Structural and functional diversity of desmosomes

Cell Communication and Adhesion

Volumn 20, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 171-187

  Harmon, Robert M ^a   Green, Kathleen J ^a  

^a NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Adhesion; Desmosome

Indexed keywords

CADHERIN; CATENIN; DESMOCOLLIN; DESMOPLAKIN; PLAKOGLOBIN; PLAKOPHILIN;

AMINO ACID COMPOSITION; CARCINOGENESIS; CELL ADHESION; CELL CONTACT; CELL INTERACTION; CELL STRUCTURE; CHEMICAL COMPOSITION; DESMOSOME; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; GENETIC DISORDER; HUMAN; IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE; IN VITRO STUDY; INTERMEDIATE FILAMENT; MOLECULAR WEIGHT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN AGGREGATION; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; REVIEW;

CELL ADHESION; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; DESMOGLEINS; DESMOSOMES; HUMANS; PLAKOPHILINS; PROTEIN INTERACTION MAPS; PROTEIN TRANSPORT; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 84890362061     PISSN: 15419061     EISSN: 15435180     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/15419061.2013.855204     Document Type: Review

References (215)

1. Aktary Z, Kulak S, Mackey J, Jahroudi N, Pasdar M (2013). Plakoglobin interacts with the transcription factor p53 and regulates the expression of 14-3-3sigma. J Cell Sci. 126 : 3031-3042
2. Al-Amoudi A, Castano-Diez D, Devos DP, Russell RB, Johnson GT, Frangakis AS (2011). The three-dimensional molecular structure of the desmosomal plaque. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 108: 6480-6485
3. Al-Amoudi A, Diez DC, Betts MJ, Frangakis AS (2007). The molecular architecture of cadherins in native epidermal desmosomes. Nature. 450: 832-837
4. Amagai M, Fujimori T, Masunaga T, Shimizu H, Nishikawa T, Shimizu N, Takeichi M, Hashimoto T (1995). Delayed assembly of desmosomes in keratinocytes with disrupted classic-cadherin-mediated cell adhesion by a dominant negative mutant. J Invest Dermatol. 104: 27-32
5. Amagai M, Klaus-Kovtun V, Stanley JR (1991). Autoantibodies against a novel epithelial cadherin in pemphigus vulgaris, a disease of cell adhesion. Cell. 67: 869-877
6. Amagai M, Yamaguchi T, Hanakawa Y, Nishifuji K, Sugai M, Stanley JR (2002). Staphylococcal exfoliative toxin B specifi-cally cleaves desmoglein 1. J Invest Dermatol. 118: 845-850
7. Amar LS, Shabana Al HM, Oboeuf M, Martin N, Forest N (1998). Desmosomes are regulated by protein kinase C in primary rat epithelial cells. Cell Adhes Commun. 5: 1-12
8. Andl CD, Stanley JR (2001). Central role of the plakoglobinbinding domain for desmoglein 3 incorporation into desmosomes. J Invest Dermatol. 117: 1068-1074
9. Angres B, Barth A, Nelson WJ (1996 Mechanism for transition from initial to stable cell-cell adhesion: Kinetic analysis of E-cadherin-mediated adhesion using a quantitative adhesion assay. J Cell Biol. 134: 549-557
10. Aoyama Y, Yamamoto Y, Yamaguchi F, Kitajima Y (2009). Low to high Ca2-switch causes phosphorylation and association of desmocollin 3 with plakoglobin and desmoglein 3 in cultured keratinocytes. Exp Dermatol. 18: 404-408
11. Arnemann J, Spurr NK, Wheeler GN, Parker AE, Buxton RS (1991). Chromosomal assignment of the human genes coding for the major proteins of the desmosome junction, desmoglein DGI (DSG), desmocollins DGII/III (DSC), desmoplakins DPI/II (DSP), and plakoglobin DPIII (JUP). Genomics. 10 : 640-645
12. Bass-Zubek AE, Hobbs RP, Amargo EV, Garcia NJ, Hsieh SN, Chen X, Wahl JK III, Denning MF, Green KJ (2008). Plakophilin 2: A critical scaffold for PKC alpha that regulates intercellular junction assembly. J Cell Biol. 181: 605-613
13. Behrens J, Von Kries JP, Kuhl M, Bruhn L, Wedlich D, Grosschedl R, Birchmeier W (1996). Functional interaction of beta-catenin with the transcription factor LEF-1. Nature. 382: 638-642
14. Berkowitz P, Hu P, Liu Z, Diaz LA, Enghild JJ, Chua MP, Rubenstein DS (2005). Desmosome signaling. Inhibition of .p38MAPK prevents pemphigus vulgaris IgG-induced cytoskeleton reorganization. J Biol Chem, 280, 23778-23784
15. Bierkamp C, Mclaughlin KJ, Schwarz H, Huber O, Kemler R (1996). Embryonic heart and skin defects in mice lacking plakoglobin. Dev Biol. 180: 780-785
16. Bizzozero G (1905 Le opere scientifi che di Giulio Bizzozero Milano, Italy: U. Hoepli
17. Bonne S, Gilbert B, Hatzfeld M, Chen X, Green KJ, Van Roy F (2003). Defi ning desmosomal plakophilin-3 interactions. J Cell Biol. 161: 403-416
18. Bonne S, Van Hengel J, Nollet F., Kools P, Van Roy F (1999). Plakophilin-3, a novel armadillo-like protein present in nuclei and desmosomes of epithelial cells. J Cell Sci. 112: 2265-2276
19. Bonne S, Van Hengel J, Van Roy F (1998). Chromosomal mapping of human armadillo genes belonging to the p120(ctn)/ plakophilin subfamily. Genomics. 51: 452-4
20. Bornslaeger EA, Corcoran CM, Stappenbeck TS, Green KJ (1996). Breaking the connection: Displacement of the desmosomal plaque protein desmoplakin from cell-cell interfaces disrupts anchorage of intermediate fi lament bundles and alters intercellular junction assembly. J Cell Biol. 134: 985-1001
21. Bornslaeger EA, Godsel LM, Corcoran CM, Park JK, Hatzfeld M, Kowalczyk AP, Green KJ (2001). Plakophilin 1 interferes with plakoglobin binding to desmoplakin, yet together with plakoglobin promotes clustering of desmosomal plaque complexes at cell-cell borders. J Cell Sci. 114: 727-738
22. Brennan D, Hu Y, Joubeh S, Choi YW, Whitaker-Menezes D, O'brien T, Uitto J, Rodeck U, Mahoney MG (2007Suprabasal Dsg2 expression in transgenic mouse skin confers a hyperproliferative and apoptosis-resistant phenotype to keratinocytes. J Cell Sci. 120: 758-771
23. Brennan D, Hu Y, Medhat W, Dowling A, Mahoney MG (2010). Superfi cial dsg2 expression limits epidermal blister formation mediated by pemphigus foliaceus antibodies and exfoliative toxins. Dermatol Res Pract. 2010: 410278
24. Burdett ID, Sullivan KH (2002). Desmosome assembly in MDCK cells: Transport of precursors to the cell surface occurs by two phases of vesicular traffi c and involves major changes in centrosome and Golgi location during a Ca(2-) shift. Exp Cell Res. 276: 296-309
25. Butz S, Stappert J, Weissig H, Kemler R (1992). Plakoglobin and beta-catenin: Distinct but closely related. Science. 257 : 1142-1144
26. Caldelari R, De Bruin A, Baumann D, Suter MM, Bierkamp C, Balmer V, Muller E (2001). A central role for the armadillo protein plakoglobin in the autoimmune disease pemphigus vulgaris. J Cell Biol. 153: 823-834
27. Cerrone M, Noorman M, Lin X, Chkourko H, Liang FX, Van Der Nagel R, Hund T, Birchmeier W, Mohler P, Van Veen TA, Van Rijen HV, Delmar M (2012). Sodium current defi cit and arrhythmogenesis in a murine model of plakophilin-2 haploinsuffi ciency. Cardiovasc Res. 95: 460-468
28. Chen J, Nekrasova OE, Patel DM, Klessner JL, Godsel LM, Koetsier JL, Amargo EV, Desai BV, Green KJ (2012). The C-Terminal unique region of desmoglein 2 inhibits its internalization via tail-Tail interactions. J Cell Biol. 199 : 699-711
29. Chen X, Bonne S, Hatzfeld M, Van Roy F, Green KJ (2002). Protein binding and functional characterization of plakophilin 2. Evidence for its diverse roles in desmosomes and beta-catenin signaling. J Biol Chem. 277: 10512-1022
30. Chen YJ, Lee LY, Chao YK, Chang JT, Lu YC, Li HF, Chiu CC, Li YC, Li YL, Chiou JF, Cheng AJ (2013). DSG3 facilitates cancer cell growth and invasion through the DSG3-plakoglobin-TCF/ LEF-Myc/cyclin D1/MMP signaling pathway. PLoS One. 8: E64088
31. Chitaev NA, Troyanovsky SM (1997). Direct Ca2-dependent heterophilic interaction between desmosomal cadherins, desmoglein and desmocollin, contributes to cell-cell adhesion. J Cell Biol. 138: 193-201
32. Choi HJ, Gross JC, Pokutta S, Weis WI (2009). Interactions of plakoglobin and beta-catenin with desmosomal cadherins: Basis of selective exclusion of alpha-And beta-catenin from desmosomes. J Biol Chem. 284: 31776-31788
33. Chu YS, Thomas WA, Eder O, Pincet F, Perez E, Thiery JP, Dufour S (2004). Force measurements in E-cadherinmediated cell doublets reveal rapid adhesion strengthened by actin cytoskeleton remodeling through Rac and Cdc42. J Cell Biol. 167: 1183-1194
34. Collins JE, Legan PK, Kenny TP, Macgarvie J, Holton JL, Garrod DR (1991). Cloning and sequence analysis of desmosomal glycoproteins 2 and 3 (desmocollins): Cadherinlike desmosomal adhesion molecules with heterogeneous cytoplasmic domains. J Cell Biol. 113: 381-391
35. Cowin P, Garrod DR (1983). Antibodies to epithelial desmosomes show wide tissue and species cross-reactivity. Nature. 302 : 148-150
36. Cowin P, Kapprell HP, Franke WW (1985). The complement of desmosomal plaque proteins in different cell types. J Cell Biol. 101: 1442-1454
37. Cowin P, Kapprell HP, Franke WW, Tamkun J, Hynes RO (1986). Plakoglobin: A protein common to different kinds of intercellular adhering junctions. Cell. 46: 1063-1073
38. Cowin P, Mattey D, Garrod D (1984). Identifi cation of desmosomal surface components (desmocollins) and inhibition of desmosome formation by specifi c Fab'. J Cell Sci. 70: 41-60
39. Cowley CM, Simrak D, Marsden MD, King IA, Arnemann J, Buxton RS (1997a). A YAC contig joining the desmocollin and desmoglein loci on human chromosome 18 and ordering of the desmocollin genes. Genomics. 42: 208-216
40. Cowley CM, Simrak D, Spurr NK, Arnemann J, Buxton RS (1997b). The plakophilin 1 (PKP1) and plakoglobin (JUP) genes map to human chromosomes 1q and 17, respectively. Hum Genet. 100: 486-488
41. Cui T, Chen Y, Yang L, Knosel T, Huber O, Pacyna-Gengelbach M, Petersen I (2012). The p53 target gene desmocollin 3 acts as a novel tumor suppressor through inhibiting EGFR/ERK pathway in human lung cancer. Carcinogenesis. 33: 2326-2333
42. Delva E, Tucker DK, Kowalczyk AP (2009). The desmosome. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 1: A002543
43. Dembitzer HM, Herz F, Schermer A, Wolley RC, Koss LG (1980). Desmosome development in an in vitro model. J Cell Biol. 85: 695-702
44. Demlehner MP, Schafer S, Grund C, Franke WW (1995). Continual assembly of half-desmosomal structures in the absence of cell contacts and their frustrated endocytosis: A coordinated Sisyphus cycle. J Cell Biol. 131: 745-760
45. Den Z, Cheng X, Merched-Sauvage M, Koch PJ (2006). Desmocollin 3 is required for pre-implantation development of the mouse embryo. J Cell Sci. 119: 482-489
46. Denning MF, Guy SG, Ellerbroek SM, Norvell SM, Kowalczyk AP, Green KJ (1998). The expression of desmoglein isoforms in cultured human keratinocytes is regulated by calcium, serum, and protein kinase C. Exp Cell Res. 239: 50-59
47. Drees F, Pokutta S, Yamada S, Nelson WJ, Weis WI (2005). Alpha-catenin is a molecular switch that binds E-cadherinbeta-catenin and regulates actin-fi lament assembly. Cell. 123 : 903-915
48. Drochmans P, Freudenstein C, Wanson JC, Laurent L, Keenan TW, Stadler J, Leloup R, Franke WW (1978). Structure and biochemical composition of desmosomes and tonofi laments isolated from calf muzzle epidermis. J Cell Biol. 79: 427-443
49. Eshkind L, Tian Q, Schmidt A, Franke WW, Windoffer R, Leube RE (2002). Loss of desmoglein 2 suggests essential functions for early embryonic development and proliferation of embryonal stem cells. Eur J Cell Biol. 81: 592-598
50. Fleming TP, Butler L, Lei X, Collins J, Javed Q, Sheth B, Stoddart N, Wild A, Hay M (1994). Molecular maturation of cell adhesion systems during mouse early development. Histochemistry. 101: 1-7
51. Franke WW, Goldschmidt MD, Zimbelmann R, Mueller HM, Schiller DL, Cowin P (1989). Molecular cloning and amino acid sequence of human plakoglobin, the common junctional plaque protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 86: 4027-4031
52. Franke WW, Mueller H, Mittnacht S, Kapprell HP, Jorcano JL (1983). Signifi cance of two desmosome plaque-Associated polypeptides of molecular weights 75 000 and 83 000. EMBO J. 2: 2211-2215
53. Franke WW, Weber K, Osborn M, Schmid E, Freudenstein C (1978). Antibody to prekeratin. Decoration of tonofi lament like arrays in various cells of epithelial character. Exp Cell Res. 116: 429-445
54. Garcia-Gras E, Lombardi R, Giocondo MJ, Willerson JT, Schneider MD, Khoury DS, Marian AJ (2006). Suppression of canonical Wnt/beta-catenin signaling by nuclear plakoglobin recapitulates phenotype of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. J Clin Invest. 116: 2012-2021
55. Garrod D, Chidgey M (2008). Desmosome structure, composition and function. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1778: 572-587
56. Garrod DR, Berika MY, Bardsley WF, Holmes D, Tabernero L (2005). Hyper-Adhesion in desmosomes: Its regulation in wound healing and possible relationship to cadherin crystal structure. J Cell Sci. 118: 5743-5754
57. Gaudry CA, Palka HL, Dusek RL, Huen AC, Khandekar MJ, Hudson LG, Green KJ (2001). Tyrosine-phosphorylated plakoglobin is associated with desmogleins but not desmoplakin after epidermal growth factor receptor activation. J Biol Chem. 276: 24871-24880
58. Gehmlich K, Syrris P, Reimann M, Asimaki A, Ehler E, Evans A, Quarta G, Pantazis A, Saffi tz JE, Mckenna WJ (2012). Molecular changes in the heart of a severe case of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy caused by a desmoglein-2 null allele. Cardiovasc Pathol. 21: 275-282
59. Getsios S, Amargo EV, Dusek RL, Ishii K, Sheu L, Godsel LM, Green KJ (2004). Coordinated expression of desmoglein 1 and desmocollin 1 regulates intercellular adhesion. Differentiation. 72: 419-433
60. Getsios S, Simpson CL, Kojima S, Harmon R, Sheu LJ, Dusek RL, Cornwell M, Green KJ (2009). Desmoglein 1-dependent suppression of EGFR signaling promotes epidermal differentiation and morphogenesis. J Cell Biol. 185: 1243-1258
61. Gloushankova NA, Wakatsuki T, Troyanovsky RB, Elson E, Troyanovsky SM (2003). Continual assembly of desmosomes within stable intercellular contacts of epithelial A-431 cells. Cell Tissue Res. 314: 399-410
62. Godsel LM, Dubash AD, Bass-Zubek AE, Amargo EV, Klessner JL, Hobbs RP, Chen X, Green KJ (2010). Plakophilin 2 couples actomyosin remodeling to desmosomal plaque assembly via RhoA. Mol Biol Cell. 21: 2844-2859
63. Godsel LM, Hsieh SN, Amargo EV, Bass AE, Pascoe-Mcgillicuddy LT, Huen AC, Thorne ME, Gaudry CA, Park JK, Myung K, Goldman RD, Chew TL, Green KJ (2005). Desmoplakin assembly dynamics in four dimensions: Multiple phases differentially regulated by intermediate fi laments and actin. J Cell Biol. 171: 1045-1059
64. Goodwin L, Hill JE, Raynor K, Raszi L, Manabe M, Cowin P (1990). Desmoglein shows extensive homology to the cadherin family of cell adhesion molecules. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 173: 1224-1230
65. Goonesinghe A, Luan XM, Hurlstone A, Garrod D (2012). Desmosomal cadherins in zebrafi sh epiboly and gastrulation. BMC Dev Biol. 12: 1
66. Gorbsky G, Steinberg MS (1981). Isolation of the intercellular glycoproteins of desmosomes. J Cell Biol. 90: 243-248
67. Green KJ, Gaudry CA (2000). Are desmosomes more than tethers for intermediate fi laments? Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 1 : 208-216
68. Green KJ, Goldman RD, Chisholm RL (1988). Isolation of cDNAs encoding desmosomal plaque proteins: Evidence that bovine desmoplakins I and II are derived from two mRNAs and a single gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 85 : 2613-2617
69. Green KJ, Parry DA, Steinert PM, Virata ML, Wagner RM, Angst BD, Nilles LA (1990). Structure of the human desmoplakins. Implications for function in the desmosomal plaque. J Biol Chem. 265: 11406-11407
70. Green KJ, Stappenbeck TS, Parry DA, Virata ML (1992). Structure of desmoplakin and its association with intermediate fi laments. J Dermatol. 19: 765-769
71. Grossmann KS, Grund C, Huelsken J, Behrend M, Erdmann B, Franke WW, Birchmeier W (2004). Requirement of plakophilin 2 for heart morphogenesis and cardiac junction formation. J Cell Biol. 167: 149-160
72. Hardman MJ, Liu K, Avilion AA, Merritt A, Brennan K, Garrod DR, Byrne C (2005). Desmosomal cadherin misexpression alters beta-catenin stability and epidermal differentiation. Mol Cell Biol. 25: 969-978
73. Harmon RM, Simpson CL, Johnson JL, Koetsier JL, Dubash AD, Najor NA, Sarig O, Sprecher E, Green KJ (2013). Desmoglein-1/Erbin interaction suppresses ERK activation to support epidermal differentiation. J Clin Invest. 123: 1556-1570
74. Harrison OJ, Jin X, Hong S, Bahna F, Ahlsen G, Brasch J, Wu Y, Vendome J, Felsovalyi K, Hampton CM, Troyanovsky RB, Ben-Shaul A, Frank J, Troyanovsky SM, Shapiro I, Honig B. (2011). The extracellular architecture of adherens junctions revealed by crystal structures of type I cadherins. Structure, 19: 244-256
75. Hatzfeld M (2005). The p120 family of cell adhesion molecules. Eur J Cell Biol. 84: 205-214
76. Hatzfeld M, Haffner C, Schulze K, Vinzens U (2000). The function of plakophilin 1 in desmosome assembly and actin fi lament organization. J Cell Biol. 149: 209-222
77. Hatzfeld M, Kristjansson GI, Plessmann U, Weber K (1994). Band 6 protein, a major constituent of desmosomes from stratifi ed epithelia, is a novel member of the armadillo multigene family. J Cell Sci. 107: 2259-2270
78. He W, Cowin P, Stokes DL (2003). Untangling desmosomal knots with electron tomography. Science. 302: 109-113
79. Heid HW, Schmidt A, Zimbelmann R, Schafer S, Winter-Simanowski S, Stumpp S, Keith M, Figge U, Schnolzer M, Franke WW (1994). Cell type-specifi c desmosomal plaque proteins of the plakoglobin family: Plakophilin 1 (band 6 protein). Differentiatio.n, 58: 113-131
80. Herren T, Gerber PA, Duru F (2009). Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia: A not so rare disease of the desmosome with multiple clinical presentations. Clin Res Cardiol. 98: 141-158
81. Hibbs RG, Clark WH, Jr (1959) Electron microscope studies of the human epidermis; the cell boundaries and topography of the stratum malpighii. J Biophys Biochem Cytol. 6 : 71-76
82. Hobbs RP, Amargo EV, Somasundaram A, Simpson CL, Prakriya M, Denning MF, Green KJ (2011). The calcium ATPase SERCA2 regulates desmoplakin dynamics and intercellular adhesive strength through modulation of PKC & alpha; signaling. FASEB J. 25: 990-1001
83. Hofmann I, Casella M, Schnolzer M, Schlechter T, Spring H, Franke WW (2006). Identifi cation of the junctional plaque protein plakophilin 3 in cytoplasmic particles containing RNA-binding proteins and the recruitment of plakophilins 1 and 3 to stress granules. Mol Biol Cell. 17 : 1388-1398
84. Hofmann I, Mertens C, Brettel M, Nimmrich V, Schnolzer M, Herrmann H (2000). Interaction of plakophilins with desmoplakin and intermediate fi lament proteins: An in vitro analysis. J Cell Sci. 113: 2471-2483
85. Holthofer B, Windoffer R, Troyanovsky S, Leube RE (2007). Structure and function of desmosomes. Int Rev Cytol. 264 : 65-163
86. Horstmann E, Knoop A (1958). [Electron microscopic studies on the epidermis. I. Rat pa.w]. Z Zellforsch Mikrosk Anat, 47 : 348-362
87. Huber O, Korn R, Mclaughlin J, Ohsugi M, Herrmann BG, Kemler R (1996). Nuclear localization of beta-catenin by interaction with transcription factor LEF-1. Mech Dev. 59: 3-10
88. Janmey PA, Euteneuer U, Traub P, Schliwa M (1991). Viscoelastic properties of vimentin compared with other fi lamentous biopolymer networks. J Cell Biol. 113: 155-160
89. Jennings JM, Tucker DK, Kottke MD, Saito M, Delva E, Hanakawa Y, Amagai M, Kowalczyk AP (2011). Desmosome disassembly in response to pemphigus vulgaris IgG occurs in distinct phases and can be reversed by expression of exogenous Dsg3. J Invest Dermatol. 131: 706-718
90. Jones JC, Goldman RD (1985a). Intermediate fi laments and the initiation of desmosome assembly. J Cell Biol. 101: 506-517
91. Jones JC, Goldman RD (1985b). Intermediate fi laments and the initiation of desmosome assembly. J Cell Biol. 101: 506-517
92. Jones JC, Vikstrom KL, Goldman RD (1987). Evidence for heterogeneity in the 160/165-10(3) Mr glycoprotein components of desmosomes. J Cell Sci. 88: 513-520
93. Kami K, Chidgey M, Dafforn T, Overduin M (2009). The desmoglein-specifi c cytoplasmic region is intrinsically disordered in solution and interacts with multiple desmosomal protein partners. J Mol Biol. 386: 531-543
94. Kapprell HP, Cowin P, Franke WW, Ponstingl H, Opferkuch HJ (1985). Biochemical characterization of desmosomal proteins isolated from bovine muzzle epidermis: Amino acid and carbohydrate composition. Eur J Cell Biol. 36: 217-229
95. Kapprell HP, Owaribe K, Franke WW (1988). Identifi cation of a basic protein of Mr 75,000 as an accessory desmosomal plaque protein in stratifi ed and complex epithelia. J Cell Biol. 106: 1679-1691
96. Karnovsky A, Klymkowsky MW (1995). Anterior axis duplication in Xenopus induced by the over-expression of the cadherinbinding protein plakoglobin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 92 : 4522-4526
97. Kawamura K, Watanabe K, Suzuki T, Yamakawa T, Kamiyama T, Nakagawa H, Tsurufuji S (1994). cDNA cloning and expression of a novel human desmocollin. J Biol Chem. 269: 26295-26302
98. Kimura TE, Merritt AJ, Lock FR, Eckert JJ, Fleming TP, Garrod DR (2012). Desmosomal adhesiveness is developmentally regulated in the mouse embryo and modulated during trophectoderm migration. Dev Biol. 369: 286-297
99. King IA, Arnemann J, Spurr NK, Buxton RS (1993). Cloning of the cDNA (DSC1) coding for human type 1 desmocollin and its assignment to chromosome 18. Genomics. 18 : 185-194
100. Kljuic A, Bazzi H, Sundberg JP, Martinez-Mir A, O'shaughnessy R, Mahoney MG, Levy M, Montagutelli X, Ahmad W, Aita VM, Gordon D, Uitto J, Whiting D, Ott J, Fischer S, Gilliam TC, Jahoda CA, Morris RJ, Panteleyev AA, Nguyen VT, Christiano AM (2003). Desmoglein 4 in hair follicle differentiation and epidermal adhesion: Evidence from inherited hypotrichosis and acquired pemphigus vulgaris. Cell. 113: 249-260
101. Koch PJ, Goldschmidt MD, Walsh MJ, Zimbelmann R, Schmelz M, Franke WW (1991). Amino acid sequence of bovine muzzle epithelial desmocollin derived from cloned cDNA: A novel subtype of desmosomal cadherins. Differentiatio.n, 47: 29-36
102. Kolegraff K, Nava P, Helms MN, Parkos CA, Nusrat A (2011). Loss of desmocollin-2 confers a tumorigenic phenotype to colonic epithelial cells through activation of Akt/beta-catenin signaling. Mol Biol Cell. 22: 1121-1134
103. Kouklis PD, Hutton E, Fuchs E (1994). Making a connection: Direct binding between keratin intermediate fi laments and desmosomal proteins. J Cell Biol. 127: 1049-1060
104. Koulu L, Kusumi A, Steinberg MS, Klaus-Kovtun V, Stanley JR (1984). Human autoantibodies against a desmosomal core protein in pemphigus foliaceus. J Exp Med. 160: 1509-1518
105. Kowalczyk AP, Borgwardt JE, Green KJ (1996). Analysis of desmosomal cadherin-Adhesive function and stoichiometry of desmosomal cadherin-plakoglobin complexes. J Invest Dermatol. 107: 293-300
106. Kowalczyk AP, Bornslaeger EA, Borgwardt JE, Palka HL, Dhaliwal AS, Corcoran CM, Denning MF, Green KJ (1997). The amino-Terminal domain of desmoplakin binds to plakoglobin and clusters desmosomal cadherin-plakoglobin complexes. J Cell Biol. 139: 773-784
107. Kowalczyk AP, Hatzfeld M, Bornslaeger EA, Kopp DS, Borgwardt JE, Corcoran CM, Settler A, Green KJ (1999). The head domain of plakophilin-1 binds to desmoplakin and enhances its recruitment to desmosomes. Implications for cutaneous disease. J Biol Chem. 274: 18145-18148
108. Kowalczyk AP, Stappenbeck TS, Parry DA, Palka HL, Virata ML, Bornslaeger EA, Nilles LA, Green KJ (1994). Structure and function of desmosomal transmembrane core and plaque molecules. Biophys Chem. 50: 97-112
109. Kreplak L, Herrmann H, Aebi U (2008). Tensile properties of single desmin intermediate fi laments. Biophys J. 94 : 2790-2799
110. Kroger C, Loschke F, Schwarz N, Windoffer R, Leube RE, Magin TM (2013). Keratins control intercellular adhesion involving PKC-Alpha-mediated desmoplakin phosphorylation. J Cell Biol. 201: 681-692
111. Kundu ST, Gosavi P, Khapare N, Patel R, Hosing AS, Maru GB, Ingle A, Decaprio JA, Dalal SN (2008). Plakophilin3 downregulation leads to a decrease in cell adhesion and promotes metastasis. Int J Cancer. 123: 2303-2314
112. Lai YH, Cheng J, Cheng D, Feasel ME, Beste KD, Peng J, Nusrat A, Moreno CS (2011). SOX4 interacts with plakoglobin in a Wnt3a-dependent manner in prostate cancer cells. BMC Cell Biol. 12: 50
113. Lewis JE, Wahl JK III, Sass KM, Jensen PJ, Johnson KR, Wheelock MJ (1997). Cross-Talk between adherens junctions and desmosomes depends on plakoglobin. J Cell Biol. 136 : 919-934
114. Maeda O, Usami N, Kondo M, Takahashi M, Goto H, Shimokata K, Kusugami K, Sekido Y (2004). Plakoglobin (gamma-catenin) has TCF/LEF family-dependent transcriptional activity in beta-catenin-defi cient cell line. Oncogene. 23: 964-972
115. Mahoney MG, Hu Y, Brennan D, Bazzi H, Christiano AM, Wahl JK III (2006). Delineation of diversifi ed desmoglein distribution in stratifi ed squamous epithelia: Implications in diseases. Exp Dermatol. 15: 101-109
116. Mao X, Li H, Sano Y, Gaestel M, Mo Park J, Payne AS (2013). MAPKAP Kinase 2 (MK2)-Dependent and-Independent Models of Blister Formation in Pemphigus Vulgaris. J Invest Dermatol. (Epub ahead of print
117. Mathur M, Goodwin L, Cowin P (1994). Interactions of the cytoplasmic domain of the desmosomal cadherin Dsg1 with plakoglobin. J Biol Chem. 269: 14075-14080
118. Mattey DL, Garrod DR (1986). Calcium-induced desmosome formation in cultured kidney epithelial cells. J Cell Sci. 85 : 95-111
119. Matthes SA, Taffet S, Delmar M (2011). Plakophilin-2 and the migration, differentiation and transformation of cells derived from the epicardium of neonatal rat hearts. Cell Commun Adhes. 18: 73-84
120. McGrath JA, Mcmillan JR, Shemanko CS, Runswick SK, Leigh IM, Lane EB, Garrod DR, Eady RA (1997). Mutations in the plakophilin 1 gene result in ectodermal dysplasia/skin fragility syndrome. Nat Genet. 17: 240-244
121. Meng JJ, Bornslaeger EA, Green KJ, Steinert PM, Ip W (1997). Two-hybrid analysis reveals fundamental differences in direct interactions between desmoplakin and cell type-specifi c intermediate fi laments. J Biol Chem. 272: 21495-21503
122. Merriam JM, Rubenstein AB, Klymkowsky MW (1997). Cytoplasmically anchored plakoglobin induces a WNT-like phenotype in Xenopus. Dev Biol. 185: 67-81
123. Merritt AJ, Berika MY, Zhai W, Kirk SE, Ji B, Hardman MJ, Garrod DR (2002). Suprabasal desmoglein 3 expression in the epidermis of transgenic mice results in hyperproliferation and abnormal differentiation. Mol Cell Biol. 22: 5846-5858
124. Mertens C, Hofmann I, Wang Z, Teichmann M, Sepehri Chong S, Schnolzer M, Franke WW (2001). Nuclear particles containing RNA polymerase III complexes associated with the junctional plaque protein plakophilin 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 98 : 7795-800
125. Mertens C, Kuhn C, Franke WW (1996). Plakophilins 2a and 2b: Constitutive proteins of dual location in the karyoplasm and the desmosomal plaque. J Cell Biol. 135: 1009-1025
126. Michels C, Buchta T, Bloch W, Krieg T, Niessen CM (2009). Classical cadherins regulate desmosome formation. The J Invest Dermatol. 129: 2072-2075
127. Miller JR, Moon RT (1997). Analysis of the signaling activities of localization mutants of beta-catenin during axis specifi cation in Xenopus. J Cell Biol. 139: 229-243
128. Mucke N, Kreplak L, Kirmse R, Wedig T, Herrmann H, Aebi U, Langowski J (2004). Assessing the fl exibility of intermediate fi laments by atomic force microscopy. J Mol Biol. 335: 1241-1250
129. Nekrasova OE, Amargo EV, Smith WO, Chen J, Kreitzer GE, Green KJ (2011). Desmosomal cadherins utilize distinct kinesins for assembly into desmosomes. J Cell Biol. 195 : 1185-1203
130. Neuber S, Muhmer M, Wratten D, Koch PJ, Moll R, Schmidt A (2010). The desmosomal plaque proteins of the plakophilin family. Dermatol Res Pract. 2010: 101452
131. Nie Z, Merritt A, Rouhi-Parkouhi M, Tabernero L, Garrod D (2011). Membrane-impermeable cross-linking provides evidence for homophilic, isoform-specifi c binding of desmosomal cadherins in epithelial cells. J Biol Chem. 286: 2143-2154
132. Nilles LA, Parry DA, Powers EE, Angst BD, Wagner RM, Green KJ (1991). Structural analysis and expression of human desmoglein: A cadherin-like component of the desmosome. J Cell Sci. 99: 809-821
133. North AJ, Bardsley WG, Hyam J, Bornslaeger EA, Cordingley HC, Trinnaman B, Hatzfeld M, Green KJ, Magee AI, Garrod DR (1999). Molecular map of the desmosomal plaque. J Cell Sci. 112: 4325-4336
134. North AJ, Chidgey MA, Clarke JP, Bardsley WG, Garrod DR (1996). Distinct desmocollin isoforms occur in the same desmosomes and show reciprocally graded distributions in bovine nasal epidermis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 93: 7701-7705
135. Nuber UA, Schafer S, Schmidt A, Koch PJ, Franke WW (1995). The widespread human desmocollin Dsc2 and tissue-specifi c patterns of synthesis of various desmocollin subtypes. Eur J Cell Biol. 66: 69-74
136. Obama H, Ozawa M (1997). Identifi cation of the domain of alpha-catenin involved in its association with betacatenin and plakoglobin (gamma-catenin). J Biol Chem. 272: 11017-11020
137. Odland GF (1958). The fi ne structure of the interrelationship of cells in the human epidermis. J Biophys Biochem Cytol. 4 : 529-38
138. Orsulic S, Huber O, Aberle H, Arnold S, Kemler R (1999). E-cadherin binding prevents beta-catenin nuclear localization and beta-catenin/LEF-1- mediated transactivation. J Cell Sci. 112: 1237-1245
139. Overton J (1962). Desmosome development in normal and reassociating cells in the early chick blastoderm. Dev Biol. 4: 532-48
140. Palka HL, Green KJ (1997). Roles of plakoglobin end domains in desmosome assembly. J Cell Sci. 110: 2359-2371
141. Parker AE, Wheeler GN, Arnemann J, Pidsley SC, Ataliotis P, Thomas CL, Rees DA, Magee AI, Buxton RS (1991). Desmosomal glycoproteins II and III. Cadherin-like junctional molecules generated by alternative splicing. J Biol Chem. 266: 10438-10445
142. Parrish EP, Garrod DR, Mattey DL, Hand L, Steart PV, Weller RO (1986). Mouse antisera specifi c for desmosomal adhesion molecules of suprabasal skin cells, meninges, and meningioma. ProcNatl Acad Sci U S A. 83: 2657-2661
143. Parrish EP, Marston JE, Mattey DL, Measures HR, Venning R, Garrod DR (1990). Size heterogeneity, phosphorylation and transmembrane organisation of desmosomal glycoproteins 2 and 3 (desmocollins) in MDCK cells. J Cell Sci. 96 : 239-248
144. Pasdar M, Krzeminski KA, Nelson WJ (1991). Regulation of desmosome assembly in MDCK epithelial cells: Coordination of membrane core and cytoplasmic plaque domain assembly at the plasma membrane. J Cell Biol. 113: 645-655
145. Pasdar M, Li Z (1993). Disorganization of microfi laments and intermediate fi laments interferes with the assembly and stability of desmosomes in MDCK epithelial cells. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton. 26: 163-180
146. Pasdar M, Li Z, Krzeminski KA (1992). Desmosome assembly in MDCK epithelial cells does not require the presence of functional microtubules. Cell Motil Cytoskeleton. 23: 201-212
147. Pasdar M, Nelson WJ (1988a). Kinetics of desmosome assembly in Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cells: Temporal and spatial regulation of desmoplakin organization and stabilization upon cell-cell contact. I. Biochemical analysis. J Cell Biol. 106: 677-685
148. Pasdar M, Nelson WJ (1988b). Kinetics of desmosome assembly in Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cells: Temporal and spatial regulation of desmoplakin organization and stabilization upon cell-cell contact. II. Morphological analysis. J Cell Biol. 106: 687-695
149. Pasdar M, Nelson WJ (1989). Regulation of desmosome assembly in epithelial cells: Kinetics of synthesis, transport, and stabilization of desmoglein I, a major protein of the membrane core domain. J Cell Biol. 109: 163-177
150. Peifer M, Mccrea PD, Green KJ, Wieschaus E, Gumbiner BM (1992). The vertebrate adhesive junction proteins beta-catenin and plakoglobin and the Drosophila segment polarity gene armadillo form a multigene family with similar properties. J Cell Biol. 118: 681-691
151. Penn EJ, Burdett ID, Hobson C, Magee AI, Rees DA (1987a). Structure and assembly of desmosome junctions: Biosynthesis and turnover of the major desmosome components of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells in low calcium medium. J Cell Biol. 105: 2327-2334
152. Penn EJ, Hobson C, Rees DA, Magee AI (1987b). Structure and assembly of desmosome junctions: Biosynthesis, processing, and transport of the major protein and glycoprotein components in cultured epithelial cells. J Cell Biol. 105: 57-68
153. Penn EJ, Hobson C, Rees DA, Magee AI (1989). The assembly of the major desmosome glycoproteins of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. FEBS Lett. 247: 13-6
154. Pigors M, Kiritsi D, Krumpelmann S, Wagner N, He Y, Podda M, Kohlhase J, Hausser I, Bruckner-Tuderman L, Has C (2011). Lack of plakoglobin leads to lethal congenital epidermolysis bullosa: A novel clinico-genetic entity. Hum Mol Genet. 20 : 1811-1819
155. Porter KR (1954). Observations on the submicroscopic structure of animal epidermis. Anat Rec. 118: 433-433
156. Posy S, Shapiro L, Honig B (2008). Sequence and structural determinants of strand swapping in cadherin domains: Do all cadherins bind through the same adhesive interface? J Mol Biol. 378: 954-968
157. Rakshit S, Zhang Y, Manibog K, Shafraz O, Sivasankar S (2012). Ideal, catch, and slip bonds in cadherin adhesion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 109: 18815-18820
158. Roberts BJ, Pashaj A, Johnson KR, Wahl JK III (2011). Desmosome dynamics in migrating epithelial cells requires the actin cytoskeleton. Exp Cell Res. 317: 2814-2822
159. Roh JY, Stanley JR (1995). Plakoglobin binding by human Dsg3 (pemphigus vulgaris antigen) in keratinocytes requires the cadherin-like intracytoplasmic segment. J Invest Dermatol. 104: 720-724
160. Rubenstein A, Merriam J, Klymkowsky MW (1997). Localizing the adhesive and signaling functions of plakoglobin. Dev Genet. 20: 91-102
161. Ruhrberg C, Watt FM (1997). The plakin family: Versatile organizers of cytoskeletal architecture. Curr Opin Genet Dev. 7: 392-397
162. Ruiz P, Brinkmann V, Ledermann B, Behrend M, Grund C, Thalhammer C, Vogel F, Birchmeier C, Gunthert U, Franke WW, Birchmeier W (1996). Targeted mutation of plakoglobin in mice reveals essential functions of desmosomes in the embryonic heart. J Cell Biol. 135: 215-225
163. Runswick SK, O'hare MJ, Jones L, Streuli CH, Garrod DR (2001). Desmosomal adhesion regulates epithelial morphogenesis and cell positioning. Nat Cell Biol. 3: 823-830
164. Sacco PA, Mcgranahan TM, Wheelock MJ, Johnson KR (1995). Identifi cation of plakoglobin domains required for association with N-cadherin and alpha-catenin. J Biol Chem. 270: 20201-20206
165. Saito M, Stahley SN, Caughman CY, Mao X, Tucker DK, Payne AS, Amagai M, Kowalczyk AP (2012). Signaling dependent and independent mechanisms in pemphigus vulgaris blister formation. PLoS One. 7: E50696
166. Sakuntabhai A, Ruiz-Perez V, Carter S, Jacobsen N, Burge S, Monk S, Smith M, Munro CS, O'donovan M, Craddock N, Kucherlapati R, Rees JL, Owen M, Lathrop GM, Monaco AP, Strachan T, Hovnanian A (1999). Mutations in ATP2A2, encoding a Ca2-pump, cause Darier disease. Nat Genet. 21 : 271-277
167. Sato M, Aoyama Y, Kitajima Y (2000). Assembly pathway of desmoglein 3 to desmosomes and its perturbation by pemphigus vulgaris-IgG in cultured keratinocytes, as revealed by time-lapsed labeling immunoelectron microscopy. Lab Invest. 80: 1583-1592
168. Schafer S, Koch PJ, Franke WW (1994). Identifi cation of the ubiquitous human desmoglein, Dsg2, and the expression catalogue of the desmoglein subfamily of desmosomal cadherins. Exp Cell Res. 211: 391-399
169. Schaffer J (1920). Vorlesungen ü ber Histologie und Histogenese Lpz: W. Engelmann
170. Schmelz M, Duden R, Cowin P, Franke WW (1986a). A constitutive transmembrane glycoprotein of Mr 165,000 (desmoglein) in epidermal and non-epidermal desmosomes. I. Biochemical identifi cation of the polypeptide. Eur J Cell Biol. 42: 177-183
171. Schmelz M, Duden R, Cowin P, Franke WW (1986b). A constitutive transmembrane glycoprotein of Mr 165,000 (desmoglein) in epidermal and non-epidermal desmosomes. II. Immunolocalization and microinjection studies. Eur J Cell Biol. 42: 184-199
172. Schmidt A, Heid HW, Schafer S, Nuber UA, Zimbelmann R, Franke WW (1994). Desmosomes and cytoskeletal architecture in epithelial differentiation: Cell type-specifi c plaque components and intermediate fi lament anchorage. Eur J Cell Biol. 65: 229-245
173. Schmidt A, Langbein L, Pratzel S, Rode M, Rackwitz HR, Franke WW (1999). Plakophilin 3-A novel cell-Type-specifi c desmosomal plaque protein. Differentiation. 64: 291-306
174. Schmidt A, Langbein L, Rode M, Pratzel S, Zimbelmann R, Franke WW (1997). Plakophilins 1a and 1b: Widespread nuclear proteins recruited in specifi c epithelial cells as desmosomal plaque components. Cell Tissue Res. 290: 481-499
175. Selby CC (1957). An electron microscope study of thin sections of human skin. II. Superfi cial cell layers of footpad epidermis. J Invest Dermatol. 29: 131-149
176. Shimizu M, Fukunaga Y, Ikenouchi J, Nagafuchi A (2008). Defi ning the roles of beta-catenin and plakoglobin in LEF/ T-cell factor-dependent transcription using beta-catenin/ plakoglobin-null F9 cells. Mol Cell Biol. 28: 825-835
177. Simcha I, Shtutman M, Salomon D, Zhurinsky J, Sadot E, Geiger B, Ben-Ze'ev A (1998 Differential nuclear translocation and transactivation potential of beta-catenin and plakoglobin. J Cell Biol. 141: 1433-1448
178. Simrak D, Cowley CM, Buxton RS, Arnemann J (1995). Tandem arrangement of the closely linked desmoglein genes on human chromosome 18. Genomics. 25: 591-594
179. Skerrow CJ, Matoltsy AG (1974a). Chemical characterization of isolated epidermal desmosomes. J Cell Biol. 63: 524-530
180. Skerrow CJ, Matoltsy AG (1974b). Isolation of epidermal desmosomes. J Cell Biol. 63: 515-523
181. Smith EA, Fuchs E (1998). Defi ning the interactions between intermediate fi laments and desmosomes. J Cell Biol. 141 : 1229-1241
182. Sobolik-Delmaire T, Reddy R, Pashaj A, Roberts BJ, Wahl JK III (2010). Plakophilin-1 localizes to the nucleus and interacts with single-stranded DNA. J Invest Dermatol. 130: 2638-2646
183. Staal FJ, Noort Mv , Strous GJ, Clevers HC (2002). Wnt signals are transmitted through N-Terminally dephosphorylated betacatenin. EMBO Rep. 3: 63-68
184. Stamos JL, Weis WI (2013). The beta-catenin destruction complex. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 5: A007898
185. Stappenbeck TS, Green KJ (1992). The desmoplakin carboxyl terminus coaligns with and specifi cally disrupts intermediate fi lament networks when expressed in cultured cells. J Cell Biol. 116: 1197-1209
186. Sumigray KD, Chen H, Lechler T (2011). Lis1 is essential for cortical microtubule organization and desmosome stability in the epidermis. J Cell Biol. 194: 631-642
187. Sumigray KD, Lechler T (2011). Control of cortical microtubule organization and desmosome stability by centrosomal proteins. Bioarchitecture. 1: 221-224
188. Syed SE, Trinnaman B, Martin S, Major S, Hutchinson J, Magee AI (2002). Molecular interactions between desmosomal cadherins. Biochem J. 362: 317-327
189. Tanaka T, Parry DA, Klaus-Kovtun V, Steinert PM, Stanley JR (1991). Comparison of molecularly cloned bullous pemphigoid antigen to desmoplakin I confi rms that they defi ne a new family of cell adhesion junction plaque proteins. J Biol Chem. 266: 12555-12559
190. Taniguchi T, Miyazaki M, Miyashita Y, Arima T, Ozawa M (2005). Identifi cation of regions of alpha-catenin required for desmosome organization in epithelial cells. Int J Mol Med. 16: 1003-1008
191. Theis DG, Koch PJ, Franke WW (1993). Differential synthesis of type 1 and type 2 desmocollin mRNAs in human stratifi ed epithelia. Int J Dev Biol. 37: 101-110
192. Todorovic V, Desai BV, Patterson MJ, Amargo EV, Dubash AD, Yin T, Jones JC, Green KJ (2010). Plakoglobin regulates cell motility through Rho-And fi bronectin-dependent Src signaling. J Cell Sci. 123: 3576-3586
193. Troyanovsky SM, Troyanovsky RB, Eshkind LG, Krutovskikh VA, Leube RE, Franke WW (1994a). Identifi cation of the plakoglobin-binding domain in desmoglein and its role in plaque assembly and intermediate fi lament anchorage. J Cell Biol. 127: 151-160
194. Troyanovsky SM, Troyanovsky RB, Eshkind LG, Leube RE, Franke WW (1994b). Identifi cation of amino acid sequence motifs in desmocollin, a desmosomal glycoprotein, that are required for plakoglobin binding and plaque formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 91: 10790-10794
195. Tu CL, Chang W, Bikle DD (2007). The role of the calcium sensing receptor in regulating intracellular calcium handling in human epidermal keratinocytes. J Invest Dermatol. 127 : 1074-1083
196. Tu CL, Chang W, Bikle DD (2011). The calcium-sensing receptordependent regulation of cell-cell adhesion and keratinocyte differentiation requires Rho and fi lamin A. J Invest Dermatol. 131: 1119-1128
197. Tu CL, Chang W, Xie Z, Bikle DD (2008). Inactivation of the calcium sensing receptor inhibits E-cadherin-mediated cellcell adhesion and calcium-induced differentiation in human epidermal keratinocytes. J Biol Chem. 283: 3519-3528
198. van Hengel J, Vanhoenacker P, Staes K, Van Roy F (1999). Nuclear localization of the p120(ctn) Armadillo-like catenin is counteracted by a nuclear export signal and by E-cadherin expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 96: 7980-7985
199. van Noort M, Meeldijk J, VAN Der Zee R, Destree O, Clevers H (2002). Wnt signaling controls the phosphorylation status of beta-catenin. J Biol Chem. 277: 17901-17905
200. Vasioukhin V, Bowers E, Bauer C, Degenstein L, Fuchs E (2001). Desmoplakin is essential in epidermal sheet formation. Nat Cell Biol. 3: 1076-1085
201. Wang Y, Amagai M, Minoshima S, Sakai K, Green KJ, Nishikawa T, Shimizu N (1994). The human genes for desmogleins (DSG1 and DSG3) are located in a small region on chromosome 18q12. Genomics. 20: 492-495
202. Waschke J (2008). The desmosome and pemphigus. Histochem Cell Biol. 130: 21-54
203. Waschke J, Menendez-Castro C, Bruggeman P, Koob R, Amagai M, Gruber HJ, Drenckhahn D, Baumgartner W (2007). Imaging and force spectroscopy on desmoglein 1 using atomic force microscopy reveal multivalent Ca(2-)-dependent, low-Affi nity trans-interaction. J Membr Biol. 216 : 83-92
204. Waschke J, Spindler V, Bruggeman P, Zillikens D, Schmidt G, Drenckhahn D (2006). Inhibition of Rho A activity causes pemphigus skin blistering. J Cell Biol. 175: 721-727
205. Watt FM, Mattey DL, Garrod DR (1984). Calcium-induced reorganization of desmosomal components in cultured human keratinocytes. J Cell Biol. 99: 2211-2215
206. Wheeler GN, Parker AE, Thomas CL, Ataliotis P, Poynter D, Arnemann J, Rutman AJ, Pidsley SC, Watt FM, Rees DA, Et AL (1991). Desmosomal glycoprotein DGI, a component of intercellular desmosome junctions, is related to the cadherin family of cell adhesion molecules. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 88: 4796-4800
207. Whittock NV, Bower C (2003). Genetic evidence for a novel human desmosomal cadherin, desmoglein 4. J Invest Dermatol. 120 : 523-530
208. Whittock NV, Wan H, Morley SM, Garzon MC, Kristal L, Hyde P, Mclean WH, Pulkkinen L, Uitto J, Christiano AM, Eady RA, McGrath JA (2002). Compound heterozygosity for non-sense and mis-sense mutations in desmoplakin underlies skin fragility/woolly hair syndrome. J Invest Dermatol. 118 : 232-238
209. Williamson L, Raess NA, Caldelari R, Zakher A, DE Bruin A, Posthaus H, Bolli R, Hunziker T, Suter MM, Muller EJ (2006). Pemphigus vulgaris identifi es plakoglobin as key suppressor of c-Myc in the skin. EMBO J. 25: 3298-3309
210. Windoffer R, Borchert-Stuhltrager M, Leube RE (2002). Desmosomes: Interconnected calcium-dependent structures of remarkable stability with signifi cant integral membrane protein turnover. J Cell Sci. 115: 1717-1732
211. Witcher LL, Collins R, Puttagunta S, Mechanic SE, Munson M, Gumbiner B, Cowin P (1996). Desmosomal cadherin binding domains of plakoglobin. J Biol Chem. 271: 10904-10909
212. Wolf A, Krause-Gruszczynska M, Birkenmeier O, Ostareck-Lederer A, Huttelmaier S, Hatzfeld M (2010). Plakophilin 1 stimulates translation by promoting eIF4A1 activity. J Cell Biol. 188: 463-471
213. Xie Z, Bikle DD (2007). The recruitment of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase to the E-cadherin-catenin complex at the plasma membrane is required for calcium-induced phospholipase C-gamma1 activation and human keratinocyte differentiation. J Biol Chem. 282: 8695-8703
214. Yin T, Getsios S, Caldelari R, Kowalczyk AP, Muller EJ, Jones JC, Green KJ (2005). Plakoglobin suppresses keratinocyte motility through both cell-cell adhesiondependent and-independent mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 102: 5420-5425
215. Zhurinsky J, Shtutman M, Ben-Ze'ev A (2000). Differential mechanisms of LEF/TCF family-dependent transcriptional activation by beta-catenin and plakoglobin. Mol Cell Biol. 20: 4238-4252