11C-L-methionine positron emission tomography in the clinical management of cerebral gliomas

Molecular Imaging and Biology

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 1-18

  Singhal, Tarun ^a   Narayanan, Tanjore K ^a   Jain, Viney ^a   Mukherjee, Jogeshwar ^b   Mantil, Joseph ^a  

^a KETTERING MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Gliomas; L Methyl 11C methionine (MET); Positron emission tomography (PET)

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; AMINO ACID TRANSPORTER; ASPARTIC ACID; CATECHOLAMINE; FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE F 18; GLUTAMIC ACID; GLYCINE; HISTAMINE; HISTIDINE; METHIONINE; METHIONINE C 11; SEROTONIN; TRYPTOPHAN; TYROSINE; CARBON; DIAGNOSTIC AGENT;

AMINO ACID METABOLISM; AMINO ACID SYNTHESIS; AMINO ACID TRANSPORT; BRAIN REGION; CANCER GRADING; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER RECURRENCE; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT; CYCLOTRON; DIAGNOSTIC ACCURACY; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; GLIOMA; HEALTH CARE FACILITY; HUMAN; NEUROSURGERY; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PREDICTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; RADIATION INJURY; REVIEW; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; SURGICAL APPROACH; TREATMENT PLANNING; TUMOR BIOPSY; TUMOR LOCALIZATION; TUMOR VOLUME; ANIMAL; BRAIN TUMOR; METHODOLOGY;

ANIMALS; BRAIN NEOPLASMS; CARBON RADIOISOTOPES; GLIOMA; HUMANS; METHIONINE; POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY;

EID: 37849041969     PISSN: 15361632     EISSN: 18602002     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11307-007-0115-2     Document Type: Review

References (162)

1. Oertel J, von Buttlar E, Schroeder HW, Gaab MR (2005) Prognosis of gliomas in the 1970s and today. Neurosurg Focus 18:e12
2. Jacobs AH, Kracht LW, Gossmann A, et al. (2005) Imaging in neurooncology. NeuroRx 2:333-347
3. Hustinx R, Pourdehnad M, Kaschten B, Alavi A (2005) PET imaging for differentiating recurrent brain tumor from radiation necrosis. Radiol Clin North Am 43:35-47
4. Wong TZ, van der Westhuizen GJ, Coleman RE (2002) Positron emission tomography imaging of brain tumors. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 12:615-626
5. Kubota K (2001) From tumor biology to clinical Pet: A review of positron emission tomography (PET) in oncology. Ann Nucl Med 15:471-486
6. Langen KJ, Weckesser M (1999) Recent advances of PET in the diagnosis of brain tumors. Front Radiat Ther Oncol 33:9-22
7. Kondziolka D, Lunsford LD, Martinez AJ (1993) Unreliability of contemporary neurodiagnostic imaging in evaluating suspected adult supratentorial (low-grade) astrocytoma. J Neurosurg 79:533-536
8. Jansen EP, Dewit LG, van Herk M, Bartelink H (2000) Target volumes in radiotherapy for high-grade malignant glioma of the brain. Radiother Oncol 56:151-156
9. Warburg O (1956) On respiratory impairment in cancer cells. Science 124:269-270
10. Di Chiro G, DeLaPaz RL, Brooks RA, Sokoloff L, Kornblith PL, Smith BH, Patronas NJ, Kufta CV, Kessler RM, Johnston GS, Manning RG, Wolf AP (1982) Glucose utilization of cerebral gliomas measured by [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose and positron emission tomography. Neurology 32:1323-1329
11. Di Chiro G (1987) Positron emission tomography using [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose in brain tumors. A powerful diagnostic and prognostic tool. Invest Radiol 22:360-371
12. Padma MV, Said S, Jacobs M, et al. (2003) Prediction of pathology and survival by FDG PET in gliomas. J Neurooncol 64:227-237
13. Benard F, Romsa J, Hustinx R (2003) Imaging gliomas with positron emission tomography and single-photon emission computed tomography. Semin Nucl Med 33:148-162
14. Kubota K, Ishiwata K, Yamada S, et al. (1992) Dose-responsive effect of radiotherapy on the tumor uptake of l-[methyl-11C]methionine; feasibility for monitoring recurrence of tumor. Int J Radiat Appl Instrum B 19:27-32
15. Nguyen QH, Szeto E, Mansberg R, Mansberg V (2005) Paravertebral infection (phlegmon) demonstrated by FDG dual-head coincidence imaging in a patient with multiple malignancies. Clin Nucl Med 30:241-243
16. Kubota R, Kubota K, Yamada S, et al. (1995) Methionine uptake by tumor tissue: A microautoradiographic comparison with FDG. J Nucl Med 36:484-492
17. Langleben DD, Segall GM (2000) PET in differentiation of recurrent brain tumor from radiation injury. J Nucl Med 41:1861-1867
18. Chao ST, Suh JH, Raja S, Lee SY, Barnett G (2001) The sensitivity and specificity of FDG PET in distinguishing recurrent brain tumor from radionecrosis in patients treated with stereotactic radiosurgery. Int J Cancer 96:191-197
19. Isselbacher KJ (1972) Increased uptake of amino acids and 2-deoxy-2-glucose by virus-transformed cells in culture. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 69:585-589
20. Jager PL, Vaalburg W, Pruim J, de Vries EG, Langen KJ, Piers DA (2001) Radiolabeled amino acids: Basic aspects and clinical applications in oncology. J Nucl Med 42:432-445
21. Bergstrom M, Collins VP, Ehrin E, et al. (1983) Discrepancies in brain tumor extent as shown by computed tomography and positron emission tomography using [68Ga]EDTA, [11C]glucose, and [11C]methionine. J Comput Assist Tomogr 7:1062-1066
22. Ericson K, Lilja A, Bergstrom M, et al. (1985) Positron emission tomography with ([11C]methyl)-l-methionine, [11C] d-glucose, and [68Ga]EDTA in supratentorial tumors. J Comput Assist Tomogr 9:683-689
23. Mosskin M, Ericson K, Hindmarsh T, et al. (1989) Positron emission tomography compared with magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography in supratentorial gliomas using multiple stereotactic biopsies as reference. Acta Radiol 30:225-232
24. Derlon JH, Bourdet C, Bustany P, et al. (1989) (11C)-l-Methionine uptake in gliomas. Neurosurgery 25:720-728
25. Ogawa T, Miura S, Murakami M, et al. (1996) Quantitative evaluation of neutral amino acid transport in cerebral gliomas using positron emission tomography and fluorine-18 fluorophenylalanine. Eur J Nucl Med 23:889-895
26. Wienhard K, Herholz K, Coenen HH, Rudolf J, Kling P, Stocklin G, Heiss WD (1991) Increased amino acid transport into brain tumors measured by PET of l-(2-18F)fluorotyrosine. J Nucl Med 32:1338-1346
27. Wester HJ, Herz M, Weber W, et al. (1999) Synthesis and radiopharmacology of O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-l-tyrosine for tumor imaging. J Nucl Med 40:205-212
28. Shoup TM, Olson J, Hoffman JM, et al. (1999) Synthesis and evaluation of [18F]l-amino-3-fluorocyclobutane-1-carboxylic acid to image brain tumors. J Nucl Med 40:331-338
29. Weber WA, Wester HJ, Grosu AL, et al. (2000) O-(2-[18F]fluoroethyl)-l-tyrosine and l-[methyl-11C]methionine uptake in brain tumours: Initial results of a comparative study. Eur J Nucl Med 27:542-549
30. Pauleit D, Stoffels G, Schaden W, et al. (2005) PET with O-(2-18F-Fluoroethyl)-l-tyrosine in peripheral tumors: First clinical results. J Nucl Med 46:411-416
31. Akhurst T, Beattie B, Gogiberidze G, et al. (2006) [18F]FACBC imaging of recurrent gliomas: A comparison with [11C]methionine and MRI. J Nucl Med 47:79P(Abstract)
32. Plotkin M, Eisenacher J, Bruhn H, et al. (2004) 123I-IMT SPECT and 1H MR-spectroscopy at 3.0 T in the differential diagnosis of recurrent or residual gliomas: A comparative study. J Neurooncol 70:49-58
33. Weber W, Bartenstein P, Gross MW, et al. (1997) Fluorine-18-FDG PET and iodine-123-IMT SPECT in the evaluation of brain tumors. J Nucl Med 38:802-808
34. Langen KJ, Ziemons K, Kiwit JC, et al. (1997) 3-[123I]iodo-alpha-methyltyrosine and [methyl-11C]-l-methionine uptake in cerebral gliomas: A comparative study using SPECT and PET. J Nucl Med 38:517-522
35. Christensen HN (1990) Role of amino acid transport and countertransport in nutrition and metabolism. Physiol Rev 70:43-77
36. Palacin M, Estevez R, Bertran J, Zorzano A (1998) Molecular biology of mammalian plasma membrane amino acid transporters. Physiol Rev 78:969-1054
37. Wagner CA, Lang F, Broer S (2001) Function and structure of heterodimeric amino acid transporters. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 281:C1077-C1093
38. Mann GE, Yudilevich DL, Sobrevia L (2003) Regulation of amino acid and glucose transporters in endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Physiol Rev 83:183-252
39. Fuchs BC, Bode BP (2005) Amino acid transporters ASCT2 and LAT1 in cancer: Partners in crime? Semin Cancer Biol 15:254-266
40. Broer S, Broer A, Hamprecht B (1995) The 4F2hc surface antigen is necessary for expression of system L-like neutral amino acid-transport activity in C6-BU-1 rat glioma cells: Evidence from expression studies in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Biochem J 312:863-870
41. Kanai Y, Segawa H, Miyamoto K, Uchino H, Takeda E, Endou H (1998) Expression cloning and characterization of a transporter for large neutral amino acids activated by the heavy chain of 4F2 antigen (CD98). J Biol Chem 273:23629-23632
42. Yanagida O, Kanai Y, Chairoungdua A, et al. (2001) Human L-type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1): Characterization of function and expression in tumor cell lines. Biochim Biophys Acta 1514:291-302
43. Kim do K, Kim IJ, Hwang S, et al. (2004) System L-amino acid transporters are differently expressed in rat astrocyte and C6 glioma cells. Neurosci Res 50:437-446
44. Killian DM, Chikhale PJ (2001) Predominant functional activity of the large, neutral amino acid transporter (LAT1) isoform at the cerebrovasculature. Neurosci Lett 306:1-4
45. Pineda M, Fernandez E, Torrents D, et al. (1999) Identification of a membrane protein, LAT-2, that Co-expresses with 4F2 heavy chain, an L-type amino acid transport activity with broad specificity for small and large zwitterionic amino acids. J Biol Chem 274:19738-19744
46. Hyde R, Taylor PM, Hundal HS (2003) Amino acid transporters: Roles in amino acid sensing and signaling in animal cells. Biochem J 372:1-18
47. Sun Y, Deibler GE, Sokoloff L, Smith CB (1992) Determination of regional rates of cerebral protein synthesis adjusted for regional differences in recycling of leucine derived from protein degradation into the precursor pool in conscious adult rats. J Neurochem 59:863-873
48. Smith CB, Schmidt KC, Qin M (2005) Measurement of regional rates of cerebral protein synthesis with l-[1-11C]leucine and PET with correction for recycling of tissue amino acids: II. Validation in rhesus monkeys. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 25:629-640
49. Bertz AL, Goldstein GW (1978) Polarity of the blood brain barrier: neutral amino acid transport into isolated brain capillaries. Science 202:225-227
50. Mann GE, Yudilevich DL, Sobrevia L (2003) Regulation of amino acid and glucose transporters in endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Physiol Rev 83:183-252
51. Lerner J, Larimore DL (1986) Comparative aspects of the apparent Michaelis constant for neutral amino acid transport in several animal tissues. Comp Biochem Physiol 84B:235-248
52. Momma S, Aoyagi M, Rapoport SI, Smith QR (1987) Phenylalanine transport across the blood brain barrier as studied with the in situ brain perfusion technique. J Neurochem 48:1291-1300
53. Hargreaves KM, Pardridge WM (1988) Neutral amino acid transport at the human blood-brain barrier. J Biol Chem 263:19392-19397
54. Shulkin BL, Betz AL, Koeppe RA, Agranoff BW (1995) Inhibition of neutral amino acid transport across the human blood-brain barrier by phenylalanine. J Neurochem 64:1252-1257
55. O'Tuama LA, Phillips PC, Smith QR, et al. (1991) l-methionine uptake by human cerebral cortex: Maturation from infancy to old age. J Nucl Med 32:16-22
56. Knudsen GM, Pettigrew KD, Patlak CS, Hertz MM, Paulson OB (1990) Assymetrical transport of amino acids across the blood brain barrier in humans. J Cerb Blood Flow Metab 10:698-706
57. Shahbazian FM, Jacobs M, Lajtha A (1986) Regional and cellular differences in rat brain protein synthesis in vivo and in slices during development. Int J Dev Neurosci 4:209-215
58. Ingvar MC, Maeder P, Sokoloff L, Smith CB (1985) Effects of ageing on local rates of cerebral protein synthesis in Sprague-Dawley rats. Brain 108:155-170
59. Brookes N (1988) Neutral amino acid transport in astrocytes: characterization of Na dependent and Na independent components of alpha-aminoisobutyric acid uptake. J Neurochem 51:1913-1918
60. Tabor CW, Tabor H (1976) 1,4-Diaminobutane(putrescine), spermidine, and spermine. Annu Rev Biochem 45:285-306
61. Bachrach U (1993) Function of naturally occuring polyamines. Academic, New York, pp 1-211
62. Gosule LC, Schellman JA (1976) Compact form of DNA induced by spermidine. Nature 259:333-335
63. Marton LJ, Heby O (1974) Polyamine metabolism in tumor, spleen and liver of tumor-bearing rats. Int J Cancer 13:619-628
64. Kremzner LT (1970) Metabolism of polyamines in the nervous system. Fed Proc 29:1583-1588
65. Heby O (1981) Role of polyamines in the control of cell proliferation and differentiation. Differentiation 19:1-20
66. Harik SI, Sutton CH (1979) Putrescine as a biochemical marker of malignant brain tumors. Cancer Res 39:5010-5015
67. Goldman SS, Volkow ND, Brodie J, Flamm ES (1986) Putrescine metabolism in human brain tumors. J Neurooncol 4:23-29
68. Ernestus RI, Rohn G, Schroder R, et al. (1996) Polyamine metabolism in gliomas. J Neurooncol 29:167-174
69. Ernestus RI, Rohn G, Schroder R, et al. (2001) Polyamine metabolism in brain tumours: Diagnostic relevance of quantitative biochemistry. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 71:88-92
70. Hoffman RM (1985) Altered methionine metabolism and transmethylation in cancer. Anticancer Res 5:1-30
71. Judde JG, Ellis M, Frost P (1989) Biochemical analysis of the role of transmethylation in the methionine dependence of tumor cells. Cancer Res 49:4859-4865
72. Miyagawa T, Oku T, Uehara H, et al. (1998) "Facilitated" amino acid transport is upregulated in brain tumors. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 18:500-509
73. Lin J, Raoof DA, Thomas DG, et al. (2004) L-type amino acid transporter-1 overexpression and melphalan sensitivity in Barrett's adenocarcinoma. Neoplasia 6:74-84
74. Rossier G, Meier C, Bauch C, et al. (1999) LAT2, a new basolateral 4F2hc/ CD98-associated amino acid transporter of kidney and intestine. J Biol Chem 274:34948-34954
75. Segawa H, Fukasawa Y, Miyamoto K, Takeda E, Endou H, Kanai Y (1999) Identification and functional characterization of a Na+independent neutral amino acid transporter with broad substrate selectivity. J Biol Chem 274:19745-19751
76. Stern PH, Wallace CD, Hoffman RM (1984) Altered methionine metabolism occurs in all members of a set of diverse human tumor cell lines. J Cell Physiol 119:29-34
77. Tisdale M (1980) Effect of methionine deprivation on methylation and synthesis of macromolecules. Br J Cancer 42:121-128
78. Kreis W, Goodenow M (1978) Methionine requirement and replacement by homocysteine in tissue cultures of selected rodent and human malignant and normal cells. Cancer Res 38:2259-2262
79. Mecham J, Rowitch D, Wallace CD, Stern PH, Hoffman RM (1983) The metabolic defect of methionine dependence occurs frequently in human tumor cell lines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 117:429-434
80. Peterkofsky A, Jesensky C, Capra JD (1966) The role of methylated bases in the biological activity of E. coli leucine tRNA. Cold Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol 31:515-524
81. Capra JD, Peterkofasky A (1968) Effect on in vitro methylation on the chromatographic and coding properties of methyl-deficient leucine transfer RNA. J Mol Biol 33:591-607
82. Gefter ML, Russell R (1969) Role modifications in tyrosine transfer RNA: a modified base affecting ribosome binding. J Mol Biol 39:145-157
83. Ginsburg I, Cornelis P, Giveon D, Littauer U (1979) Functionally impaired tRNA from ethionine treated rats as detected in injected Xenopus oocytes. Nucleic Acids Res 6:657-672
84. Viale G (1969) Overmethylated t-RNAs in human gliomas. Rev Neurobiol 15:505-516
85. Hoffman RM (1985) Altered methionine metabolism and transmethylation in cancer. Anticancer Res 5:1-30
86. Langen KJ, Muhlensiepen H, Holschbach M, Hautzel H, Jansen P, Coenen HH (2000) Transport mechanisms of 3-[123I]iodo-alpha-methyl-l-tyrosine in a human glioma cell line: Comparison with [3H]methyl]-l-methionine. J Nucl Med 41:1250-1255
87. Langen KJ, Bonnie R, Muhlensiepen H, et al. (2001) 3-[123I]iodo-alpha-methyl-l-tyrosine transport and 4F2 antigen expression in human glioma cells. Nucl Med Biol 28:5-11
88. Sasajima T, Miyagawa T, Oku T, Gelovani JG, Finn R, Blasberg R (2004) Proliferation-dependent changes in amino acid transport and glucose metabolism in glioma cell lines. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 31:1244-1256
89. Narayanan TK, Said S, Mukherjee J, Christian B, Satter M, Dunigan K, Shi B, Jacobs M, Bernstein T, Padma M, Mantil J (2002) A comparative study on the uptake and incorporation of radiolabeled methionine, choline and fluorodeoxyglucose in human astrocytoma. Mol Imaging Biol 4:147-156
90. Clavo AC, Wahl RL (1996) Effects of hypoxia on the uptake of tritiated thymidine, l-leucine, l-methionine and FDG in cultured cancer cells. J Nucl Med 37:502-506
91. Ishiwata K, Kubota K, Murakami M, Kubota R, Senda M (1993) A comparative study on protein incorporation of l-[methyl-3H]methionine, l-[1-14C]leucine and l-2-[18F]fluorotyrosine in tumor bearing mice. Nucl Med Biol 20:895-899
92. Ishiwata K, Vaalburg W, Elsinga PH, Paans AM, Woldring MG (1988) Comparison of l-[1-11C]methionine and l-methyl-[11C]methionine for measuring in vivo protein synthesis rates with PET. J Nucl Med 29:1419-1427
93. Kubota K, Matsuzawa T, Takahashi T, et al. (1989) Rapid and sensitive response of carbon-11-l-methionine tumor uptake to irradiation. J Nucl Med 30:2012-2016
94. Reinhardt MJ, Kubota K, Yamada S, Iwata R, Yaegashi H (1997) Assessment of cancer recurrence in residual tumors after fractionated radiotherapy: a comparison of fluorodeoxyglucose, l-methionine and thymidine. J Nucl Med 38:280-287
95. Planas AM, Prenant C, Mazoyer BM, Comar D, Giamberardino LD (1992) Regional cerebral l-(14C-methyl) methionine incorporation into proteins: evidence for methionine recycling in the rat brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 12:603-612
96. Smith CB, Deibler GE, Eng N, Schmidt K, Sokoloff L (1988) Measurement of local cerebral protein synthesis in vivo: Influence of recycling of amino acids derived from protein degradation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 85:9341-9345
97. Dethy S, Goldman S, Blecic S, Luxen A, Levivier M, Hildebrand J (1994) Carbon-11-methionine and fluorine-18-FDG PET study in brain hematoma. J Nucl Med 35:1162-1166
98. Dethy S, Manto M, Kentos A, et al. (1995) PET findings in a brain abscess associated with a silent atrial septal defect. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 97:349-353
99. Comar D, Cartron J, Maziere M, Marazano C (1976) Labelling and metabolism of methionine-methyl-11 C. Eur J Nucl Med 1:11-14
100. Davis J, Yano Y, Cahoon J, Budinger TF (1982) Preparation of 11C-methyl iodide and l-[S -methyl-11C]methionine by an automated continuous flow process. Int J Appl Radiat Isot 33:363-369
101. Langstrom B, Antoni G, Gullberg P, Halldin C, Malmborg P, Nagren K, Rimland A, Svard H (1987) Synthesis of l- and d-[methyl-11C]methionine. J Nucl Med 28:1037-1040
102. Herholz K, Holzer T, Bauer B, et al. (1998) 11C-methionine PET for differential diagnosis of low-grade gliomas. Neurology 50:1316-1322
103. Braun V, Dempf S, Weller R, Reske SN, Schachenmayr W, Richter HP (2002) Cranial neuronavigation with direct integration of (11)C methionine positron emission tomography (PET) data - results of a pilot study in 32 surgical cases. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 144:777-782
104. Chung JK, Kim YK, Kim S, et al. (2002) Usefulness of 11C-methionine PET in the evaluation of brain lesions that are hypo- or isometabolic on 18F-FDG PET. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 29:176-182
105. Kracht LW, Miletic H, Busch S, et al. (2004) Delineation of brain tumor extent with [11C] l-methionine positron emission tomography: Local comparison with stereotactic histopathology. Clin Cancer Res 10:7163-7170
106. Ogawa T, Shishido F, Kanno I, et al. (1993) Cerebral glioma: Evaluation with methionine PET. Radiology 186:45-53
107. Viader F, Derlon JM, Petit-Taboue MC, et al. (1993) Recurrent oligodendroglioma diagnosed with 11C-l-methionine and PET: A case report. Eur Neurol 33:248-251
108. Ribom D, Schoenmaekers M, Engler H, Smits A (2005) Evaluation of 11C-methionine PET as a surrogate endpoint after treatment of grade 2 gliomas. J Neurooncol 71:325-332
109. Massager N, David P, Goldman S, et al. (2000) Combined magnetic resonance imaging- and positron emission tomography-guided stereotactic biopsy in brainstem mass lesions: Diagnostic yield in a series of 30 patients. J Neurosurg 93:951-957
110. Ishii K, Ogawa T, Hatazawa J, et al. (1993) High l-methyl-[11C]methionine uptake in brain abscess: A PET study. J Comput Assist Tomogr 17:660-661
111. Haynes RB, Sackett DL, Tugwell P (1983) Problems in the handling of clinical and research evidence by medical practitioners. Arch Intern Med 143:1971-1975
112. Kaschten B, Stevenaert A, Sadzot B, et al. (1998) Preoperative evaluation of 54 gliomas by PET with fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose and/ or carbon-11-methionine. J Nucl Med 39:778-785
113. Utriainen M, Metsahonkala L, Salmi TT, et al. (2002) Metabolic characterization of childhood brain tumors: Comparison of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose and 11C-methionine positron emission tomography. Cancer 95:1376-1386
114. Kameyama M, Shirane R, Itoh J, et al. (1990) The accumulation of 11C-methionine in cerebral glioma patients studied with PET. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 104:8-12
115. Nariai T, Tanaka Y, Wakimoto H, et al. (2005) Usefulness of l-[methyl-11C] methionine-positron emission tomography as a biological monitoring tool in the treatment of glioma. J Neurosurg 103:498-507
116. Sasaki M, Kuwabara Y, Yoshida T, et al. (1998) A comparative study of thallium-201 SPET, carbon-11 methionine PET and fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET for the differentiation of astrocytic tumours. Eur J Nucl Med 25:1261-1269
117. Ceyssens S, Van Laere K, de Groot T, Goffin J, Bormans G, Mortelmans L (2006) [11C]methionine PET, histopathology, and survival in primary brain tumors and recurrence. Am J Neuroradiol 27:1432-1437
118. Borbely K, Nyary I, Toth M, Ericson K, Gulyas B (2006) Optimization of semi-quantification in metabolic PET studies with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose and 11C-methionine in the determination of malignancy of gliomas. J Neurol Sci 246:85-94
119. Kracht LW, Friese M, Herholz K, et al. (2003) Methyl-[11C]-l-methionine uptake as measured by positron emission tomography correlates to microvessel density in patients with glioma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 30:868-873
120. De Witte O, Goldberg I, Wikler D, et al. (2001) Positron emission tomography with injection of methionine as a prognostic factor in glioma. J Neurosurg 95:746-750
121. Kim S, Chung JK, Im SH, et al. (2005) 11C-methionine PET as a prognostic marker in patients with glioma: Comparison with 18F-FDG PET. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 32:52-59
122. Tovi M (1993) MR imaging in cerebral gliomas analysis of tumour tissue components. Acta Radiol Suppl 384:1-24
123. Hawighorst H, Schreiber W, Knopp MV, et al. (1996) Macroscopic tumor volume of malignant glioma determined by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging with and without magnetization transfer contrast. Magn Reson Imaging 14:1119-1126
124. Watanabe M, Tanaka R, Takeda N (1992) Magnetic resonance imaging and histopathology of cerebral gliomas. Neuroradiology 34:463-469
125. Miwa K, Shinoda J, Yano H, et al. (2004) Discrepancy between lesion distributions on methionine PET and MR images in patients with glioblastoma multiforme: Insight from a PET and MR fusion image study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 75:1457-1462
126. Tang BN-T, Sadeghi N, Branle F, De Witte O, Wikler D, Goldman S (2005) Semi-quantification of methionine uptake and flair signal for the evaluation of chemotherapy in low-grade oligodendroglioma. J Neurooncol 71:161-168
127. Nariai T, Senda M, Ishii K, et al. (1997) Three-dimensional imaging of cortical structure, function and glioma for tumor resection. J Nucl Med 38:1563-1568
128. Levivier M, Massager N, Wikler D, et al. (2004) Use of stereotactic PET images in dosimetry planning of radiosurgery for brain tumors: Clinical experience and proposed classification. J Nucl Med 45:1146-1154
129. Voges J, Herholz K, Holzer T, et al. (1997) 11C-methionine and 18F-2-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography: A tool for diagnosis of cerebral glioma and monitoring after brachytherapy with 125I seeds. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 69:129-135
130. Ogawa T, Inugami A, Hatazawa J, et al. (1996) Clinical positron emission tomography for brain tumors: Comparison of fludeoxyglucose F 18 and l-methyl-11C-methionine. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 17:345-353
131. Grosu AL, Lachner R, Wiedenmann N, et al. (2003) Validation of a method for automatic image fusion (BrainLAB System) of CT data and 11C-methionine-PET data for stereotactic radiotherapy using a LINAC: first clinical experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 56:1450-1463
132. von Schulthess GK, Steinert HC, Hany TF (2006) Integrated PET/CT: current applications and future directions. Radiology 238:405-422
133. Kaplan AM, Bandy DJ, Manwaring KH, et al. (1999) Functional brain mapping using positron emission tomography scanning in preoperative neurosurgical planning for pediatric brain tumors. J Neurosurg 91:797-803
134. Pirotte B, Goldman S, Dewitte O, et al. (2006) Integrated positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging-guided resection of brain tumors: A report of 103 consecutive procedures. J Neurosurg 104:238-253
135. Pirotte B, Goldman S, Van Bogaert P, et al. (2005) Integration of [11C]methionine-positron emission tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging for image-guided surgical resection of infiltrative low-grade brain tumors in children. Neurosurgery 57:128-139
136. Jena R, Price SJ, Baker C, et al. (2005) Diffusion tensor imaging: possible implications for radiotherapy treatment planning of patients with high-grade glioma. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 17:581-590
137. Maes F, Collignon A, Vandermeulen D, Marchal G, Suetens P (1997) Multimodality image registration by maximization of mutual information. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 16:187-198
138. Nuutinen J, Sonninen P, Lehikoinen P, et al. (2000) Radiotherapy treatment planning and long-term follow-up with [(11)C]methionine PET in patients with low-grade astrocytoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 48:43-52
139. Grosu AL, Weber WA, Riedel E, et al. (2005) l-(methyl-11C) methionine positron emission tomography for target delineation in resected high-grade gliomas before radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 63:64-74
140. Pirotte B, Goldman S, Massager N, et al. (2004) Combined use of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose and 11C-methionine in 45 positron emission tomography-guided stereotactic brain biopsies. J Neurosurg 101:476-483
141. Goldman S, Levivier M, Pirotte B, et al. (1997) Regional methionine and glucose uptake in high-grade gliomas: A comparative study on PET-guided stereotactic biopsy. J Nucl Med 38:1459-1462
142. Pirotte B, Goldman S, Salzberg S, et al. (2003) Combined positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance imaging for the planning of stereotactic brain biopsies in children: Experience in 9 cases. Pediatr Neurosurg 38:146-155
143. Pirotte B, Goldman S, David P, et al. (1997) Stereotactic brain biopsy guided by positron emission tomography (PET) with [F-18]fluorodeoxyglucose and [C-11]methionine. Acta Neurochir Suppl 68:133-138
144. Pirotte B, Goldman S, Massager N, et al. (2004) Comparison of 18F-FDG and 11C-methionine for PET-guided stereotactic brain biopsy of gliomas. J Nucl Med 45:1293-1298
145. Roelcke U, von Ammon K, Hausmann O, et al. (1999) Operated low grade astrocytomas: A long-term PET study on the effect of radiotherapy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 66:648-653
146. Bernays RL, Kollias SS, Khan N, Brandner S, Meier S, Yonekawa Y (2002) Histological yield, complications, and technological considerations in 114 consecutive frameless stereotactic biopsy procedures aided by open intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurosurg 97:354-362
147. Herholz K, Kracht LW, Heiss WD (2003) Monitoring the effect of chemotherapy in a mixed glioma by C-11-methionine PET. J Neuroimaging 13:269-271
148. Sorensen J, Savitcheva II, Engler H, Langstrom B (2000) 3. Utility of PET and 11C-methionine in the paediatric brain tumors. Clin Positron Imaging 3:157
149. Gambhir SS, Czernin J, Schwimmer J, Sliverman DHS, Coleman RE, Phelps ME (2001) A tabulated summary of the FDG PET literature. J Nucl Med 42:1S-93S
150. Lilja A, Lundqvist H, Olsson Y, Spannare B, Gullberg P, Langtrom B (1989) Positron emission tomography and computed tomography in differential diagnosis between recurrent or residual glioma and treatment-induced brain lesions. Acta Radiol 30:121-128
151. Ogawa T, Kanno I, Shishido F, et al. (1991) Clinical value of PET with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose and l-methyl-11C-methionine for diagnosis of recurrent brain tumor and radiation injury. Acta Radiol 32:197-202
152. Sasaki M, Ichiya Y, Kuwabara Y, et al. (1996) Hyperperfusion and hypermetabolism in brain radiation necrosis with epileptic activity. J Nucl Med 37:1174-1176
153. Sonoda Y, Kumabe T, Takahashi T, Shirane R, Yoshimoto T (1998) Clinical usefulness of 11C-MET PET and 201T1 SPECT for differentiation of recurrent glioma from radiation necrosis. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 38:342-347
154. Tsuyuguchi N, Takami T, Sunada I, et al. (2004) Methionine positron emission tomography for differentiation of recurrent brain tumor and radiation necrosis after stereotactic radiosurgery - in malignant glioma. Ann Nucl Med 18:291-296
155. Van Laere K, Ceyssens S, Van Calenbergh F, et al. (2005) Direct comparison of 18F-FDG and 11C-methionine PET in suspected recurrence of glioma: Sensitivity, inter-observer variability and prognostic value. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 32:39-51
156. Thiel A, Pietrzyk U, Sturm V, Herholz K, Hovels M, Schroder R (2000) Enhanced accuracy in differential diagnosis of radiation necrosis by positron emission tomography-magnetic resonance imaging coregistration: technical case report. Neurosurgery 46:232-234
157. Tsuyuguchi N, Sunada I, Iwai Y, et al. (2003) Methionine positron emission tomography of recurrent metastatic brain tumor and radiation necrosis after stereotactic radiosurgery: Is a differential diagnosis possible? J Neurosurg 98:1056-1064
158. Tang BNT, Levivier M, Heureux M, et al. (2006) 11C-methionine PET for the diagnosis and management of recurrent pituitary adenomas. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 33:169-178
159. Ogawa T, Hatazawa J, Inugami A, et al. (1995) Carbon-11-methionine PET evaluation of intracerebral hematoma: Distinguishing neoplastic from non-neoplastic hematoma. J Nucl Med 36:2175-2179
160. Becherer A, Karanikas G, Szabo M, et al. (2003) Brain tumour imaging with PET: A comparison between [18F]fluorodopa and [11C]methionine. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 30:1561-1567
161. Mosskin M, von Holst H, Bergstrom M, et al. (1987) Positron emission tomography with 11C-methionine and computed tomography of intracranial tumours compared with histopathologic examination of multiple biopsies. Acta Radiol 28:673-681
162. Lord SJ, Irwig L, Simes RJ (2006) When is measuring sensitivity and specificity sufficient to evaluate a diagnostic test, and when do we need randomized trials? Ann Intern Med 144:850-855