Oxygen sensing by the global regulator, FNR: The role of the iron-sulfur cluster

FEMS Microbiology Reviews

Volumn 22, Issue 5, 1998, Pages 341-352

  Kiley, Patricia J ^a   Beinert, Helmut ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN   (United States)

Author keywords

FNR; Iron sulfur cluster; O2 sensing

Indexed keywords

IRON; OXYGEN; PROTEIN; SULFUR;

DIMERIZATION; ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE; GENE CONTROL; GENE EXPRESSION; NOTE; OXIDATION; PROTEIN DOMAIN; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; SPECTROSCOPY;

EID: 0032457906     PISSN: 01686445     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0168-6445(98)00022-9     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. [1] Sawers, R.G., Zehelein, E. and Böck, A. (1988) Two-dimensional gel electrophoretic analysis of Escherichia coli proteins: influence of various anaerobic growth conditions and the fnr gene product on cellular protein composition. Arch. Microbiol. 149, 240-244.
2. [2] Lambden, P.R. and Guest, J.R. (1976) Mutants of Escherichia coli unable to use fumarate as an anaerobic electron acceptor. J. Gen. Microbiol. 97, 145-160.
3. [3] Spiro, S. (1994) The FNR family of transcriptional regulators. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 66, 23-36.
4. 2-dependent gene regulation in facultatively anaerobic bacteria. Arch. Microbiol. 164, 81-90.
5. [5] Guest, J.R., Green, J., Irvine, A.S. and Spiro, S. (1996) The FNR modulon and FNR-regulated gene expression. In: Regulation of Gene Expression in Escherichia coli (Lin, E.C.C. and Lynch, A.S., Eds.). pp. 317-342. R.G. Landes, Austin, TX.
6. [6] Unden, G. and Duchêne, A. (1987) On the role of cyclic-AMP and the FNR protein in Escherichia coli growing anaerobically. Arch. Microbiol. 147, 195-200.
7. [7] Spiro, S. and Guest, J.R. (1990) FNR and its role in oxygen-regulated gene expression in Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 75, 399-428.
8. [8] Shaw, D.J., Rice, D.W. and Guest, J.R. (1983) Homology between CAP and Fnr, a regulator of anaerobic respiration in Escherichia coli. J. Mol. Biol. 166, 241-247.
9. [9] Weber, I.T. and Steitz, T.A. (1987) Structure of a complex of catabolite gene activator protein and cyclic AMP refined at 2.5 Å resolution. J. Mol. Biol. 198, 311-326.
10. [10] Sharrocks, A., Green, J. and Guest, J. (1990) In vivo and in vitro mutants of FNR the anaerobic transcriptional factor of Escherichia coli. FEBS Lett. 270, 119-122.
11. [11] Spiro, S. and Guest, J. (1988) Inactivation of the FNR protein of Escherichia coli by targeted mutagenesis in the N-terminal region. Mol. Microbiol. 2, 701-707.
12. [12] Melville, S.B. and Gunsalus, R.P. (1990) Mutations in fnr that alter anaerobic regulation of electron transport-associated genes in Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 265, 18733-18736.
13. [13] Khoroshilova, N., Beinert, H. and Kiley, P.J. (1995) Association of a polynuclear iron-sulfur center with a mutant FNR protein enhances DNA binding. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 2499-2503.
14. [14] Kolb, A., Busby, S., Buc, H., Garges, S. and Adhya, S. (1993) Transcriptional regulation by cAMP and its receptor protein. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 62, 749-795.
15. [15] Kiley, P.J. and Reznikoff, W.S. (1991) Fnr mutants that activate gene expression in the presence of oxygen. J. Bacteriol. 173, 16-22.
16. [16] Lazazzera, B.A., Beinert, H., Khoroshilova, N., Kennedy, M.C. and Kiley, P.J. (1996) DNA binding and dimerization of the Fe-S containing FNR protein from Escherichia coli are regulated by oxygen. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 2762-2768.
17. [17] Green, J., Trageser, M., Six, S., Unden, G. and Guest, J.R. (1991) Characterization of the FNR protein of Escherichia coli, an iron-binding transcriptional regulator. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B Biol. Sci. 244, 137-144.
18. [18] Green, J. and Guest, J.R. (1993) Activation of FNR-dependent transcription by iron: An in vitro switch for FNR. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 113, 219-222.
19. [19] Green, J. and Guest, J.R. (1993) A role for iron in transcriptional activation by FNR. FEBS Lett. 329, 55-58.
20. [20] Lazazzera, B.A., Bates, D.M. and Kiley, P.J. (1993) The activity of the Escherichia coli transcription factor FNR is regulated by a change in oligomeric state. Genes Dev. 7, 1993 2005.
21. [21] Spiro, S., Roberts, R. and Guest, J. (1989) FNR-dependent repression of the ndh gene of Escherichia coli and metal ion requirement for FNR-regulated gene expression. Mol. Microbiol. 3, 601-608.
22. [22] Trageser, M. and Unden, G. (1989) Role of cysteine residues and of metal ions in the regulatory functioning of FNR, the transcriptional regulator of anaerobic respiration in Escherichia coli. Mol. Microbiol. 3, 593-599.
23. [23] Beinert, H., Holm, R.H. and Münck, E. (1997) Iron-sulfur clusters: nature's modular, multipurpose structures. Science 277, 653-659.
24. 2: [4Fe-4S] to [2Fe-2S] conversion with loss of biological activity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 6087-6092.
25. [25] Ziegelhoffer, E.C. and Kiley, P.J. (1995) In vitro analysis of a constitutively active mutant form of the Escherichia coli global transcription factor FNR. J. Mol. Biol. 245, 351-361.
26. [26] Bates, D.M., Lazazzera, B.A. and Kiley, P.J. (1995) Characterization of FNR* mutant proteins indicates two distinct mechanisms for altering oxygen regulation of the Escherichia coli transcription factor FNR. J. Bacteriol. 177, 3972-3978.
27. [27] Beinert, H., Kennedy, M.C. and Stout, D.C. (1996) Aconitase as iron-sulfur protein, enzyme, and iron-regulatory protein. Chem. Rev. 96, 2335-2373.
28. [28] Kennedy, M.C., Emptage, M.H., Dreyer, J.-L. and Beinert, H. (1983) The role of iron in the activation-inactivation of aconitase. J. Biol. Chem. 258, 11098-11105.
29. [29] Flint, D., Tuminello, J. and Emptage, M. (1993) The inactivation of Fe-S cluster containing hydrolyases by superoxide. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 22369-22376.
30. [30] Jordan, P., Thomson, A., Ralph, E., Guest, J. and Green, J. (1997) FNR is a direct oxygen sensor having a biphasic response curve. FEBS Lett. 416, 349-352.
31. [31] Sridhar, V., Prasad, G.S., Burgess, B. and Stout, C.D. (1998) Crystal structures of ferricyanide-oxidized [Fe-S] clusters in Azotobacter vinelandii ferredoxin I. J. Biol. Inorg. Chem. 3, 140-149.
32. [32] Johnson, M.K. (1998) Iron-sulfur proteins: new roles for old clusters. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 2, 173-181.
33. [33] Dean, D.R., Bolin, J.T. and Zheng, L. (1993) Nitrogenase metalloclusters: structure, organization, and synthesis. J. Bacteriol. 175, 6737-6744.
34. [34] Green, J., Bennett, B., Jordan, P., Ralph. E., Thomson, A. and Guest, J. (1996) Reconstitution of the [4Fe-4S] cluster in FNR and demonstration of the aerobic-anaerobic switch in vitro. Biochem. J. 316, 887-892.
35. 2 and iron availability. Arch. Microbiol. 156, 463-470.
36. [36] Fu, W., Jack, R.F., Morgan, T.V., Dean, D.R. and Johnson, M.K. (1994) nifU gene product from Azotobacter vinelandii is a homodimer that contains two identical [2Fe-2S] clusters. Biochemistry 33, 13455-13463.
37. [37] Zheng, L. and Dean, D.R. (1994) Catalytic formation of a nitrogenase iron-sulfur cluster. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 18723-18726.
38. [38] Flint, D.H. (1996) Escherichia coli contains a protein that is homologous in function and N-terminal sequence to the protein encoded by the nifS gene and Aztobacter vinelandii and that can participate in the synthesis of the Fe-S cluster of dihydroxy-acid dehydratase. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 16068-16074.
39. [39] Blattner, F., Plunkett, G., Bloch, C., Perna, N., Burland, V., Riley, M., Colladovides, J., Glasner, J., Rode, C., Mayhew, G., Grego, J., Davis, N., Kirkpatrick, H., Goeden, M., Rose, D., Mau, B. and Shao, Y. (1997) The complete genome sequence of Escherichia coli K-12. Science 277, 1453 ff.
40. [40] Popescu, C., Bates, D., Münck, E. and Beinert, H. (1998) Mössbauer spectroscopy as a tool for the study of activation/inactivation of the transcription regulator FNR in whole cells of Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 13431-13435.
41. [41] Tseng, C.-P., Albrecht, J. and Gunsalus, R.P. (1996) Effect of microaerophilic cell growth conditions on expression of the aerobic (cyoABCDE and cydAB) and anaerobic (narGHJI, frdABCD, and dmsABC) respiratory pathway genes in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 178, 1094-1098.
42. 2 as the regulatory signal for FNR-dependent gene regulation in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 178, 4515-4521.
43. [43] Unden, G. and Schirawski, J. (1997) The oxygen-responsive transcriptional regulator FNR of Escherichia coli: the search for signals and reactions. Mol. Microbiol. 25, 205-210.
44. [44] Unden, G., Trageser, M. and Duchêne, A. (1990) Effect of positive redox potentials (> +400 mV) on the expression of anaerobic respiratory enzymes in Escherichia coli. Mol. Microbiol. 4, 315-319.
45. [45] Gunsalus, R.P. and Park, S.J. (1994) Aerobic-anaerobic gene regulation in Escherichia coli: control by the ArcAB and Fnr regulons. Res. Microbiol. 145, 437-450.