cAMP in the pituitary: An old messenger for multiple signals

Journal of Molecular Endocrinology

Volumn 52, Issue 1, 2013, Pages

  Peverelli, Erika ^a   Mantovani, Giovanna ^a   Lania, Andrea G ^b   Spada, Anna ^a  

^a FONDAZIONE IRCCS CA GRANDA OSPEDALE MAGGIORE POLICLINICO   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MILAN   (Italy)

Author keywords

cAMP; GNAS1; Imprinting; Pituitary tumors

Indexed keywords

AROMATIC HYDROCARBON RECEPTOR; CYCLIC AMP;

CALCIUM SIGNALING; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL PROLIFERATION; ENDOCRINE DISEASE; ENDOCRINE TUMOR; GENE MUTATION; GROWTH HORMONE SECRETING ADENOMA; GROWTH HORMONE SECRETING CELL; HUMAN; HYPOPHYSIS; HYPOPHYSIS ADENOMA; NONHUMAN; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN INTERACTION; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

CAMP; GNAS1; IMPRINTING; PITUITARY TUMORS;

ANIMALS; CALCIUM SIGNALING; CYCLIC AMP; GTP-BINDING PROTEIN ALPHA SUBUNITS, GS; GUANINE NUCLEOTIDE EXCHANGE FACTORS; HUMANS; INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS; MAP KINASE SIGNALING SYSTEM; MUTATION; PHENOTYPE; PITUITARY GLAND; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 84890882134     PISSN: 09525041     EISSN: 14796813     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1530/JME-13-0172     Document Type: Review

References (82)

1. Adams E. F, Brockmeier S, Friedmann E, Roth M, BuchfelderM&Fahlbusch R 1993 Clinical and biochemical characteristics of acromegalic patients harboring gsp-positive and gsp-negative pituitary tumors. Neurosurgery 33 198-203. (doi:10.1227/00006123-199308000-00003)
2. Ang K. L & Antoni FA 2002a Reciprocal regulation of calcium dependent and calcium independent cyclic AMP hydrolysis by protein phosphorylation. Journal of Neurochemistry 81 422-433. (doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159. 2002.00903.x)
3. Ang K. L & Antoni FA 2002b Functional plasticity of cyclic AMP hydrolysis in rat adenohypophysial corticotroph cells. Cellular Signalling 14 445-452. (doi:10.1016/S0898-6568(01)00267-4)
4. Antoni F. A, Sosunov AA, Haunso A, Paterson JM & Simpson J 2003 Shortterm plasticity of cyclic adenosine 30, 50-monophosphate signaling in anterior pituitary corticotrope cells: the role of adenylyl cyclase isotypes. Molecular Endocrinology 17 692-703. (doi:10.1210/me.2002-0369)
5. Aumo L., Rusten M, Mellgren G, Bakke M & Lewis AE 2010 Functional roles of protein kinase A (PKA) and exchange protein directly activated by 30, 50-cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate (cAMP) 2 (EPAC2) in cAMPmediated actions in adrenocortical cells. Endocrinology 151 2151-2161. (doi:10.1210/en.2009-1139)
6. Ballaré E., Mantovani S, Lania A, Di Blasio AM, Vallar L & Spada A 1998 Activating mutations of the Gsa gene are associated with low levels of Gsa protein in growth hormone-secreting tumors. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 83 4386-4390. (doi:10.1210/ jc.83.12.4386)
7. Barlier A., Gunz G, Zamora AJ, Morange-Ramos I, Figarella-Branger D, Dufour H., Enjalbert A & Jaquet P 1998 Pronostic and therapeutic consequences of Gsa mutations in somatotroph adenomas. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 83 1604-1610. (doi:10.1210/jc. 83.5.1604)
8. Barlier A., Pellegrini-Bouiller I, Gunz G, Zamora AJ, Jaquet P & Enjalbert A 1999 Impact of gsp oncogene on the expression of genes coding for Gsa, Pit-1, Gi2a, and somatostatin receptor 2 in human somatotroph adenomas: involvement in octreotide sensitivity. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 84 2759-2765. (doi:10.1210/jc.84.8.2759)
9. Bartolomei M. S & Tilgham SM 1997 Genomic imprinting in mammals. Annual Review of Genetics 31 493-525. (doi:10.1146/annurev.genet. 31.1.493)
10. Bastepe M. & Juppner H 2005 GNAS locus and pseudohypoparathyroidism. Hormone Research 63 65-74. (doi:10.1159/000083895)
11. Bender A. T & Beavo JA 2006 Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases:molecular regulation to clinical use. Pharmacological Reviews 58 488-520. (doi:10.1124/pr.58.3.5)
12. Benlian P., Giraud S, Lahlou N, Roger M, Blin C, Holler C, Lenoir G, Sallandre J., Calender A & Turpin G 1995 Familial acromegaly: a specific clinical entity-further evidence from the genetic study of a threegeneration family. European Journal of Endocrinology 133 451-456. (doi:10.1530/eje.0.1330451)
13. Bolger G. B, Peden AH, Steele MR, MacKenzie C, McEwan DG, Wallace DA, Huston E., Baillie GS & Houslay MD 2003 Attenuation of the activity of the cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase PDE4A5 by interaction with the immunophilin XAP2. Journal of Biological Chemistry 278 33351-33363. (doi:10.1074/jbc.M303269200)
14. Carney J. A, Hruska L, Beauchamp GD & Gordon H 1986 Dominant inheritance of the complex of myxomas, spotty pigmentation and endocrine overactivity. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 61 165-172. (doi:10.1016/S0025-6196(12)61843-6)
15. Casey M., Vaughan CJ, He J, Hatcher CJ, Winter JM, Weremowicz S, Montgomery K., Kucherlapati R, Morton CC & Basson CT 2000 Mutations in the protein kinase A R1 a regulatory subunit cause familial myxomas and Carney complex. Journal of Clinical Investigation 106 R31-R38. (doi:10.1172/JCI10841)
16. Chahal H. S, Chapple JP, Frohman LA, Grossman AB & Korbonits M 2010 Clinical, genetic and molecular characterization of patients with familial isolated pituitary adenomas (FIPA). Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism 21 419-427. (doi:10.1016/j.tem.2010.02.007)
17. Clementi E., Malgaretti N, Meldolesi J & Taramelli R 1990 A new constitutively activating mutation of the Gs protein a subunit-gsp oncogene is found in human pituitary tumours. Oncogene 5 1059-1061.
18. Corbetta S., Ballare E, Mantovani G, Lania A, Losa M, Di Blasio AM& Spada A 2001 Somatostatin receptor subtype 2 and 5 in human GH-secreting pituitary adenomas: analysis of gene sequence and mRNA expression. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 31 208-214. (doi:10.1046/ j.1365-2362.2001.00786.x)
19. Dao K. K, Teigen K, Kopperud R, Hodneland E, Schwede F, Christensen AE, Martinez A. & Døskeland SO 2006 Epac1 and cAMP-dependent protein kinase holoenzyme have similar cAMP affinity, but their cAMP domains have distinct structural features and cyclic nucleotide recognition. Journal of Biological Chemistry 281 21500-21511. (doi:10.1074/jbc.M603116200)
20. Dremier S., Milenkovic M, Blancquaert S, Dumont JE, Døskeland SO, Maenhaut C. & Roger PP 2007 Cyclic adenosine 30, 50-monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinases, but not exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (Epac), mediate thyrotropin/cAMP-dependent regulation of thyroid cells. Endocrinology 148 4612-4622. (doi:10.1210/ en.2007-0540)
21. Dworakowska D., Wlodek E, Leontiou CA, Igreja S, Cakir M, Teng M, Prodromou N., Góth MI, Grozinsky-Glasberg S, Gueorguiev M et al. 2009 Activation of RAF/MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways in pituitary adenomas and their effects on downstream effectors. Endocrine-Related Cancer 16 1329-1338. (doi:10.1677/ERC-09-0101)
22. Enserink JM, Christensen AE, deRooij J, vanTriest M, Schwede F, Genieser HG, Døskeland S. O, Blank JL & Bos JL 2002 A novel Epac-specific cAMP analogue demonstrates independent regulation of Rap1 and ERK. Nature Cell Biology 4 901-906. (doi:10.1038/ncb874)
23. Espiard S. & Bertherat J 2013 Carney complex. Frontiers of Hormone Research 41 50-62. (doi:10.1159/000345669)
24. Fawcett L., Baxendale R, Stacey P, McGrouther C, Harrow I, Soderling S, Hetman J., Beavo JA & Phillips SC 2000 Molecular cloning and characterization of a distinct human phosphodiesterase gene family: PDE11A. PNAS 97 3702-3707. (doi:10.1073/pnas.97.7.3702)
25. Formosa R., Xuereb-Anastasi A & Vassallo J 2013 Aip regulates cAMP signalling and GH secretion in GH3 cells. Endocrine-Related Cancer 20 495-505. (doi:10.1530/ERC-13-0043)
26. Germain-Lee E. L, Groman J, Crane JL, Jan de Beur SM & Levine MA 2003 Growth hormone deficiency in pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1a: another manifestation of multihormone resistance. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 88 4059-4069. (doi:10.1210/ jc.2003-030028)
27. Giannattasio G., Bianchi R, Spada A & Vallar L 1987 Effect of calcium on adenylate cyclase of rat anterior pituitary gland. Endocrinology 120 2611-2619. (doi:10.1210/endo-120-6-2611)
28. Ham J., Ivan M, Wynford-Thomas D & Scanlon MF 1997 GH3 expressing constitutively active Gsa (Q227L) show enhanced hormone secretion and proliferation. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 127 41-47. (doi:10.1016/S0303-7207(96)03987-1)
29. Hayward B. E, Barlier A, Korbonits M, Grossman AB, Jacquet P, Enjalbert A & Bonthron D. T 2001 Imprinting of the Gsa gene GNAS1 in the pathogenesis of acromegaly. Journal of Clinical Investigation 107 R31-R36. (doi:10.1172/JCI11887)
30. Hochbaum D., Hong K, Barila G, Ribeiro-Neto F & Altschuler DL 2008 Epac, in synergy with cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), is required for cAMP-mediated mitogenesis. Journal of Biological Chemistry 283 4464-4468. (doi:10.1074/jbc.C700171200)
31. Horvath A., Boikos S, Giatzakis C, Robinson-White A, Groussin L, Griffin KJ, Stein E., Levine E, Delimpasi G, Hsiao HP et al. 2006a A genome-wide scan identifies mutations in the gene encoding phosphodiesterase 11A4 (PDE11A) in individuals with adrenocortical hyperplasia. Nature Genetics 38 794-800. (doi:10.1038/ng1809)
32. Horvath A., Giatzakis C, Robinson-White A, Boikos S, Levine E, Griffin K, Stein E., Kamvissi V, Soni P, Bossis I et al. 2006b Adrenal hyperplasia and adenomas are associated with inhibition of phosphodiesterase 11A in carriers of PDE11A sequence variants that are frequent in the population. Cancer Research 66 11571-11575. (doi:10.1158/0008-5472. CAN-06-2914)
33. Igreja S., Chahal HS, King P, Bolger GB, Srirangalingam U, Guasti L, Chapple JP, Trivellin G., Gueorguiev M, Guegan K et al. 2010 Characterization of aryl hydrocarbon receptor interacting protein (AIP) mutations in familial isolated pituitary adenoma families. Human Mutation 31 950-960. (doi:10.1002/humu.21292)
34. Kawasaki H., Springett GM, Mochizuki N, Toki S, Nakaya M, Matsuda M, Housman D. E & Graybiel AM 1998 A family of cAMP-binding proteins that directly activate Rap1. Science 282 2275-2279. (doi:10.1126/ science.282.5397.2275)
35. Kirschner L. S, Carney JA, Pack SD, Taymans SE, Giatzakis C, Cho YS, Cho-Chung Y. S & Stratakis CA 2000a Mutations of the gene encoding the protein kinase A type I-a regulatory subunit in patients with the Carney complex. Nature Genetics 26 89-92. (doi:10.1038/79238)
36. Kirschner L. S, Sandrini F, Monbo J, Lin JP, Carney JA & Stratakis CA 2000b Genetic heterogeneity and spectrum of mutations of the PRKAR1A gene in patients with the Carney complex. Human Molecular Genetics 9 3037-3046. (doi:10.1093/hmg/9.20.3037)
37. Landis C. A, Masters SB, Spada A, Pace AM, Bourne HR & Vallar L 1989 GTPase inhibiting mutations activate the a chain of Gs and stimulate adenylyl cyclase in human pituitary tumours. Nature 340 692-696. (doi:10.1038/340692a0)
38. Lania A., Persani L, Ballare E, Mantovani S, Losa M & Spada A 1998 Constitutively active Gsa is associated with an increased phosphodiesterase activity in human growth hormone-secreting adenomas. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 83 1624-1628. (doi:10.1210/jc.83.5.1624)
39. Lania A., Filopanti M, Corbetta S, Losa M, Ballaré E, Beck-Peccoz P & Spada A 2003 Effects of hypothalamic neuropeptides on extracellular signalregulated kinase (ERK1 and ERK2) cascade in human tumoral pituitary cells. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 88 1692-1696. (doi:10.1210/jc.2002-021207)
40. Lania A. G, Mantovani G, Ferrero S, Pellegrini C, Bondioni S, Peverelli E, Braidotti P., Locatelli M, Zavanone ML, Ferrante E et al. 2004 Proliferation of transformed somatotroph cells related to low or absent expression of protein kinase a regulatory subunit 1A protein. Cancer Research 64 9193-9198. (doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-1847)
41. Lania A. G, Ferrero S, Pivonello R, Mantovani G, Peverelli E, Di Sarno A, Beck-Peccoz P., Spada A & Colao A 2010 Evolution of an aggressive prolactinoma into a growth hormone secreting pituitary tumor coincident with GNAS gene mutation. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 95 13-17. (doi:10.1210/jc.2009-1360)
42. Lennox C. A, Trivellin G & Korbonits M 2011 Evaluation of the interaction of phosphodiesterases 2A and 4A5 with the aryl hydrocarbon receptor interacting protein in pituitary cells. Endocrine Abstracts 25 P245.
43. Leontiou C. A, Gueorguiev M, van der Spuy J, Quinton R, Lolli F, Hassan S, Chahal H. S, Igreja SC, Jordan S & Rowe J 2008 The role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein gene in familial and sporadic pituitary adenomas. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 93 2390-2401. (doi:10.1210/jc.2007-2611)
44. Le Péchon-Vallée C., Magalon K, Rasolonjanahary R, Enjalbert A & Gérard C 2000 Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and pituitary adenylate cyclaseactivating polypeptides stimulatemitogen-activated proteinkinase in the pituitary cell line GH4C1 by a 30, 50-cyclic adenosine monophosphate pathway. Neuroendocrinology 72 46-56. (doi:10.1159/000054570)
45. Lyons J., Landis CA, Harsh G, Vallar L, Grunwald K, Feichtinger H, Duh QY, Clark O. H, Kawasaki E, Bourne HR et al. 1990 Two G protein oncogenes in human endocrine tumors. Science 249 655-659. (doi:10.1126/ science.2116665)
46. Mantovani G., Ballare E, Giammona E, Beck-Peccoz P & Spada A 2002 The Gsa gene: predominant maternal origin of transcription in human thyroid gland and gonads. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 87 4736-4740. (doi:10.1210/jc.2002-020183)
47. Mantovani G., Maghnie M, Weber G, De Menis E, Brunelli V, Cappa M, Loli P, Beck-Peccoz P. & Spada A 2003 Growth hormone-releasing hormone resistance in pseudohypoparathyroidism type Ia: new evidence for imprinting of the Gsa gene. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 88 4070-4074. (doi:10.1210/jc.2002-022028)
48. Mantovani G., Bondioni S, Lania AG, Corbetta S, de Sanctis L, Cappa M, Di Battista E., Chanson P, Beck-Peccoz P & Spada A 2004 Parental origin of Gsa mutations in the McCune-Albright syndrome and in isolated endocrine tumors. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 89 3007-3009. (doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0194)
49. Mantovani G., Bondioni S, Ferrero S, Gamba B, Ferrante E, Peverelli E, Corbetta S., Locatelli M, Rampini P, Beck-Peccoz P et al. 2005 Effect of cyclic adenosine 30, 50-monophosphate/protein kinase a pathway on markers of cell proliferation in nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 90 6721-6724. (doi:10.1210/jc.2005-0977)
50. Michibata H., Yanaka N, Kanoh Y, Okumura K & Omori K 2001 Human Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent phosphodiesterase PDE1A: novel splice variants, their specific expression, genomic organization, and chromosomal localization. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1517 278-287. (doi:10.1016/S0167-4781(00)00293-1)
51. Muca C. & Vallar L 1994 Expression of mutationally activated Gas stimulates growth and differentiation of thyroid FRTL 5 cells. Oncogene 9 3647-3653.
52. de Oliveira SK & Smolenski A 2009 Phosphodiesterases link the aryl hydrocarbon receptor complex to cyclic nucleotide signaling. Biochemical Pharmacology 77 723-733. (doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2008.08.027)
53. de Oliveira SK, Hoffmeister M, Gambaryan S, Muller-Esterl W, Guimaraes JA & Smolenski AP 2007 Phosphodiesterase 2A forms a complex with the co-chaperone XAP2 and regulates nuclear translocation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Journal of Biological Chemistry 282 13656-13663. (doi:10.1074/jbc.M610942200)
54. Paulssen R. H, Johansen PW, Gordeladze JO, Nymoen O, Paulssen EJ & Gautvik K. M 1994 Cell-specific expression and function of adenylyl cyclases in rat pituitary tumour cell lines. European Journal of Biochemistry 222 97-103. (doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1994.tb18846.x)
55. Peri A., Conforti B, Baglioni-Peri S, Luciani P, Cioppi F, Buci L, Corbetta S, Ballaré E., Serio M & Spada A 2001 Expression of cyclic adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (cAMP)-responsive element binding protein and inducible cAMP early repressor genes in growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas with or without mutations of the Gsa gene. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 86 2111-2117. (doi:10.1210/jc.86.5.2111)
56. Persani L., Lania A, Borgato S, Filopanti M, Mantovani G, ContiM& Spada A 2001 Relevant cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase isoforms in human pituitary: effect of Gsa mutations. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 86 3795-3800. (doi:10.1210/jc.86.8.3795)
57. Peverelli E., Ermetici F, Filopanti M, Elli FM, Ronchi CL, Mantovani G, Ferrero S., Bosari S, Beck-Peccoz P, Lania A et al. 2009a Analysis of genetic variants of phosphodiesterase 11A in acromegalic patients. European Journal of Endocrinology 161 687-694. (doi:10.1530/EJE-09-0677)
58. Peverelli E., Lania AG, Mantovani G, Beck-Peccoz P & Spada A 2009b Characterization of intracellular signaling mediated by human somatostatin receptor 5: role of theDRYmotif and the third intracellular loop. Endocrinology 150 3169-3176. (doi:10.1210/en.2008-1785)
59. Peverelli E., Busnelli M, Vitali E, Giardino E, Galés C, Lania AG, Beck-Peccoz P, Chini B., Mantovani G & Spada A 2013 Specific roles of Gi protein family members revealed by dissecting somatostatin receptor 5 (SST5) coupling in human pituitary cells. Journal of Cell Science 126 638-644. (doi:10. 1242/jcs.116434)
60. Picard C., Silvy M, Gerard C, Buffat C, Lavaque E, Figarella-Branger D, Dufour H., Gabert J, Beckers A, Brue T et al. 2007 Gsa overexpression and loss of Gsa imprinting in human somatotroph adenomas: association with tumor size and response to pharmacologic treatment. International Journal of Cancer 121 1245-1252. (doi:10.1002/ijc.22816)
61. Pronko S. P, Saba LM, Hoffman PL & Tabakoff B 2010 Type 7 adenylyl cyclase-mediated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responsiveness: influence of ethanol and sex. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 334 44-52. (doi:10.1124/jpet.110.166793)
62. Romano D., Magalon K, Pertuit M, Rasolonjanahary R, Barlier A, Enjalbert A & Gerard C 2007 Conditional overexpression of the wild type Gsa as the gsp oncogene initiates chronic extracellulary regulated kinase 1/2 activation and hormone hypersecretion in pituitary cell lines. Endocrinology 148 2973-2983. (doi:10.1210/en.2006-1273)
63. de Rooij J, Zwartkruis FJ, Verheijen MH, Cool RH, Nijman SM, Wittinghofer A & Bos JL 1998 Epac is a Rap1 guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor directly activated by cyclic AMP. Nature 396 474-477. (doi:10.1038/24884)
64. Schmitt J. M & Stork PJ 2001 Cyclic AMP-mediated inhibition of cell growth requires the small G protein Rap1. Molecular and Cellular Biology 21 3671-3683. (doi:10.1128/MCB.21.11.3671-3683.2001)
65. Schwindinger W. F, Francomano CA & Levine MA 1992 Identification of a mutation in the gene encoding the a subunit of the stimulatory G-protein of adenylyl cyclase in McCune-Albright syndrome. PNAS 89 5152-5156. (doi:10.1073/pnas.89.11.5152)
66. Sedej S., Rose T & Rupnik MJ 2005 cAMP increases Ca2C-dependent exocytosis through both PKA and Epac2 in mouse melanotrophs from pituitary tissue slices. Physiology 567 799-813. (doi:10.1113/jphysiol. 2005.090381)
67. Skalhegg B. S & Tasken K 2000 Specificity in the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway. Differential expression, regulation, and subcellular localization of subunits of PKA. Frontiers in Bioscience 5 D678-D693. (doi:10.2741/Skalhegg)
68. Soares B. S, Eguchi K & Frohman LA 2005 Tumor deletion mapping on chromosome 11q13 in eight families with isolated familial somatotropinoma and in 15 sporadic somatotropinomas. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 90 6580-6587. (doi:10.1210/jc.2005-1478)
69. Spada A., Arosio M, Bochicchio D, Bazzoni N, Vallar L, BassettiM& Faglia G 1990 Clinical, biochemical and morphological correlates in patients bearing growth hormone secreting tumors with or without constitutively active adenylyl cyclase. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 71 1421-1426. (doi:10.1210/jcem-71-6-1421)
70. Stephenson DT, Coskran TM, Wilhelms MB, Adamowicz WO, O'Donnell MM, Muravnick K. B, Menniti FS, Kleiman RJ & Morton D 2009 Immunohistochemical localization of phosphodiesterase 2A in multiplemammalian species. Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry 57 933-949. (doi:10.1369/jhc.2009.953471)
71. Stork P. J & Schmitt JM 2002 Crosstalk between cAMP and MAP kinase signaling in the regulation of cell proliferation. Trends in Cell Biology 12 258-266. (doi:10.1016/S0962-8924(02)02294-8)
72. Sunahara R. K & Taussig R 2002 Isoforms of mammalian adenylyl cyclase: multiplicities of signaling. Molecular Interventions 2 168-184. (doi:10.1124/mi.2.3.168)
73. Trivellin G. & Korbonits M 2011 AIP and its interacting partners. Journal of Endocrinology 210 137-155. (doi:10.1530/JOE-11-0054)
74. Vallar L., Spada A & Giannattasio G 1987 Altered Gs and adenylate cyclase activity in human GH-secreting pituitary adenomas. Nature 330 566-568. (doi:10.1038/330566a0)
75. Van Kolen K., Dautzenberg FM, Verstraeten K, Royaux I, De Hoogt R, Gutknecht E. & Peeters PJ 2010 Corticotropin releasing factor-induced ERK phosphorylation in AtT20 cells occurs via a cAMP-dependent mechanism requiring EPAC2. Neuropharmacology 58 135-144. (doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.06.022)
76. Vierimaa O., Georgitsi M, Lehtonen R, Vahteristo P, Kokko A, Raitila A, Tuppurainen K., Ebeling TM, Salmela PI, Paschke R et al. 2006 Pituitary adenoma predisposition caused by germline mutations in the AIP gene. Science 312 1228-1230. (doi:10.1126/science.1126100)
77. Wachten S., Masada N, Ayling LJ, Ciruela A, Nikolaev VO, Lohse MJ & Cooper D. M 2010 Distinct pools of cAMP centre on different isoforms of adenylyl cyclase in pituitary-derived GH3B6 cells. Journal of Cell Science 123 95-106. (doi:10.1242/jcs.058594)
78. Weinstein L. S, Shenker A, Gejman P, Marino MJ, Friedman E & Spiegel AM 1991 Activating mutations of the stimulatory G protein in the McCune-Albright syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine 325 1688-1695. (doi:10.1056/NEJM199112123252403)
79. Wilson C. H, McIntyre RE, Arends MJ & Adams DJ 2010 The activating mutation R201C in GNAS promotes intestinal tumourigenesis in ApcMin/C mice through activation of Wnt and ERK1/2 MAPK pathways. Oncogene 29 4567-4575. (doi:10.1038/onc.2010.202)
80. Yin Z., Williams-Simons L, Parlow AF, Asa S & Kirschner LS 2008 Pituitaryspecific knockout of the Carney complex gene Prkar1a leads to pituitary tumorigenesis. Molecular Endocrinology 22 380-387. (doi:10.1210/ me.2006-0428)
81. Zachary I., Masters SB & Bourne HR 1990 Increased mitogenic responsiveness of Swiss 3T3 cells expressing constitutively active Gsa. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 168 1184-1193. (doi:10.1016/ 0006-291X(90)91154-K)
82. Zeiller C., Blanchard MP, Pertuit M, Thirion S, Enjalbert A, Barlier A & Gerard C. 2012 Ras and Rap1 govern spatio temporal dynamic of activated ERK in pituitary living cells. Cellular Signalling 24 2237-2248. (doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.08.006)