Progress on the diagnosis and evaluation of brain tumors

Cancer Imaging

Volumn 13, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 466-481

  Gao, Huile ^a   Jiang, Xinguo ^a  

^a FUDAN UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Brain tumor; Diagnosis; Magnetic resonance imaging; Optimal imaging; Positron emission tomography; Single photon emission computed tomography

Indexed keywords

3' FLUOROTHYMIDINE F 18; 6 FLUORODOPA F 18; ACETIC ACID C 11; ARGINYLGLYCYLASPARTIC ACID; ARGINYLGLYCYLASPARTIC ACID F 18; CARBON 11; CHOLINE C 11; DENDRIMER; FLUORO LEVO PHENYLALANINE F 18; FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE F 18; FLUOROETHOXY TRYPTOPHAN F 18; FLUOROETHYL LEVO TYROSINE F 18; GADOBENATE DIMEGLUMINE; GADOLINIUM CHELATE; INDIUM 111; IODINE 123; IODINE 124; LEVO PHENYLALANINE I 124; LIPOSOME; METHIONINE C 11; METHYL LEVO CYSTEINE C 11; METHYL LEVO TRYPTOPHAN C 11; PENTETIC ACID; PENTETREOTIDE IN 111; POLYAMIDOAMINE; RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL AGENT; SUPERPARAMAGNETIC IRON OXIDE NANOPARTICLE; TECHNETIUM 99M; THALLIUM 201; ULTRASMALL SUPERPARAMAGNETIC IRON OXIDE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ASTROCYTOMA; BRAIN TUMOR; CANCER STAGING; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; DRUG CONJUGATION; FLUORESCENCE IMAGING; FLUORESCENCE MICROSCOPY; GLIOMA; HUMAN; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PHOTOACOUSTIC TOMOGRAPHY; PLASMA HALF LIFE; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; RADIATION NECROSIS; RAMAN SPECTROMETRY; REVIEW; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SIGNAL NOISE RATIO; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; TUMOR DIAGNOSIS; TUMOR XENOGRAFT;

ANIMALS; ANTIGENS, CD; BRAIN NEOPLASMS; GADOLINIUM DTPA; HUMANS; LIPOSOMES; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MAGNETITE NANOPARTICLES; OPTICAL IMAGING; POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; RANITIDINE; RECEPTORS, CELL SURFACE; TOMOGRAPHY, EMISSION-COMPUTED, SINGLE-PHOTON;

EID: 84890172179     PISSN: None     EISSN: 14707330     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1102/1470-7330.2013.0039     Document Type: Review

References (171)

1. Siegel R, Ward E, Brawley O, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2011: the impact of eliminating socioeconomic and racial disparities on premature cancer deaths. CA Cancer J Clin 2011; 61: 212-236.
2. Benard F, Romsa J, Hustinx R. Imaging gliomas with positron emission tomography and single-photon emission computed tomography. Semin Nucl Med 2003; 33: 148-162.
3. Sanai N, Chang S, Berger MS. Low-grade gliomas in adults. J Neurosurg 2011; 115: 948-965.
4. Popperl G, Kreth FW, Mehrkens JH, et al. FET PET for the evaluation of untreated gliomas: correlation of FET uptake and uptake kinetics with tumour grading. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2007; 34: 1933-1942.
5. Tabatabai G, Stupp R, van den Bent MJ, et al. Molecular diagnostics of gliomas: the clinical perspective. Acta Neuropathol 2010; 120: 585-592.
6. Daumas-Duport C. Histological grading of gliomas. Curr Opin Neurol Neurosurg 1992; 5: 924-931.
7. 18F-labeled RGD peptide: initial evaluation for imaging brain tumor angiogenesis. Nucl Med Biol 2004; 31: 179-189.
8. 18F-labeled PEGylated RGD peptide. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2004; 31: 1081-1089.
9. Liu Z, Niu G, Shi J, et al. 68)Ga-labeled cyclic RGD dimers with Gly3 and PEG4 linkers: promising agents for tumor integrin alphavbeta3 PET imaging. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2009; 36: 947-957.
10. Chen X, Park R, Khankaldyyan V, et al. Longitudinal microPET imaging of brain tumor growth with F-18-labeled RGD peptide. Mol Imaging Biol 2006; 8: 9-15.
11. 64Cu-labeled RGD peptide. Bioconjug Chem 2004; 15: 41-49.
12. 64Cu labeling and PET imaging of brain tumor alphavbeta3-integrin expression. J Nucl Med 2004; 45: 1776-1783.
13. Wu Y, Zhang X, Xiong Z, et al. microPET imaging of glioma integrin {alpha}v{beta}3 expression using (64)Cu-labeled tetrameric RGD peptide. J Nucl Med 2005; 46: 1707-1718.
14. Li ZB, Cai W, Cao Q, et al. 64)Cu-labeled tetrameric and octameric RGD peptides for small-animal PET of tumor alpha(v)-beta(3) integrin expression. J Nucl Med 2007; 48: 1162-1171.
15. Li ZB, Chen K, Chen X. (68)Ga-labeled multimeric RGD peptides for microPET imaging of integrin alpha(v)beta (3) expression. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2008; 35: 1100-1108.
16. 18F-galacto-RGD in cancer patients. J Nucl Med 2005; 46: 1333-1341.
17. 18F]galacto-RGD positron emission tomography for imaging of alphavbeta3 expression on the neovasculature in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13: 6610-6616.
18. Liu S, Liu H, Jiang H, Xu Y, Zhang H, Cheng Z. One-step radiosynthesis of (18)F-AlF-NOTA-RGD for tumor angiogenesis PET imaging. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2011; 38: 1732-1741.
19. 11C-L-methionine positron emission tomography in the clinical management of cerebral gliomas. Mol Imaging Biol 2008; 10: 1-18.
20. Minn H. PET and SPECT in low-grade glioma. Eur J Radiol 2005; 56: 171-178.
21. Lee JD, Kim DI, Lee JT, Chang JW, Park CY. Indium-111-pentetreotide imaging in intra-axial brain tumors: comparison with thallium-201 SPECT and MRI. J Nucl Med 1995; 36: 537-541.
22. Schillaci O, Filippi L, Manni C, Santoni R. Single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography in brain tumors. Semin Nucl Med 2007; 37: 34-47.
23. 99mTc-MIBI brain SPECT (functional index ratios) and survival after treatment failure in malignant glioma patients. Anticancer Res 2002; 22: 3081-3085.
24. 99mTc-MIBI brain SPECT]. Ai Zheng 2004; 23: 689-692.
25. Sharma P, Brown S, Walter G, Santra S, Moudgil B. Nanoparticles for bioimaging. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2006; 123-126: 471-485.
26. Baba T, Moriguchi M, Natori Y, Katsuki C, Inoue T, Fukui M. Magnetic resonance imaging of experimental rat brain tumors: histopathological evaluation. Surg Neurol 1990; 34: 378-382.
27. Kovar DA, Lewis MZ, River JN, Lipton MJ, Karczmar GS. In vivo imaging of extraction fraction of low molecular weight MR contrast agents and perfusion rate in rodent tumors. Magn Reson Med 1997; 38: 259-268.
28. Wilkins DE, Raaphorst GP, Saunders JK, Sutherland GR, Smith IC. Correlation between Gd-enhanced MR imaging and histopathology in treated and untreated 9L rat brain tumors. Magn Reson Imaging 1995; 13: 89-96.
29. Runge VM, Jacobson S, Wood ML, Kaufman D, Adelman LS. MR imaging of rat brain glioma: Gd-DTPA versus Gd-DOTA. Radiology 1988; 166: 835-838.
30. Rajan SS, Rosa L, Francisco J, Muraki A, Carvlin M, Tuturea E. MRI characterization of 9L-glioma in rat brain at 4.7 Tesla. Magn Reson Imaging 1990; 8: 185-190.
31. Stack JP, Antoun NM, Jenkins JP, Metcalfe R, Isherwood I. Gadolinium-DTPA as a contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. Neuroradiology 1988; 30: 145-154.
32. Larsson HB, Stubgaard M, Frederiksen JL, Jensen M, Henriksen O, Paulson OB. Quantitation of blood-brain barrier defect by magnetic resonance imaging and gadolinium-DTPA in patients with multiple sclerosis and brain tumors. Magn Reson Med 1990; 16: 117-131.
33. Pronin IN, Holodny AI, Petraikin AV. MRI of high-grade glial tumors: correlation between the degree of contrast enhancement and the volume of surrounding edema. Neuroradiology 1997; 39: 348-350.
34. Yoshii Y, Komatsu Y, Yamada T, Hyodo A, Nose T, Kobayashi E. Malignancy and viability of intraparenchymal brain tumours: correlation between Gd-DTPA contrast MR images and proliferative potentials. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1992; 117: 187-194.
35. Schwartz RB, Hsu L, Kacher DF, et al. Intraoperative dynamic MRI: localization of sites of brain tumor recurrence after high-dose radiotherapy. J Magn Reson Imaging 1998; 8: 1085-1089.
36. Mahmoud-Ghoneim D, Toussaint G, Constans JM, de Certaines JD. Three dimensional texture analysis in MRI: a preliminary evaluation in gliomas. Magn Reson Imaging 2003; 21: 983-987.
37. Shin JH, Lee HK, Kwun BD, et al. Using relative cerebral blood flow and volume to evaluate the histopathologic grade of cerebral gliomas: preliminary results. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2002; 179: 783-789.
38. Lam WW, Chan KW, Wong WL, Poon WS, Metreweli C. Preoperative grading of intracranial glioma. Acta Radiol 2001; 42: 548-554.
39. Aronen HJ, Perkio J. Dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI of gliomas. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2002; 12: 501-523.
40. Bockhorst K, Els T, Hoehn-Berlage M. Selective enhancement of experimental rat brain tumors with Gd-TPPS. J Magn Reson Imaging 1994; 4: 451-456.
41. Zhang T, Matsumura A, Yamamoto T, Yoshida F, Nose T, Shimojo N. Comparison of gadobenate dimeglumine and gadopentetate dimeglumine: a study of MR imaging and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy in rat brain tumors. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2002; 23: 15-18.
42. Runge VM, Biswas J, Wintersperger BJ, et al. The efficacy of gadobenate dimeglumine (Gd-BOPTA) at 3 Tesla in brain magnetic resonance imaging: comparison to 1.5 Tesla and a standard gadolinium chelate using a rat brain tumor model. Invest Radiol 2006; 41: 244-248.
43. Brasch R, Pham C, Shames D, et al. Assessing tumor angiogenesis using macromolecular MR imaging contrast media. J Magn Reson Imaging 1997; 7: 68-74.
44. Sturzu A, Kalbacher H, Echner H, Klose U, Gharabaghi A, Heckl S. Imaging of human glioma cells by means of a Syndecan-4 directed DOTA-conjugate. Amino Acids 2010; 38: 1415-1421.
45. Matsumura A, Shibata Y, Nakagawa K, Nose T. MRI contrast enhancement by Gd-DTPA-monoclonal antibody in 9L glioma rats. Acta Neurochir Suppl (Wien) 1994; 60: 356-358.
46. Ye J, Xu YK, Liu X, Lu GS. Targeted magnetic resonance imaging with intraperitoneal and intravenous streptavidin (SA)-DTPA-Gd: a comparative study in tumor-bearing nude mice. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 2006; 26: 139-143.
47. Unger EC, MacDougall P, Cullis P, Tilcock C. Liposomal Gd-DTPA: effect of encapsulation on enhancement of hepatoma model by MRI. Magn Reson Imaging 1989; 7: 417-423.
48. Unger E, Cardenas D, Zerella A, Fajardo LL, Tilcock C. Biodistribution and clearance of liposomal gadolinium-DTPA. Invest Radiol 1990; 25: 638-644.
49. Sipkins DA, Cheresh DA, Kazemi MR, Nevin LM, Bednarski MD, Li KC. Detection of tumor angiogenesis in vivo by alphaVbeta3-targeted magnetic resonance imaging. Nat Med 1998; 4: 623-626.
50. Yao Y, Kubota T, Takeuchi H, Sato K. Prognostic significance of microvessel density determined by an anti-CD105/endoglin monoclonal antibody in astrocytic tumors: comparison with an anti-CD31 monoclonal antibody. Neuropathology 2005; 25: 201-206.
51. Zhang D, Feng XY, Henning TD, et al. MR imaging of tumor angiogenesis using sterically stabilized Gd-DTPA liposomes targeted to CD105. Eur J Radiol 2009; 70: 180-189.
52. Han L, Li J, Huang S, et al. Peptide-conjugated polyamidoamine dendrimer as a nanoscale tumor-targeted T1 magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent. Biomaterials 2011; 32: 2989-2998.
53. Yan H, Wang L, Wang J, et al. Two-order targeted brain tumor imaging by using an optical/paramagnetic nanoprobe across the blood brain barrier. ACS Nano 2012; 6: 410-420.
54. Yan H, Wang J, Yi P, et al. Imaging brain tumor by dendrimer-based optical/paramagnetic nanoprobe across the blood-brain barrier. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47: 8130-8132.
55. Huang R, Han L, Li J, et al. Chlorotoxin-modified macromolecular contrast agent for MRI tumor diagnosis. Biomaterials 2011; 32: 5177-5186.
56. Bendszus M, Ladewig G, Jestaedt L, et al. Gadofluorine M enhancement allows more sensitive detection of inflammatory CNS lesions than T2-w imaging: a quantitative MRI study. Brain 2008; 131: 2341-2352.
57. Sitharaman B, Kissell KR, Hartman KB, et al. Superparamagnetic gadonanotubes are high-performance MRI contrast agents. Chem Commun (Camb) 20053915-3917.
58. Bosi S, Da RT, Spalluto G, Prato M. Fullerene derivatives: an attractive tool for biological applications. Eur J Med Chem 2003; 38: 913-923.
59. Corot C, Robert P, Idee JM, Port M. Recent advances in iron oxide nanocrystal technology for medical imaging. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2006; 58: 1471-1504.
60. Bonnemain B. Superparamagnetic agents in magnetic resonance imaging: physicochemical characteristics and clinical applications. A review. J Drug Target 1998; 6: 167-174.
61. Raynal I, Prigent P, Peyramaure S, Najid A, Rebuzzi C, Corot C. Macrophage endocytosis of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: mechanisms and comparison of ferumoxides and ferumoxtran-10. Invest Radiol 2004; 39: 56-63.
62. Briley-Saebo K, Hustvedt SO, Haldorsen A, Bjornerud A. Long-term imaging effects in rat liver after a single injection of an iron oxide nanoparticle based MR contrast agent. J Magn Reson Imaging 2004; 20: 622-631.
63. Brillet PY, Gazeau F, Luciani A, et al. Evaluation of tumoral enhancement by superparamagnetic iron oxide particles: comparative studies with ferumoxtran and anionic iron oxide nanoparticles. Eur Radiol 2005; 15: 1369-1377.
64. Lewin M, Carlesso N, Tung CH, et al. Tat peptide-derivatized magnetic nanoparticles allow in vivo tracking and recovery of progenitor cells. Nat Biotechnol 2000; 18: 410-414.
65. Bulte JW, Zhang S, van Gelderen P, et al. Neurotransplantation of magnetically labeled oligodendrocyte progenitors: magnetic resonance tracking of cell migration and myelination. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96: 15256-15261.
66. Frank JA, Miller BR, Arbab AS, et al. Clinically applicable labeling of mammalian and stem cells by combining superparamagnetic iron oxides and transfection agents. Radiology 2003; 228: 480-487.
67. Varallyay P, Nesbit G, Muldoon LL, et al. Comparison of two superparamagnetic viral-sized iron oxide particles ferumoxides and ferumoxtran-10 with a gadolinium chelate in imaging intracranial tumors. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2002; 23: 510-519.
68. Moore A, Marecos E, Bogdanov AJ, Weissleder R. Tumoral distribution of long-circulating dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticles in a rodent model. Radiology 2000; 214: 568-574.
69. Rausch M, Hiestand P, Baumann D, Cannet C, Rudin M. MRI-based monitoring of inflammation and tissue damage in acute and chronic relapsing EAE. Magn Reson Med 2003; 50: 309-314.
70. Corot C, Petry KG, Trivedi R, et al. Macrophage imaging in central nervous system and in carotid atherosclerotic plaque using ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide in magnetic resonance imaging. Invest Radiol 2004; 39: 619-625.
71. Claes A, Gambarota G, Hamans B, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging-based detection of glial brain tumors in mice after antiangiogenic treatment. Int J Cancer 2008; 122: 1981-1986.
72. Enochs WS, Harsh G, Hochberg F, Weissleder R. Improved delineation of human brain tumors on MR images using a long-circulating, superparamagnetic iron oxide agent. J Magn Reson Imaging 1999; 9: 228-232.
73. Neuwelt EA, Varallyay P, Bago AG, Muldoon LL, Nesbit G, Nixon R. Imaging of iron oxide nanoparticles by MR and light microscopy in patients with malignant brain tumours. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2004; 30: 456-471.
74. Anzai Y. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles: nodal metastases and beyond. Top Magn Reson Imaging 2004; 15: 103-111.
75. Cole AJ, David AE, Wang J, Galban CJ, Yang VC. Magnetic brain tumor targeting and biodistribution of long-circulating PEG-modified, cross-linked starch-coated iron oxide nanoparticles. Biomaterials 2011; 32: 6291-6301.
76. Cole AJ, David AE, Wang J, Galban CJ, Hill HL, Yang VC. Polyethylene glycol modified, cross-linked starch-coated iron oxide nanoparticles for enhanced magnetic tumor targeting. Biomaterials 2011; 32: 2183-2193.
77. Gupta AK, Naregalkar RR, Vaidya VD, Gupta M. Recent advances on surface engineering of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles and their biomedical applications. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2007; 2: 23-39.
78. Xie H, Zhu Y, Jiang W, et al. Lactoferrin-conjugated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as a specific MRI contrast agent for detection of brain glioma in vivo. Biomaterials 2011; 32: 495-502.
79. Demeule M, Currie JC, Bertrand Y, et al. Involvement of the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein in the transcytosis of the brain delivery vector angiopep-2. J Neurochem 2008; 106: 1534-1544.
80. Frimpong RA, Hilt JZ. Magnetic nanoparticles in biomedicine: synthesis, functionalization and applications. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2010; 5: 1401-1414.
81. Jain TK, Richey J, Strand M, Leslie-Pelecky DL, Flask CA, Labhasetwar V. Magnetic nanoparticles with dual functional properties: drug delivery and magnetic resonance imaging. Biomaterials 2008; 29: 4012-4021.
82. Jain TK, Foy SP, Erokwu B, Dimitrijevic S, Flask CA, Labhasetwar V. Magnetic resonance imaging of multifunctional pluronic stabilized iron-oxide nanoparticles in tumor-bearing mice. Biomaterials 2009; 30: 6748-6756.
83. Lyons SA, O'Neal J, Sontheimer H. Chlorotoxin, a scorpion-derived peptide, specifically binds to gliomas and tumors of neuroectodermal origin. Glia 2002; 39: 162-173.
84. Sun C, Fang C, Stephen Z, et al. Tumor-targeted drug delivery and MRI contrast enhancement by chlorotoxin-conjugated iron oxide nanoparticles. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2008; 3: 495-505.
85. Yu MK, Park J, Jeong YY, Moon WK, Jon S. Integrin-targeting thermally cross-linked superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for combined cancer imaging and drug delivery. Nanotechnology 2010; 21: 415102.
86. Yallapu MM, Foy SP, Jain TK, Labhasetwar V. PEG-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles for drug delivery and magnetic resonance imaging applications. Pharm Res 2010; 27: 2283-2295.
87. Sun C, Lee JS, Zhang M. Magnetic nanoparticles in MR imaging and drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2008; 60: 1252-1265.
88. Hao R, Xing R, Xu Z, Hou Y, Gao S, Sun S. Synthesis, functionalization, and biomedical applications of multifunctional magnetic nanoparticles. Adv Mater 2010; 22: 2729-2742.
89. Ho D, Sun X, Sun S. Monodisperse magnetic nanoparticles for theranostic applications. Acc Chem Res 2011; 44: 875-882.
90. Luker GD, Luker KE. Optical imaging: current applications and future directions. J Nucl Med 2008; 49: 1-4.
91. Bremer C, Ntziachristos V, Weissleder R. Optical-based molecular imaging: contrast agents and potential medical applications. Eur Radiol 2003; 13: 231-243.
92. Contag CH, Contag PR, Mullins JI, Spilman SD, Stevenson DK, Benaron DA. Photonic detection of bacterial pathogens in living hosts. Mol Microbiol 1995; 18: 593-603.
93. Weissleder R, Ntziachristos V. Shedding light onto live molecular targets. Nat Med 2003; 9: 123-128.
94. Cho EC, Glaus C, Chen J, Welch MJ, Xia Y. Inorganic nanoparticle-based contrast agents for molecular imaging. Trends Mol Med 2010; 16: 561-573.
95. Aswathy RG, Yoshida Y, Maekawa T, Kumar DS. Near-infrared quantum dots for deep tissue imaging. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397: 1417-1435.
96. Luo S, Zhang E, Su Y, Cheng T, Shi C. A review of NIR dyes in cancer targeting and imaging. Biomaterials 2011; 32: 7127-7138.
97. Chen X, Conti PS, Moats RA. In vivo near-infrared fluorescence imaging of integrin alphavbeta3 in brain tumor xenografts. Cancer Res 2004; 64: 8009-8014.
98. Pang Z, Feng L, Hua R, et al. Lactoferrin-conjugated biodegradable polymersome holding doxorubicin and tetrandrine for chemotherapy of glioma rats. Mol Pharm 2010; 7: 1995-2005.
99. Gao H, Pan S, Yang Z, et al. A cascade targeting strategy for brain neuroglial cells employing nanoparticles modified with angiopep-2 peptide and EGFP-EGF1 protein. Biomaterials 2011; 32: 8669-8675.
100. Wang C, Gao X, Su X. In vitro and in vivo imaging with quantum dots. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397: 1397-1415.
101. Gao X, Yang L, Petros JA, Marshall FF, Simons JW, Nie S. In vivo molecular and cellular imaging with quantum dots. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2005; 16: 63-72.
102. Mahmoudi M, Lynch I, Ejtehadi MR, Monopoli MP, Bombelli FB, Laurent S. Protein-nanoparticle interactions: opportunities and challenges. Chem Rev 2011; 111: 5610-5637.
103. Aggarwal P, Hall JB, McLeland CB, Dobrovolskaia MA, McNeil SE. Nanoparticle interaction with plasma proteins as it relates to particle biodistribution, biocompatibility and therapeutic efficacy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61: 428-437.
104. Cai W, Shin DW, Chen K, et al. Peptide-labeled near-infrared quantum dots for imaging tumor vasculature in living subjects. Nano Lett 2006; 6: 669-676.
105. Gao X, Cui Y, Levenson RM, Chung LW, Nie S. In vivo cancer targeting and imaging with semiconductor quantum dots. Nat Biotechnol 2004; 22: 969-976.
106. Papagiannaros A, Levchenko T, Hartner W, Mongayt D, Torchilin V. Quantum dots encapsulated in phospholipid micelles for imaging and quantification of tumors in the near-infrared region. Nanomedicine 2009; 5: 216-224.
107. 19F MR/optical imaging nanoprobes for the labeling of phagocytic and nonphagocytic immune cells. Biomaterials 2010; 31: 4964-4971.
108. Lu W, Huang Q, Ku G, et al. Photoacoustic imaging of living mouse brain vasculature using hollow gold nanospheres. Biomaterials 2010; 31: 2617-2626.
109. Hainfeld JF, Smilowitz HM, O'Connor MJ, Dilmanian FA, Slatkin DN. Gold nanoparticle imaging and radiotherapy of brain tumors in mice. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2012[Epub ahead of print].
110. Buchpiguel CA, Alavi JB, Alavi A, Kenyon LC. PET versus SPECT in distinguishing radiation necrosis from tumor recurrence in the brain. J Nucl Med 1995; 36: 159-164.
111. Jeong HJ, Chung JK, Kim YK, et al. Usefulness of whole-body (18)F-FDG PET in patients with suspected metastatic brain tumors. J Nucl Med 2002; 43: 1432-1437.
112. Nguyen QH, Szeto E, Mansberg R, Mansberg V. Paravertebral infection (phlegmon) demonstrated by FDG dual-head coincidence imaging in a patient with multiple malignancies. Clin Nucl Med 2005; 30: 241-243.
113. Bustany P, Chatel M, Derlon JM, et al. Brain tumor protein synthesis and histological grades: a study by positron emission tomography (PET) with C11-L-Methionine. J Neurooncol 1986; 3: 397-404.
114. 11C-choline positron-emission tomography. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2008; 29: 1176-1182.
115. 11C]-L-methionine positron emission tomography in the management of children and young adults with brain tumors. J Neurooncol 2010; 96: 231-239.
116. 11C-methionine for PET-guided stereotactic brain biopsy of gliomas. J Nucl Med 2004; 45: 1293-1298.
117. 11C-methionine in the determination of malignancy of gliomas. J Neurol Sci 2006; 246: 85-94.
118. 11C-methyl-L-cysteine: a new amino acid PET tracer for cancer imaging. J Nucl Med 2011; 52: 287-293.
119. Lahoutte T, Caveliers V, Camargo SM, et al. SPECT and PET amino acid tracer influx via system L (h4F2hc-hLAT1) and its transstimulation. J Nucl Med 2004; 45: 1591-1596.
120. 18F]fluoroethyl)-L-tyrosine (FET) uptake in human tumour and inflammatory cells. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2006; 33: 932-939.
121. Lau EW, Drummond KJ, Ware RE, et al. Comparative PET study using F-18 FET and F-18 FDG for the evaluation of patients with suspected brain tumour. J Clin Neurosci 2010; 17: 43-49.
122. 18F-FET PET for grading of recurrent gliomas: is evaluation of uptake kinetics superior to standard methods? J Nucl Med 2006; 47: 393-403.
123. Laique S, Egrise D, Monclus M, et al. L-amino acid load to enhance PET differentiation between tumor and inflammation: an in vitro study on (18)F-FET uptake. Contrast Media Mol Imaging 2006; 1: 212-220.
124. 18F] fluoroethyl-L-tyrosine and magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Neurosurg 2005; 102: 318-327.
125. Batista CE, Juhasz C, Muzik O, et al. Imaging correlates of differential expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in human brain tumors. Mol Imaging Biol 2009; 11: 460-466.
126. Juhasz C, Muzik O, Chugani DC, et al. Differential kinetics of alpha-[(1)(1)C]methyl-L-tryptophan on PET in low-grade brain tumors. J Neurooncol 2011; 102: 409-415.
127. Li R, Wu SC, Wang SC, Fu Z, Dang Y, Huo L. Synthesis and evaluation of l-5-(2-[(18)F]fluoroethoxy)tryptophan as a new PET tracer. Appl Radiat Isot 2010; 68: 303-308.
128. 18F-FDOPA PET/MRI fusion in patients with primary/recurrent gliomas: initial experience. Eur J Radiol 2009; 71: 242-248.
129. 18F-FDG PET and evaluation of diagnostic accuracy. J Nucl Med 2006; 47: 904-911.
130. Tripathi M, Sharma R, D'Souza M, et al. Comparative evaluation of F-18 FDOPA, F-18 FDG, and F-18 FLT-PET/CT for metabolic imaging of low grade gliomas. Clin Nucl Med 2009; 34: 878-883.
131. Farmakis G, Brandau W, Hellwig D, et al. PET imaging with p-[I-124]iodo-l-phenylalanine as a new tool for diagnosis and postoperative control in patients with glioma. Clin Nucl Med 2008; 33: 441-442.
132. 11C]choline. J Nucl Med 1997; 38: 842-847.
133. Shinoura N, Nishijima M, Hara T, et al. Brain tumors: detection with C-11 choline PET. Radiology 1997; 202: 497-503.
134. Ohtani T, Kurihara H, Ishiuchi S, et al. Brain tumour imaging with carbon-11 choline: comparison with FDG PET and gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging. Eur J Nucl Med 2001; 28: 1664-1670.
135. 11C-methylmethionine as markers of increased transport and proliferation in brain tumors. J Nucl Med 2005; 46: 1948-1958.
136. 18F-FDG. J Nucl Med 2005; 46: 945-952.
137. 18F]FLT-PET. Anticancer Res 2006; 26: 3467-3472.
138. 18F-FLT human brain PET for the assessment of tumour proliferation in patients with high-grade glioma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2009; 36: 1960-1967.
139. Yoshimoto M, Waki A, Yonekura Y, et al. Characterization of acetate metabolism in tumor cells in relation to cell proliferation: acetate metabolism in tumor cells. Nucl Med Biol 2001; 28: 117-122.
140. 11C-acetate. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2006; 33: 420-427.
141. 18F-FDG PET. Nucl Med Biol 2008; 35: 171-176.
142. 201Tl-SPECT and MRI using Gd-DTPA for glioma]. Nihon Igaku Hoshasen Gakkai Zasshi 1999; 59: 402-408.
143. Park KJ, Kang SH, Park DH, Cho TH, Choe JG, Chung YG. Usefulness of thallium-201 SPECT for prediction of early progression in low-grade astrocytomas diagnosed by stereotactic biopsy. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2012; 114: 223-229.
144. Gomez-Rio M, Martinez DVTD, Rodriguez-Fernandez A, et al. 201)Tl-SPECT in low-grade gliomas: diagnostic accuracy in differential diagnosis between tumour recurrence and radionecrosis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2004; 31: 1237-1243.
145. Serizawa T, Saeki N, Higuchi Y, et al. Diagnostic value of thallium-201 chloride single-photon emission computerized tomography in differentiating tumor recurrence from radiation injury after gamma knife surgery for metastatic brain tumors. J Neurosurg 2005; 102(Suppl.): 266-271.
146. Caresia AP, Castell-Conesa J, Negre M, et al. Thallium-201 SPECT assessment in the detection of recurrences of treated gliomas and ependymomas. Clin Transl Oncol 2006; 8: 750-754.
147. 201Tl single photon emission computed tomography in the detection of recurrent glioma. Nucl Med Commun 2007; 28: 431-439.
148. 201Tl-SPECT. J Clin Neurosci 2008; 15: 1327-1334.
149. 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose. J Neurooncol 2000; 46: 63-70.
150. 99mTc-Q12 in vitro and in vivo. Nucl Med Biol 1998; 25: 233-240.
151. 99mTc- MIBI brain SPECT for brain glioma]. Di Yi Jun Yi Da Xue Xue Bao 2004; 24: 1184-1185.
152. Le Jeune FP, Dubois F, Blond S, Steinling M. Sestamibi technetium-99m brain single-photon emission computed tomography to identify recurrent glioma in adults: 201 studies. J Neurooncol 2006; 77: 177-183.
153. 1H-MRS) to assess glioma recurrence after radiotherapy. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2006; 50: 88-93.
154. Baldari S, Restifo PG, Cosentino S, Minutoli F. Investigation of brain tumours with (99m)Tc-MIBI SPET. Q J Nucl Med 2002; 46: 336-345.
155. 99mTc-MIBI uptake and MIB-1 as a nuclear proliferation marker in glioma - a comparative study with 201Tl. Neuroradiology 2001; 43: 1023-1030.
156. Alexiou GA, Fotopoulos AD, Papadopoulos A, Kyritsis AP, Polyzoidis KS, Tsiouris S. Evaluation of brain tumor recurrence by (99m)Tc-tetrofosmin SPECT: a prospective pilot study. Ann Nucl Med 2007; 21: 293-298.
157. Fotopoulos AD, Alexiou GA, Goussia A, et al. 99m)Tc-Tetrofosmin brain SPECT in the assessment of meningiomas-correlation with histological grade and proliferation index. J Neurooncol 2008; 89: 225-230.
158. Alexiou GA, Tsiouris S, Vartholomatos G, et al. Correlation of glioma proliferation assessed by flow cytometry with (99m)Tc-Tetrofosmin SPECT uptake. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2009; 111: 808-811.
159. Barai S, Bandopadhayaya GP, Julka PK, et al. Role of Tc-glucoheptonic acid brain single photon emission computed tomography in differentiation of recurrent brain tumour and postradiation gliosis. Australas Radiol 2004; 48: 296-301.
160. Barai S, Rajkamal Bandopadhayaya GP, et al. Thallium-201 versus Tc99m-glucoheptonate SPECT for evaluation of recurrent brain tumours: a within-subject comparison with pathological correlation. J Clin Neurosci 2005; 12: 27-31.
161. Jia B, Shi J, Yang Z, et al. 99mTc-labeled cyclic RGDfK dimer: initial evaluation for SPECT imaging of glioma integrin alphavbeta3 expression. Bioconjug Chem 2006; 17: 1069-1076.
162. Kuwert T, Woesler B, Morgenroth C, et al. Diagnosis of recurrent glioma with SPECT and iodine-123-alpha-methyl tyrosine. J Nucl Med 1998; 39: 23-27.
163. Floeth FW, Aulich A, Langen KJ, Burger KJ, Bock WJ, Weber F. MR imaging and single-photon emission CT findings after gene therapy for human glioblastoma. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2001; 22: 1517-1527.
164. Samnick S, Bader JB, Hellwig D, et al. Clinical value of iodine-123-alpha-methyl-L-tyrosine single-photon emission tomography in the differential diagnosis of recurrent brain tumor in patients pretreated for glioma at follow-up. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20: 396-404.
165. 1H MR-spectroscopy at 3.0 T in the differential diagnosis of recurrent or residual gliomas: a comparative study. J Neurooncol 2004; 70: 49-58.
166. Henze M, Mohammed A, Schlemmer HP, et al. PET and SPECT for detection of tumor progression in irradiated low-grade astrocytoma: a receiver-operating- characteristic analysis. J Nucl Med 2004; 45: 579-586.
167. 123I-IMT SPECT for diagnosis of recurrent non-astrocytic intracranial tumours. Neuroradiology 2005; 47: 18-26.
168. 123I]iodo-L-phenylalanine and SPECT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2005; 32: 1041-1049.
169. 123I]Iodo-alpha- methyl-L-tyrosine uptake in cerebral gliomas: relationship to histological grading and prognosis. Eur J Nucl Med 2001; 28: 855-861.
170. 123I-IMT SPECT for evaluation of the response to radiation therapy in high grade gliomas: a feasibility study. Br J Radiol 2007; 80: 274-278.
171. 123I]-iodo-alpha-methyl-tyrosine for SPECT imaging of gliomas. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2008; 35: 24-31.