD, Radecka I (2007) Bacterial synthesis of biodegradable polyhydroxyalkanoates. J Appl Microbiol 102: 1437-1449. (Pubitemid 46934606)
2. Gomez JGC, Mendez BS, Nikel PI, Pettinari MJ, Prieto MA et al. (2012) Making green polymers even greener: towards sustainable production of polyhydroxyalkanoates from agroindustrial by¬products. In: Petre M, editor. Advances in applied biotechnology. Rijeka, Croatia: InTech. pp. 41-62.
3. Clomburg JM, Gonzalez R (2010) Biofuel production in Escherichia coli: the role of metabolic engineering and synthetic biology. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 86: 419-434.
4. Geddes CC, Nieves IU, Ingram LO (2011) Advances in ethanol production. Curr Opin Biotechnol 22: 312-319.
5. Biebl H (1999) Microbial production of 1,3-propanediol. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 52: 289-297. (Pubitemid 29465983)
6. Kaur G, Srivastava AK, Chand S (2012) Advances in biotechnological production of 1,3-propanediol. Biochem Eng J 64: 106-118.
7. Thakker C, Martinez I, San KY, Bennett GN (2012) Succinate production in Escherichia coli. Biotechnol J 7: 213-224.
8. Okano K, Tanaka T, Ogino C, Fukuda H, Kondo A (2010) Biotechnological production of enantiomeric pure lactic acid from renewable resources: recent achievements, perspectives, and limits. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 85: 413-423.
9. Vickers CE, Klein-Marcuschamer D, Kromer JO (2012) Examining the feasibility of bulk commodity production in Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Lett 34: 585-596.
10. Gottschalk G (1986) Bacterial metabolism. Springer Verlag, New York.
11. Guest JR, Angier SJ, Russell GC (1989) Structure, expression, and protein engineering of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex of Escherichia coli. Ann N Y Acad Sci 573: 76-99. (Pubitemid 20175646)
12. Mattevi A, Obmolova G, Schulze E, Kalk KH, Westphal AH et al. (1992) Atomic structure of the cubic core of the pyruvate dehydrogenase multienzyme complex. Science 255: 1544-1550.
13. Patschkowski T, Bates DN, Kiley PJ (2000) Mechanisms for sensing and responding to oxygen deprivation.In: Storz G, Hengge-Aronis R, editors. Bacterial stress responses. Washington, D.C.: ASM Press, pp. 61-78.
14. Unden G, Bongaerts J (1997) Alternative respiratory pathways of Escherichia coli: energetics and transcriptional regulation in response to electron acceptors. Biochim Biophys Acta 1320: 217-234. (Pubitemid 27283364)
15. Gunsalus RP (1992) Control of electron flow in Escherichia coli: coordinated transcription of respiratory pathway genes. J Bacteriol 174: 7069-7074.
16. Cavicchioli R, Chiang RC, Kalman LV, Gunsalus RP (1996) Role of the periplasmic domain of the Escherichia coli NarX sensor-transmitter protein in nitrate-dependent signal transduction and gene regulation. Mol Microbiol 21: 901-911. (Pubitemid 26297758)
17. Iuchi S, Weiner L (1996) Cellular and molecular physiology of Escherichia coli in the adaptation to aerobic environments. J Biochem 120: 1055-1063. (Pubitemid 27029140)
18. Becker S, Vlad D, Schuster S, Pfeiffer P, Unden G (1997) Regulatory O2 tensions for the synthesis of fermentation products in Escherichia coli and relation to aerobic respiration.Arch Microbiol 168: 290-296. (Pubitemid 27417835)
19. Clark DP (1989) The fermentation pathways of Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol Rev 5: 223-234.
20. Bock A, Sawers G (1996) Fermentation. In: Neidhardt FC, Curtiss III R, Ingraham JL, Lin ECC, Low KB et al., editors. Escherichia coli and Salmonella: cellular and molecular biology, vol.1. Washington, D.C.: ASM Press, pp. 262-282.
21. de Graef MR, Alexeeva S, Snoep JL, Teixeira de Mattos MJ (1999) The steady-state internal redox state (NADH/NAD) reflects the external redox state and is correlated with catabolic adaptation in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 181: 2351-2357. (Pubitemid 29181555)
22. Murarka A, Clomburg JM, Moran S, Shanks JV, Gonzalez R (2010) Metabolic analysis of wild-type Escherichia coli and a pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC)-deficient derivative reveals the role of PDHC in the fermentative metabolism of glucose. J Biol Chem 285: 31548-31558.
23. Sawers G, Bock A (1988) Anaerobic regulation of pyruvate formate-lyase from Escherichia coli K-12. J Bacteriol 170: 5330-5336.
24. Sawers G, Wagner AFV, Bock A (1989) Transcription initiation at multiple promoters of the pfl gene by E(J70-dependent transcription in vitro and heterologous expression in Pseudomonas putida in vivo. J Bacteriol 171: 4930-4937.
25. Sawers G, Suppmann B (1992) Anaerobic induction of pyruvate formate-lyase gene expression is mediated by the ArcA and FNR proteins. J Bacteriol 174: 3474-3478.
26. Sawers G (1993) Specific transcriptional requirements for positive regulation of the anaerobically inducible pfl operon by ArcA and FNR. Mol Microbiol 10: 737-747. (Pubitemid 23357697)
27. Sirko A, Zehelein E, Freundlich M, Sawers G (1993) Integration host factor is required for anaerobic pyruvate induction of pfl operon expression in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 175: 5769-5777. (Pubitemid 23277422)
28. Kaiser M, Sawers G (1995) Nitrate repression of the Escherichia coli pfl operon is mediated by the dual sensors NarQ and NarX and the dual regulators NarL and NarP. J Bacteriol 177: 3647-3655.
29. Wagner AFV, Frey M, Neugebauer FA, Schafer W, Knappe J (1992) The free radical in pyruvate formate-lyase is located on glycine-734. Proc Nad Acad Sci USA 89: 996-1000.
30. Alexeeva S, de Kort B, Sawers G, Hellingwerf KJ, Teixeira de Mattos MJ (2000) Effects of limited aeration and of the ArcAB system on intermediary pyruvate catabolism in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 182:4934-4940. (Pubitemid 30641819)
31. Shalel-Levanon S, San KY, Bennett GN (2005) Effect of ArcA and FNR on the expression of genes related to the oxygen regulation and the glycolysis pathway in Escherichia coli under microaerobic growth conditions. Biotechnol Bioeng 92: 147-159. (Pubitemid 41657876)
32. Birkmann A, Zinoni F, Sawers G, Bock A (1987) Factors affecting transcriptional regulation of the formate-hydrogen-lyase pathway of Escherichia coli. Arch Microbiol 148: 44-51. (Pubitemid 17100496)
33. Rossmann R, Sawers G, Bock A (1991) Mechanism of regulation of the formate-hydrogen lyase pathway by oxygen, nitrate, and pH: definition of the formate regulon. Mol Microbiol 5: 2807-2814. (Pubitemid 21896012)
34. Suppmann B, Sawers G (1994) Isolation and characterization of hypophosphite-resistant mutants of Escherichia coli: identification of the FocA protein, encoded by the pfl operon, as a putative formate transporter. Mol Microbiol 11: 965-982. (Pubitemid 24199664)
35. Dittrich CR, Bennett GN, San KY (2005) Characterization of the acetate-producing pathways in Escherichia coli. Biotechnol Prog 21: 1062-1067. (Pubitemid 41102246)
36. Garvie EL (1980) Bacterial lactate dehydrogenases. Microbiol Rev 44: 106-139.
37. Ashworth JM, Kornberg HL (1966) The anaplerotic fixation of carbon dioxide by Escherichia coli. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 165: 179-188.
38. Cronan JE, LaPorte D (1996) Tricarboxylic acid cycle and glyoxylate bypass. In: Neidhardt FC, Curtiss III R, Ingraham JL, Lin ECC, Low KB et al., editors. Escherichia coli and Salmonella: cellular and molecular biology, vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: ASM Press, pp. 206-216.
39. Dellomonaco C, Rivera C, Campbell P, Gonzalez R (2010) Engineered respiro-fermentative metabolism for the production of biofuels and biochemicals from fatty acid-rich feedstocks. Appl Environ Microbiol 76: 5067-5078.
40. Kim JH, Block DE, Mills DA (2010) Simultaneous consumption of pentose and hexose sugars: an optimal microbial phenotype for efficient fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 88: 1077-1085.
41. Dellomonaco C, Clomburg JM, Miller EN, Gonzalez R (2011) Engineered reversal of the p-oxidation cycle for the synthesis of fuels and chemicals. Nature 476: 355-359.
42. Jang YS, Kim B, Shin JH, Choi YJ, Choi S et al. (2012) Bio-based production of C2-C6 platform chemicals. Biotechnol Bioeng 109: 2437-2459.
43. Lee JW, Na D, Park JM, Lee J, Choi S et al. (2012) Systems metabolic engineering of microorganisms for natural and non-natural chemicals. Nat Chem Biol 8: 536-546.
44. Keseler IM, Collado-Vides J, Santos-Zavaleta A, Peralta-Gil M, Gama-Castro S et al. (2011) EcoCyc: a comprehensive database of Escherichia coli biology. Nucleic Acids Res 39: D583-D590.
45. Martinez-Antonio A, Collado-Vives J (2003) Identifying global regulators in transcriptional regulatory networks in bacteria. Curr Opin Microbiol 6: 482-489. (Pubitemid 37345414)
46. Unden G, Becker S, Bongaerts J, Holighaus G, Schirawski J et al. (1995) Ch-sensing and Ch-dependent gene regulation in facultatively anaerobic bacteria. Arch Microbiol 164: 81-90.
47. Green J, Paget MS (2004) Bacterial redox sensors. Nat Rev Microbiol 2: 954-966. (Pubitemid 39562534)
48. Kiley PJ, Beinert H (1998) Oxygen sensing by the global regulator, FNR: the role of the iron-sulfur cluster. FEMS Microbiol Rev 22: 341-352. (Pubitemid 29074341)
49. Unden G, Achebach S, Holighaus G, Tran HQ, Wackwitz B et al. (2002) Control of FNR function of Escherichia coli by O2 and reducing conditions. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 4: 263-268. (Pubitemid 34256701)
50. Iuchi S, Lin ECC (1988) arcA (dye), a global regulatory gene in Escherichia coli mediating repression of enzymes in aerobic pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 1888-1892. (Pubitemid 24315789)
51. Lynch AS, Lin ECC (1996) Responses to molecular oxygen. In: Neidhardt FC, Curtiss III R, Ingraham JL, Lin ECC, Low KB et al., editors. Escherichia coli and Salmonella: cellular and molecular biology, vol. 1. Washington, D.C.: ASM Press, pp. 1526-1538.
52. Alexeeva S, Hellingwerf KJ, Teixeira de Mattos MJ (2003) Requirement of ArcA for redox regulation in Escherichia coli under microaerobic but not anaerobic or aerobic conditions. J Bacteriol 185:204-209. (Pubitemid 36008838)
53. Shalel-Levanon S, San KY, Bennett GN (2005) Effect of oxygen on the Escherichia coli ArcA and FNR regulation systems and metabolic responses. Biotechnol Bioeng 89: 556-564. (Pubitemid 40444810)
54. Salmon KA, Hung SP, Steffen NR, Krupp R, Baldi P et al. (2005) Global gene expression profiling in Escherichia coli K12: effects of oxygen availability and ArcA. J Biol Chem 280: 15084-15096. (Pubitemid 40562862)
55. Avison MB, Horton RE, Walsh TR, Bennett PM (2001) Escherichia coli CreBC is a global regulator of gene expression that responds to growth in minimal media. J Biol Chem 276: 26955-26961.
56. Wiechert W (2001) 13C metabolic flux analysis. Metab Eng 3: 195-206.
57. Sauer U (2004) High-throughput phenomics: experimental methods for mapping fluxomes. Curr Opin Biotechnol 15: 58-63. (Pubitemid 38224251)
58. Shimizu K (2004) Metabolic flux analysis based on 13C-labeling experiments and integration of the information with gene and protein expression patterns. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 91: 1-49.
59. Zamboni N, Sauer U (2009) Novel biological insights through metabolomics and 13C-flux analysis. Curr Opin Microbiol 12: 553-558.
60. Perrenoud A, Sauer U (2005) Impact of global transcriptional regulation by ArcA, ArcB, Cra, Crp, Cya, Fnr, and Mlc on glucose catabolism in Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 187: 3171-3179. (Pubitemid 40571610)
61. Zhu J, Shalel-Levanon S, Bennett GN, San KY (2006) Effect of the global redox sensing/regulation networks on Escherichia coli and metabolic flux distribution based on C-13 labeling experiments. Metab Eng 8: 619-627. (Pubitemid 44515199)
62. Nikel PI, Zhu J, San KY, Mendez BS, Bennett GN (2009) Metabolic flux analysis of Escherichia coli creB and arcA mutants reveals shared control of carbon catabolism under microaerobic growth conditions. J Bacteriol 191: 5538-5548.
63. Yamamoto K, Hirao K, Oshima T, Aiba H, Utsumi R et al. (2005) Functional characterization in vitro of all two-component signal transduction systems from Escherichia coli. J Biol Chem 280: 1448-1456.
64. Groban ES, Clarke EJ, Salis HM, Miller SM, Voigt CA (2009) Kinetic buffering of cross talk between bacterial two-component sensors. J Mol Biol 390: 380-393.
65. Rolfe MD, Ter Beek A, Graham AI, Trotter EW, Shahzad Asif HM et al. (2011) Transcript profiling and inference of Escherichia coli K-12 ArcA activity across the range of physiologically relevant oxygen concentrations. J Biol Chem 286: 10147-10154.
66. Anderson AJ, Dawes EA (1990) Occurrence, metabolism, metabolic role, and industrial uses of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates. Microbiol Rev 54: 450-472. (Pubitemid 120004382)
67. Steinbiichel A, Valentin HE (1995) Diversity of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoic acids. FEMS Microbiol Lett 128: 219-228.
68. Keshavarz T, Roy I (2010) Polyhydroxyalkanoates: bioplastics with a green agenda. Curr Opin Microbiol 13: 321-326.
69. Harding KG, Dennis JS, von Blottnitz H, Harrison STL (2007) Environmental analysis of plastic production processes: comparing petroleum-based polypropylene and polyethylene with biologically based poly-|3-hydroxybutyric acid using life cycle analysis.J Biotechnol 130: 57-66. (Pubitemid 46634644)
70. Pettinari MJ, Vazquez GJ, Silberschmidt D, Rehm B, Steinbiichel A et al.(2001) Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) synthesis genes in Azotobacter sp. strain FA8. Appl Environ Microbiol 67: 5331-5334. (Pubitemid 33701309)
71. Nikel PI, Pettinari MJ, Galvagno MA, Mendez BS (2006) Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) synthesis by recombinant Escherichia coli arcA mutants in microaerobiosis. Appl Environ Microbiol 72: 2614-2620.
72. Nikel PI, Pettinari MJ, Ramirez MC, Galvagno MA, Mendez BS (2008) Escherichia coli arcA mutants: metabolic profile characterization of microaerobic cultures using glycerol as a carbon source. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 15: 48-54. (Pubitemid 351412303)
73. Nikel PI, de Almeida A, Giordano AM, Pettinari MJ (2010) Redox driven metabolic tuning: carbon source and aeration affect synthesis of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) in Escherichia coli. Bioeng Bugs 1:291-295.
74. Dobson R, Gray V, Rumbold K (2012) Microbial utilization of crude glycerol for the production of value-added products. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 39: 217-226.
75. Pettinari MJ, Mezzina MP, Mendez BS, Godoy MS, Nikel PI (2012) Glycerol as a substrate for bioprocesses in different O2 availability conditions. In: De Santos Silva M, Costa Ferreira P, editors. Glycerol: production, structure and applications. Hauppauge, N.Y.: Nova Science Publishers, pp. 139-156.
76. Nikel PI, Pettinari MJ, Galvagno MA, Mendez BS (2008) Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) synthesis from glycerol by a recombinant Escherichia coli arcA mutant in fed-batch microaerobic cultures. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 77: 1337-1343.
77. Nikel PI, Ramirez MC, Pettinari MJ, Mendez BS, Galvagno MA (2010) Ethanol synthesis from glycerol by Escherichia coli redox mutants expressing adhE from Leuconostoc mesenteroides. J Appl Microbiol 109: 492-504.
78. Nikel PI, Pettinari MJ, Galvagno MA, Mendez BS (2010) Metabolic selective pressure stabilizes plasmids carrying biosynthetic genes for reduced biochemicals in Escherichia coli redox mutants. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 88: 563-573.
79. Theodorou EC, Theodorou MC, Kyriakidis DA (2012) Involvement of the AtoSCDAEB regulon in the high molecular weight poly-(i?)-3-hydroxybutyrate biosynthesis in phaCAB Escherichia coli. Metab Eng 14: 354-365.
80. Pettinari MJ, Vazquez GJ, Kruger N, Vary PS, Steinbuchel A et al. (1998) trans activation of the Escherichia coli ato structural genes by a regulatory protein from Bacillus megaterium: potential use in polyhydroxyalkanoate production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 49: 737-742. (Pubitemid 28312955)
81. Wei XX, Shi ZY, Yuan MQ, Chen GQ (2009) Effect of anaerobic promoters on the microaerobic production of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) in recombinant Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 82: 703-712.
82. Wang RY, Shi ZY, Chen JC, Wu Q, Chen GQ (2012) Enhanced co-production of hydrogen and poly-(i?)-3-hydroxybutyrate by recombinant PHB producing E. coli over-expressing hydrogenase 3 and acetyl-CoA synthetase. Metab Eng 14: 496-503.
83. Zeng AP, Biebl H (2002) Bulk chemicals from biotechnology: the case of 1,3-propanediol production and the new trends. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 74: 239-259.
84. Maervoet VET, De Mey M, Beauprez J, De Maeseneire S, Soetaert WK (2011) Enhancing the microbial conversion of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol using metabolic engineering. Org Process Res Dev 15: 189-202.
85. Freund A (1881) Uber die Bildung und Darstellung von Trimethylenalkohol aus Glycerin. Monatsheft Fur Chimie 2: 636-641.
86. Nakamura CE, Whited GM (2003) Metabolic engineering for the microbial production of 1,3-propanediol. Curr Opin Biotechnol 14: 454-459. (Pubitemid 37298028)
87. Saxena RK, Anand P, Saran S, Isar J (2009) Microbial production of 1,3-propanediol: recent developments and emerging opportunities. Biotechnol Adv 27: 895-913.
88. Altaras NE (1999) Metabolic engineering of a 1,2-propanediol pathway in Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 65: 1180-1185.
89. Zhang Y, Huang Z, Du C, Li Y, Cao Z (2009) Introduction of an NADH regeneration system into Klebsiella oxytoca leads to an enhanced oxidative and reductive metabolism of glycerol. Metab Eng 11: 101-106.
90. Tang X, Tan Y, Zhu H, Zhao K, Shen W (2009) Microbial conversion of glycerol to 1,3-propanediol by an engineered strain of Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 75: 1628-1634.
91. Pettinari MJ, Nikel PI, Ruiz JA, Mendez BS (2008) ArcA redox mutants as a source of reduced bioproducts. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 15:41-47. (Pubitemid 351412302)
92. Cervin MA, Soucaille P, Valle F (2010) Process for the biological production of 1,3-propanediol with high yield.USA Patent US7745184.
93. Jana S, Deb JK (2005) Strategies for efficient production of heterologous proteins in Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 67: 289-298. (Pubitemid 40684730)
94. Waegeman H, Soetaert W (2011) Increasing recombinant protein production in Escherichia coli through metabolic and genetic engineering. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 38: 1891-1910.
95. Sevastsyanovich YR, Alfasi SN, Cole JA (2010) Sense and nonsense from a systems biology approach to microbial recombinant protein production. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 55:9-28.
96. Goncalves GAL, Bower DM, Prazeres DMF, Monteiro GA, Prather KLJ (2012) Rational engineering of Escherichia coli strains for plasmid biopharmaceutical manufacturing.Biotechnol J 7: 251-261.
97. Luli GW, Strohl WR (1990) Comparison of growth, acetate production, and acetate inhibition of Escherichia coli strains in batch and fed-batch fermentations. Appl Environ Microbiol 56: 1004-1011. (Pubitemid 20114456)
98. El-Mansi M (2004) Flux to acetate and lactate excretions in industrial fermentations: physiological and biochemical implications. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 31: 295-300. (Pubitemid 39222687)
99. Andersen KB, von Meyenburg K (1980) Are growth rates of Escherichia coli in batch cultures limited by respiration? J Bacteriol 144: 114-123. (Pubitemid 11208813)
100. De Mey M, De Maeseneire S, Soetaert W, Vandamme E (2007) Minimizing acetate formation in E.coli fermentations. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 34: 689-700. (Pubitemid 47622241)
101. Vemuri GN, Eiteman MA, Altman E (2006) Increased recombinant protein production in Escherichia coli strains with overexpressed water-forming NADH oxidase and a deleted ArcA regulatory protein. Biotechnol Bioeng 94: 538-542.
102. Vemuri GN, Altman E, Sangurdekar DP, Khodursky AB, Eiteman MA (2006) Overflow metabolism in Escherichia coli during steady-state growth: transcriptional regulation and effect of the redox ratio. Appl Environ Microbiol 72: 3653-3661. (Pubitemid 43728022)
103. Waegeman H, Beauprez J, Moens H, Maertens J, De Mey M et al. (2011) Effect of iclR and arcA knockouts on biomass formation and metabolic fluxes in Escherichia coli K12 and its implications on understanding the metabolism of Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). BMC Microbiol 11:70.
104. Waegeman H, Maertens J, Beauprez J, De Mey M, Soetaert W (2011) Effect of iclR and arcA deletions on physiology and metabolic fluxes in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). Biotechnol Lett 34: 329-337.
105. Bidart GN, Ruiz JA, de Almeida A, Mendez BS, Nikel PI (2012) Manipulation of the anoxic metabolism in Escherichia coli by ArcB deletion variants in the ArcBA two-component system. Appl Environ Microbiol 78: 8784-8794.
106. Zhou S, Iverson AG, Grayburn WS (2010) Doubling the catabolic reducing power (NADH) output of Escherichia coli fermentation for production of reduced products. Biotechnol Prog 26: 45-51.
107. Martinez I, Zhu J, Lin H, Bennett GN, San KY (2008) Replacing Escherichia coli NAD-dependent glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) with a NADP-dependent enzyme from Clostridium acetobutylicum facilitates NADPH dependent pathways. Metab Eng 10: 352-359.
108. Zhu J, Sanchez A, Bennett GN, San KY (2011) Manipulating respiratory levels in Escherichia coli for aerobic formation of reduced chemical products. Metab Eng 13: 704-712.
109. Herrgard M, Panagiotou G (2012) Analyzing the genomic variation of microbial cell factories in the era of "New Biotechnology". Comput Struct Biotechnol J 3: e201210012.
110. Jouhten PT (2012) Metabolic modelling in the development of cell factories by synthetic biology. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 3: e201210009.