Estrogen, vascular estrogen receptor and hormone therapy in postmenopausal vascular disease

Biochemical Pharmacology

Volumn 86, Issue 12, 2013, Pages 1627-1642

  Khalil, Raouf A ^a  

^a BRIGHAM AND WOMEN S HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Endothelium; Extracellular matrix; Hypertension; Progesterone; Sex hormones; Testosterone; Vascular smooth muscle

Indexed keywords

ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ASCORBIC ACID; CONJUGATED ESTROGEN; COUMESTROL; DAIDZEIN; ESTRADIOL; ESTRIOL; ESTROGEN; ESTROGEN RECEPTOR; ESTROGEN RECEPTOR ALPHA; ESTROGEN RECEPTOR BETA; ESTRONE; FULVESTRANT; G PROTEIN COUPLED RECEPTOR 30; GENISTEIN; HORMONE RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; IDOXIFENE; MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE; N BUTYL 11 (3,17BETA DIHYDROXYESTRA 1,3,5(10) TRIEN 7ALPHA YL) N METHYLUNDECANAMIDE; PHYTOESTROGEN; PLACEBO; PROGESTERONE; PROPYLPYRAZOLE TRISPHENOL; RALOXIFENE; SELECTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATOR; TAMOXIFEN; TESTOSTERONE; TOREMIFENE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE; ARTICLE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; ATHEROSCLEROTIC CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; BINDING AFFINITY; BLOOD VESSEL INJURY; BLOOD VESSEL REACTIVITY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR FUNCTION; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CELLULAR DISTRIBUTION; CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); DRUG BIOAVAILABILITY; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG METABOLISM; DRUG POTENCY; DRUG RECEPTOR BINDING; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG SELECTIVITY; ESTROGEN ACTIVITY; ESTROGEN BLOOD LEVEL; ESTROGEN THERAPY; HORMONE ACTION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); NONHUMAN; POSTMENOPAUSE; PRIMARY PREVENTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TRANSDERMAL PATCH; VASCULAR DISEASE; AGONISTS; ANTAGONISTS AND INHIBITORS; BLOOD VESSEL; DOSE RESPONSE; FEMALE; MIDDLE AGED; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY;

BLOOD VESSELS; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY; ESTROGENS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MIDDLE AGED; RECEPTORS, ESTROGEN; VASCULAR DISEASES;

EID: 84889078455     PISSN: 00062952     EISSN: 18732968     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.09.024     Document Type: Note

References (118)

1. R.K. Dubey, B. Imthurn, L.C. Zacharia, and E.K. Jackson Hormone replacement therapy and cardiovascular disease: what went wrong and where do we go from here Hypertension 44 2004 789 795 (Pubitemid 39577398)
2. J.M. Orshal, and R.A. Khalil Gender, sex hormones, and vascular tone Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 286 2004 R233 R249
3. M.L. Stefanick Estrogens and progestins: background and history, trends in use, and guidelines and regimens approved by the US Food and Drug Administration Am J Med 118 Suppl 12B 2005 64 73
4. G.M. Rosano, F. Leonardo, P. Pagnotta, F. Pelliccia, G. Panina, and E. Cerquetani Acute anti-ischemic effect of testosterone in men with coronary artery disease Circulation 99 1999 1666 1670 (Pubitemid 29162477)
5. N. Eckstein, E. Nadler, O. Barnea, G. Shavit, and D. Ayalon Acute effects of 17 beta-estradiol on the rat heart Am J Obstet Gynecol 171 1994 844 848
6. D. Grady, D. Herrington, V. Bittner, R. Blumenthal, M. Davidson, and M. Hlatky Cardiovascular disease outcomes during 6.8 years of hormone therapy: Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study follow-up (HERS II) JAMA 288 2002 49 57 (Pubitemid 34705518)
7. J.E. Rossouw, G.L. Anderson, R.L. Prentice, A.Z. LaCroix, C. Kooperberg, and M.L. Stefanick Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial JAMA 288 2002 321 333 (Pubitemid 34761611)
8. E. Barrett-Connor, and T.L. Bush Estrogen and coronary heart disease in women JAMA 265 1991 1861 1867
9. J.H. O'Keefe Jr., S.C. Kim, R.R. Hall, V.C. Cochran, S.L. Lawhorn, and B.D. McCallister Estrogen replacement therapy after coronary angioplasty in women J Am Coll Cardiol 29 1997 1 5 (Pubitemid 27028712)
10. H.N. Hodis, W.J. Mack, S.P. Azen, R.A. Lobo, D. Shoupe, and P.R. Mahrer Hormone therapy and the progression of coronary-artery atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women N Engl J Med 349 2003 535 545 (Pubitemid 36951365)
11. F. Grodstein, J.E. Manson, and M.J. Stampfer Postmenopausal hormone use and secondary prevention of coronary events in the nurses' health study: a prospective, observational study Ann Intern Med 135 2001 1 8 (Pubitemid 32619277)
12. S. Hulley, D. Grady, T. Bush, C. Furberg, D. Herrington, and B. Riggs Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group JAMA 280 1998 605 613 (Pubitemid 28502636)
13. N.L. Smith, S.R. Heckbert, R.N. Lemaitre, A.P. Reiner, T. Lumley, and N.S. Weiss Esterified estrogens and conjugated equine estrogens and the risk of venous thrombosis JAMA 292 2004 1581 1587 (Pubitemid 39314964)
14. M. Cushman, L.H. Kuller, R. Prentice, R.J. Rodabough, B.M. Psaty, and R.S. Stafford Estrogen plus progestin and risk of venous thrombosis JAMA 292 2004 1573 1580 (Pubitemid 39314963)
15. C. Renoux, S. Dell'Aniello, and S. Suissa Hormone replacement therapy and the risk of venous thromboembolism: a population-based study J Thromb Haemost 8 2010 979 986
16. S.L. Hendrix, S. Wassertheil-Smoller, K.C. Johnson, B.V. Howard, C. Kooperberg, and J.E. Rossouw Effects of conjugated equine estrogen on stroke in the Women's Health Initiative Circulation 113 2006 2425 2434 (Pubitemid 43948050)
17. C.M. Viscoli, L.M. Brass, W.N. Kernan, P.M. Sarrel, S. Suissa, and R.I. Horwitz A clinical trial of estrogen-replacement therapy after ischemic stroke N Engl J Med 345 2001 1243 1249 (Pubitemid 34951488)
18. C.J. Gruber, W. Tschugguel, C. Schneeberger, and J.C. Huber Production and actions of estrogens N Engl J Med 346 2002 340 352
19. D.A. Smiley, and R.A. Khalil Estrogenic compounds, estrogen receptors and vascular cell signaling in the aging blood vessels Curr Med Chem 16 2009 1863 1887
20. H.S. Feigelson, R. McKean-Cowdin, M.C. Pike, G.A. Coetzee, L.N. Kolonel, and A.M. Nomura Cytochrome P450c17alpha gene (CYP17) polymorphism predicts use of hormone replacement therapy Cancer Res 59 1999 3908 3910 (Pubitemid 29393550)
21. M.J. de Kleijn, H.W. Wilmink, M.L. Bots, A.A. Bak, Y.T. van der Schouw, and J. Planellas Hormone replacement therapy and endothelial function. Results of a randomized controlled trial in healthy postmenopausal women Atherosclerosis 159 2001 357 365 (Pubitemid 33127249)
22. J. Hsia, M.H. Criqui, D.M. Herrington, J.E. Manson, L. Wu, and S.R. Heckbert Conjugated equine estrogens and peripheral arterial disease risk: the Women's Health Initiative Am Heart J 152 2006 170 176 (Pubitemid 43974720)
23. R.L. Geary, M.R. Adams, M.E. Benjamin, and J.K. Williams Conjugated equine estrogens inhibit progression of atherosclerosis but have no effect on intimal hyperplasia or arterial remodeling induced by balloon catheter injury in monkeys J Am Coll Cardiol 31 1998 1158 1164 (Pubitemid 28212522)
24. T. Cornwell, W. Cohick, and I. Raskin Dietary phytoestrogens and health Phytochemistry 65 2004 995 1016 (Pubitemid 38542736)
25. R. Baber Phytoestrogens and post reproductive health Maturitas 66 2010 344 349
26. S.H. Li, X.X. Liu, Y.Y. Bai, X.J. Wang, K. Sun, and J.Z. Chen Effect of oral isoflavone supplementation on vascular endothelial function in postmenopausal women: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials Am J Clin Nutr 91 2010 480 486
27. J.W. Anderson, B.M. Johnstone, and M.E. Cook-Newell Meta-analysis of the effects of soy protein intake on serum lipids N Engl J Med 333 1995 276 282
28. S. Kreijkamp-Kaspers, L. Kok, M.L. Bots, D.E. Grobbee, J.W. Lampe, and Y.T. van der Schouw Randomized controlled trial of the effects of soy protein containing isoflavones on vascular function in postmenopausal women Am J Clin Nutr 81 2005 189 195 (Pubitemid 43073393)
29. H.S. Leung, S.W. Seto, Y.W. Kwan, F.P. Leung, A.L. Au, and L.M. Yung Endothelium-independent relaxation to raloxifene in porcine coronary artery Eur J Pharmacol 555 2007 178 184 (Pubitemid 46048805)
30. J. Kawagoe, M. Ohmichi, S. Tsutsumi, T. Ohta, K. Takahashi, and H. Kurachi Mechanism of the divergent effects of estrogen on the cell proliferation of human umbilical endothelial versus aortic smooth muscle cells Endocrinology 148 2007 6092 6099 (Pubitemid 350146183)
31. E. Barrett-Connor, L. Mosca, P. Collins, M.J. Geiger, D. Grady, and M. Kornitzer Effects of raloxifene on cardiovascular events and breast cancer in postmenopausal women N Engl J Med 355 2006 125 137 (Pubitemid 44050394)
32. E. Barrett-Connor, D. Grady, A. Sashegyi, P.W. Anderson, D.A. Cox, and K. Hoszowski Raloxifene and cardiovascular events in osteoporotic postmenopausal women: four-year results from the MORE (multiple outcomes of raloxifene evaluation) randomized trial JAMA 287 2002 847 857 (Pubitemid 34252031)
33. M. Umetani, H. Domoto, A.K. Gormley, I.S. Yuhanna, C.L. Cummins, and N.B. Javitt 27-Hydroxycholesterol is an endogenous SERM that inhibits the cardiovascular effects of estrogen Nat Med 13 2007 1185 1192 (Pubitemid 47530633)
34. J.H. Pickar, I.T. Yeh, J.E. Wheeler, M.F. Cunnane, and L. Speroff Endometrial effects of lower doses of conjugated equine estrogens and medroxyprogesterone acetate: two-year substudy results Fertil Steril 80 2003 1234 1240 (Pubitemid 37377757)
35. R.A. Lobo, T. Bush, B.R. Carr, and J.H. Pickar Effects of lower doses of conjugated equine estrogens and medroxyprogesterone acetate on plasma lipids and lipoproteins, coagulation factors, and carbohydrate metabolism Fertil Steril 76 2001 13 24 (Pubitemid 32600954)
36. M. Sanada, Y. Higashi, K. Nakagawa, M. Tsuda, I. Kodama, and M. Kimura A comparison of low-dose and standard-dose oral estrogen on forearm endothelial function in early postmenopausal women J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88 2003 1303 1309 (Pubitemid 36337794)
37. C.S. Wingrove, E. Garr, I.F. Godsland, and J.C. Stevenson 17beta-oestradiol enhances release of matrix metalloproteinase-2 from human vascular smooth muscle cells Biochim Biophys Acta 1406 1998 169 174 (Pubitemid 28193070)
38. J.L. Turgeon, M.C. Carr, P.M. Maki, M.E. Mendelsohn, and P.M. Wise Complex actions of sex steroids in adipose tissue, the cardiovascular system, and brain: insights from basic science and clinical studies Endocrinol Rev 27 2006 575 605 (Pubitemid 44582052)
39. L. Gouva, and A. Tsatsoulis The role of estrogens in cardiovascular disease in the aftermath of clinical trials Hormones (Athens) 3 2004 171 183
40. J.Y. Ho, M.J. Chen, W.H. Sheu, Y.C. Yi, A.C. Tsai, and H.F. Guu Differential effects of oral conjugated equine estrogen and transdermal estrogen on atherosclerotic vascular disease risk markers and endothelial function in healthy postmenopausal women Hum Reprod 21 2006 2715 2720 (Pubitemid 44542169)
41. L. Opatrny, S. Dell'Aniello, S. Assouline, and S. Suissa Hormone replacement therapy use and variations in the risk of breast cancer BJOG 115 2008 169 175 discussion 75 (Pubitemid 350233601)
42. E. Lokkegaard, A.H. Andreasen, R.K. Jacobsen, L.H. Nielsen, C. Agger, and O. Lidegaard Hormone therapy and risk of myocardial infarction: a national register study Eur Heart J 29 2008 2660 2668
43. J.H. Krege, J.B. Hodgin, J.F. Couse, E. Enmark, M. Warner, and J.F. Mahler Generation and reproductive phenotypes of mice lacking estrogen receptor beta Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 95 1998 15677 15682 (Pubitemid 29018759)
44. H.A. Harris Estrogen receptor-beta: recent lessons from in vivo studies Mol Endocrinol 21 2007 1 13 (Pubitemid 46041687)
45. N. Heldring, A. Pike, S. Andersson, J. Matthews, G. Cheng, and J. Hartman Estrogen receptors: how do they signal and what are their targets Physiol Rev 87 2007 905 931 (Pubitemid 47084672)
46. M.E. Mendelsohn Genomic and nongenomic effects of estrogen in the vasculature Am J Cardiol 90 2002 3F 6F (Pubitemid 34775144)
47. M. Marino, P. Galluzzo, and P. Ascenzi Estrogen signaling multiple pathways to impact gene transcription Curr Genomics 7 2006 497 508 (Pubitemid 46068961)
48. Y.K. Hodges, L. Tung, X.D. Yan, J.D. Graham, K.B. Horwitz, and L.D. Horwitz Estrogen receptors alpha and beta: prevalence of estrogen receptor beta mRNA in human vascular smooth muscle and transcriptional effects Circulation 101 2000 1792 1798 (Pubitemid 30213100)
49. C. Andersson, M.L. Lydrup, M. Ferno, I. Idvall, J. Gustafsson, and B.O. Nilsson Immunocytochemical demonstration of oestrogen receptor beta in blood vessels of the female rat J Endocrinol 169 2001 241 247 (Pubitemid 32451657)
50. B.T. Zhu, G.Z. Han, J.Y. Shim, Y. Wen, and X.R. Jiang Quantitative structure-activity relationship of various endogenous estrogen metabolites for human estrogen receptor alpha and beta subtypes: insights into the structural determinants favoring a differential subtype binding Endocrinology 147 2006 4132 4150 (Pubitemid 44274976)
51. C. Zhao, K. Dahlman-Wright, and J.A. Gustafsson Estrogen receptor beta: an overview and update Nucl Recept Signal 6 2008 e003
52. M. Alevizaki, K. Saltiki, A. Cimponeriu, I. Kanakakis, N. Xita, and C.C. Alevizaki Severity of cardiovascular disease in postmenopausal women: associations with common estrogen receptor alpha polymorphic variants Eur J Endocrinol 156 2007 489 496 (Pubitemid 46672651)
53. A. Emre, S. Sahin, C. Erzik, Z. Nurkalem, D. Oz, and B. Cirakoglu Effect of hormone replacement therapy on plasma lipoproteins and apolipoproteins, endothelial function and myocardial perfusion in postmenopausal women with estrogen receptor-alpha IVS1-397 C/C genotype and established coronary artery disease Cardiology 106 2006 44 50 (Pubitemid 43999332)
54. D.M. Herrington, T.D. Howard, G.A. Hawkins, D.M. Reboussin, J. Xu, and S.L. Zheng Estrogen-receptor polymorphisms and effects of estrogen replacement on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in women with coronary disease N Engl J Med 346 2002 967 974 (Pubitemid 34983246)
55. F.L. Wynne, J.A. Payne, A.E. Cain, J.F. Reckelhoff, and R.A. Khalil Age-related reduction in estrogen receptor-mediated mechanisms of vascular relaxation in female spontaneously hypertensive rats Hypertension 43 2004 405 412 (Pubitemid 38174147)
56. G. Kalesnykas, U. Roschier, J. Puolivali, J. Wang, and R. Miettinen The effect of aging on the subcellular distribution of estrogen receptor-alpha in the cholinergic neurons of transgenic and wild-type mice Eur J Neurosci 21 2005 1437 1442 (Pubitemid 40516643)
57. W.S. Post, P.J. Goldschmidt-Clermont, C.C. Wilhide, A.W. Heldman, M.S. Sussman, and P. Ouyang Methylation of the estrogen receptor gene is associated with aging and atherosclerosis in the cardiovascular system Cardiovasc Res 43 1999 985 991 (Pubitemid 29413198)
58. A.M. Brzozowski, A.C. Pike, Z. Dauter, R.E. Hubbard, T. Bonn, and O. Engstrom Molecular basis of agonism and antagonism in the oestrogen receptor Nature 389 1997 753 758 (Pubitemid 27458965)
59. C.M. Revankar, D.F. Cimino, L.A. Sklar, J.B. Arterburn, and E.R. Prossnitz A transmembrane intracellular estrogen receptor mediates rapid cell signaling Science 307 2005 1625 1630 (Pubitemid 40354745)
60. V.M. Miller, and S.P. Duckles Vascular actions of estrogens: functional implications Pharmacol Rev 60 2008 210 241 (Pubitemid 351962010)
61. E. Haas, M.R. Meyer, U. Schurr, I. Bhattacharya, R. Minotti, and H.H. Nguyen Differential effects of 17beta-estradiol on function and expression of estrogen receptor alpha, estrogen receptor beta, and GPR30 in arteries and veins of patients with atherosclerosis Hypertension 49 2007 1358 1363 (Pubitemid 46809380)
62. E. Filardo, J. Quinn, Y. Pang, C. Graeber, S. Shaw, and J. Dong Activation of the novel estrogen receptor G protein-coupled receptor 30 (GPR30) at the plasma membrane Endocrinology 148 2007 3236 3245 (Pubitemid 46997004)
63. C. Otto, B. Rohde-Schulz, G. Schwarz, I. Fuchs, M. Klewer, and D. Brittain G protein-coupled receptor 30 localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and is not activated by estradiol Endocrinology 149 2008 4846 4856
64. G. Douglas, M.N. Cruz, L. Poston, J.A. Gustafsson, and K. Kublickiene Functional characterization and sex differences in small mesenteric arteries of the estrogen receptor-beta knockout mouse Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 294 2008 R112 R120
65. A.C. Pike, A.M. Brzozowski, J. Walton, R.E. Hubbard, A.G. Thorsell, and Y.L. Li Structural insights into the mode of action of a pure antiestrogen Structure 9 2001 145 153 (Pubitemid 32215278)
66. J. Widder, T. Pelzer, C. von Poser-Klein, K. Hu, V. Jazbutyte, and K.H. Fritzemeier Improvement of endothelial dysfunction by selective estrogen receptor-alpha stimulation in ovariectomized SHR Hypertension 42 2003 991 996 (Pubitemid 37413743)
67. B. Darblade, C. Pendaries, A. Krust, S. Dupont, M.J. Fouque, and J. Rami Estradiol alters nitric oxide production in the mouse aorta through the alpha-, but not beta-, estrogen receptor Circ Res 90 2002 413 419 (Pubitemid 34633910)
68. X. Guo, M. Razandi, A. Pedram, G. Kassab, and E.R. Levin Estrogen induces vascular wall dilation: mediation through kinase signaling to nitric oxide and estrogen receptors alpha and beta J Biol Chem 280 2005 19704 19710 (Pubitemid 41379495)
69. K. Kublickiene, E. Svedas, B.M. Landgren, M. Crisby, N. Nahar, and H. Nisell Small artery endothelial dysfunction in postmenopausal women: in vitro function, morphology, and modification by estrogen and selective estrogen receptor modulators J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90 2005 6113 6122 (Pubitemid 41606533)
70. R.P. Brandes, and A. Mugge Gender differences in the generation of superoxide anions in the rat aorta Life Sci 60 1997 391 396 (Pubitemid 27090537)
71. I. Hernandez, J.L. Delgado, J. Diaz, T. Quesada, M.J. Teruel, and M.C. Llanos 17beta-estradiol prevents oxidative stress and decreases blood pressure in ovariectomized rats Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 279 2000 R1599 R1605
72. M.G. O'Sullivan, J.A. Goodrich, and M.R. Adams Increased prostacyclin synthesis by atherosclerotic arteries from estrogen-treated monkeys Life Sci 69 2001 395 401 (Pubitemid 32539381)
73. K.M. Egan, J.A. Lawson, S. Fries, B. Koller, D.J. Rader, and E.M. Smyth COX-2-derived prostacyclin confers atheroprotection on female mice Science 306 2004 1954 1957 (Pubitemid 39627863)
74. T.S. Sherman, K.L. Chambliss, L.L. Gibson, M.C. Pace, M.E. Mendelsohn, and S.L. Pfister Estrogen acutely activates prostacyclin synthesis in ovine fetal pulmonary artery endothelium Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 26 2002 610 616 (Pubitemid 34315870)
75. S. Nawate, M. Fukao, I. Sakuma, T. Soma, K. Nagai, and O. Takikawa Reciprocal changes in endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor- and nitric oxide-system in the mesenteric artery of adult female rats following ovariectomy Br J Pharmacol 144 2005 178 189 (Pubitemid 40216116)
76. F.L. David, M.H. Carvalho, A.L. Cobra, D. Nigro, Z.B. Fortes, and N.A. Reboucas Ovarian hormones modulate endothelin-1 vascular reactivity and mRNA expression in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats Hypertension 38 2001 692 696
77. Z.F. Ba, A. Lu, T. Shimizu, L. Szalay, M.G. Schwacha, and L.W. Rue 3rd 17beta-Estradiol modulates vasoconstriction induced by endothelin-1 following trauma-hemorrhage Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 292 2007 H245 H250
78. J. Methot, B.A. Hamelin, M. Arsenault, P. Bogaty, S. Plante, and P. Poirier The ACE-DD genotype is associated with endothelial dysfunction in postmenopausal women Menopause 13 2006 959 966 (Pubitemid 44760389)
79. 2+ currents in A7r5 vascular smooth muscle cell line Am J Physiol 266 1994 C975 C980
80. S. Chrissobolis, K. Budzyn, P.D. Marley, and C.G. Sobey Evidence that estrogen suppresses rho-kinase function in the cerebral circulation in vivo Stroke 35 2004 2200 2205 (Pubitemid 39129586)
81. T. Simoncini, C. Scorticati, P. Mannella, A. Fadiel, M.S. Giretti, and X.D. Fu Estrogen receptor alpha interacts with Galpha13 to drive actin remodeling and endothelial cell migration via the RhoA/Rho kinase/moesin pathway Mol Endocrinol 20 2006 1756 1771 (Pubitemid 44148082)
82. K.C. Lewandowski, J. Komorowski, D.P. Mikhalidis, M. Bienkiewicz, B.K. Tan, and C.J. O'Callaghan Effects of hormone replacement therapy type and route of administration on plasma matrix metalloproteinases and their tissue inhibitors in postmenopausal women J Clin Endocrinol Metab 91 2006 3123 3130 (Pubitemid 44271767)
83. J. Kim, J.Y. Kim, K.S. Song, Y.H. Lee, J.S. Seo, and J. Jelinek Epigenetic changes in estrogen receptor beta gene in atherosclerotic cardiovascular tissues and in-vitro vascular senescence Biochim Biophys Acta 1772 2007 72 80 (Pubitemid 44960730)
84. P. Collins, G.M. Rosano, P.M. Sarrel, L. Ulrich, S. Adamopoulos, and C.M. Beale 17 Beta-estradiol attenuates acetylcholine-induced coronary arterial constriction in women but not men with coronary heart disease Circulation 92 1995 24 30
85. C. Vitale, G. Mercuro, E. Cerquetani, G. Marazzi, R. Patrizi, and F. Pelliccia Time since menopause influences the acute and chronic effect of estrogens on endothelial function Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 28 2008 348 352 (Pubitemid 351161210)
86. W.J. Mack, C.C. Slater, M. Xiang, D. Shoupe, R.A. Lobo, and H.N. Hodis Elevated subclinical atherosclerosis associated with oophorectomy is related to time since menopause rather than type of menopause Fertil Steril 82 2004 391 397 (Pubitemid 39092040)
87. B.P. McGrath, Y.L. Liang, H. Teede, L.M. Shiel, J.D. Cameron, and A. Dart Age-related deterioration in arterial structure and function in postmenopausal women: impact of hormone replacement therapy Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 18 1998 1149 1156 (Pubitemid 28323600)
88. J.F. Reckelhoff, L.L. Yanes, R. Iliescu, L.A. Fortepiani, and J.P. Granger Testosterone supplementation in aging men and women: possible impact on cardiovascular-renal disease Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 289 2005 F941 F948
89. T.S. Mikkola, and T.B. Clarkson Estrogen replacement therapy, atherosclerosis, and vascular function Cardiovasc Res 53 2002 605 619 (Pubitemid 34175253)
90. T. Mori, J. Durand, Y. Chen, J.A. Thompson, S. Bakir, and S. Oparil Effects of short-term estrogen treatment on the neointimal response to balloon injury of rat carotid artery Am J Cardiol 85 2000 1276 1279 (Pubitemid 30232834)
91. R.J. Gonzales, S. Ansar, S.P. Duckles, and D.N. Krause Androgenic/estrogenic balance in the male rat cerebral circulation: metabolic enzymes and sex steroid receptors J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 27 2007 1841 1852 (Pubitemid 47624548)
92. J. Selles, N. Polini, C. Alvarez, and V. Massheimer Progesterone and 17 beta-estradiol acutely stimulate nitric oxide synthase activity in rat aorta and inhibit platelet aggregation Life Sci 69 2001 815 827 (Pubitemid 32619194)
93. M.W. Cox, W. Fu, H. Chai, R. Paladugu, P.H. Lin, and A.B. Lumsden Effects of progesterone and estrogen on endothelial dysfunction in porcine coronary arteries J Surg Res 124 2005 104 111 (Pubitemid 40269809)
94. K. Wassmann, S. Wassmann, and G. Nickenig Progesterone antagonizes the vasoprotective effect of estrogen on antioxidant enzyme expression and function Circ Res 97 2005 1046 1054 (Pubitemid 41668918)
95. G. Nickenig, K. Strehlow, S. Wassmann, A.T. Baumer, K. Albory, and H. Sauer Differential effects of estrogen and progesterone on AT(1) receptor gene expression in vascular smooth muscle cells Circulation 102 2000 1828 1833
96. A.O. Mueck, and H. Seeger Progestogens and target tissues: vascular systems Maturitas 62 2009 356 361
97. H. Seeger, A.O. Mueck, A.T. Teichmann, and T.H. Lippert Effect of sequential estrogen/progestin treatment on biochemical vasoactive markers in postmenopausal women comparing oral and transdermal application Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol 27 2000 17 20 (Pubitemid 30156603)
98. L. Viinikka, A. Orpana, J. Puolakka, T. Pyorala, and O. Ylikorkala Different effects of oral and transdermal hormonal replacement on prostacyclin and thromboxane A2 Obstet Gynecol 89 1997 104 107 (Pubitemid 27024477)
99. R.A. Preston, W.B. White, B. Pitt, G. Bakris, P.M. Norris, and V. Hanes Effects of drospirenone/17-beta estradiol on blood pressure and potassium balance in hypertensive postmenopausal women Am J Hypertens 18 2005 797 804 (Pubitemid 40745265)
100. H. Coksuer, M. Koplay, F. Oghan, C. Coksuer, N. Keskin, and O. Ozveren Effects of estradiol-drospirenone hormone treatment on carotid artery intima-media thickness and vertigo/dizziness in postmenopausal women Arch Gynecol Obstet 283 2011 1045 1051
101. K.K. Koh, D.K. Jin, S.H. Yang, S.K. Lee, H.Y. Hwang, and M.H. Kang Vascular effects of synthetic or natural progestagen combined with conjugated equine estrogen in healthy postmenopausal women Circulation 103 2001 1961 1966 (Pubitemid 32322223)
102. T.B. Clarkson, M.S. Anthony, and J.D. Wagner A comparison of tibolone and conjugated equine estrogens effects on coronary artery atherosclerosis and bone density of postmenopausal monkeys J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86 2001 5396 5404 (Pubitemid 33070266)
103. J.K. Williams, M.S. Anthony, E.K. Honore, D.M. Herrington, T.M. Morgan, and T.C. Register Regression of atherosclerosis in female monkeys Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 15 1995 827 836
104. R.L. Levine, S.J. Chen, J. Durand, Y.F. Chen, and S. Oparil Medroxyprogesterone attenuates estrogen-mediated inhibition of neointima formation after balloon injury of the rat carotid artery Circulation 94 1996 2221 2227 (Pubitemid 26360517)
105. M.R. Serock, A.K. Wells, and R.A. Khalil Modulators of vascular sex hormone receptors and their effects in estrogen-deficiency states associated with menopause Recent Pat Cardiovasc Drug Discovery 3 2008 165 186
106. M.R. Jiroutek, M.H. Chen, C.C. Johnston, and C. Longcope Changes in reproductive hormones and sex hormone-binding globulin in a group of postmenopausal women measured over 10 years Menopause 5 1998 90 94 (Pubitemid 28283037)
107. A. Khatibi, C.D. Agardh, Y.A. Shakir, C. Nerbrand, P. Nyberg, and J. Lidfeldt Could androgens protect middle-aged women from cardiovascular events? A population-based study of Swedish women: The Women's Health in the Lund Area (WHILA) Study Climacteric 10 2007 386 392 (Pubitemid 47402940)
108. T. Montalcini, G. Gorgone, C. Gazzaruso, G. Sesti, F. Perticone, and A. Pujia Endogenous testosterone and endothelial function in postmenopausal women Coron Artery Dis 18 2007 9 13 (Pubitemid 44973750)
109. K.M. English, R.P. Steeds, T.H. Jones, M.J. Diver, and K.S. Channer Low-dose transdermal testosterone therapy improves angina threshold in men with chronic stable angina: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study Circulation 102 2000 1906 1911
110. S. Wild, T. Pierpoint, P. McKeigue, and H. Jacobs Cardiovascular disease in women with polycystic ovary syndrome at long-term follow-up: a retrospective cohort study Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 52 2000 595 600 (Pubitemid 30337085)
111. V.M. Miller, D.M. Black, E.A. Brinton, M.J. Budoff, M.I. Cedars, and H.N. Hodis Using basic science to design a clinical trial: baseline characteristics of women enrolled in the Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study (KEEPS) J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2 2009 228 239
112. M.L. Stefanick, C. Legault, R.P. Tracy, G. Howard, C.M. Kessler, and D.L. Lucas Distribution and correlates of plasma fibrinogen in middle-aged women. Initial findings of the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Study Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 15 1995 2085 2093 (Pubitemid 26001410)
113. J.A. Simon, F. Lin, E. Vittinghoff, and V. Bittner The relation of postmenopausal hormone therapy to serum uric acid and the risk of coronary heart disease events: the Heart and Estrogen-Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Ann Epidemiol 16 2006 138 145 (Pubitemid 43197606)
114. P. Angerer, S. Stork, W. Kothny, P. Schmitt, and C. von Schacky Effect of oral postmenopausal hormone replacement on progression of atherosclerosis: a randomized, controlled trial Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 21 2001 262 268 (Pubitemid 32125376)
115. M.R. Vickers, A.H. MacLennan, B. Lawton, D. Ford, J. Martin, and S.K. Meredith Main morbidities recorded in the Women's International Study of long duration oestrogen after menopause (WISDOM): a randomised controlled trial of hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women BMJ 335 2007 239
116. D.D. Waters, E.L. Alderman, J. Hsia, B.V. Howard, F.R. Cobb, and W.J. Rogers Effects of hormone replacement therapy and antioxidant vitamin supplements on coronary atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial JAMA 288 2002 2432 2440 (Pubitemid 35340539)
117. M. Canonico, E. Oger, G. Plu-Bureau, J. Conard, G. Meyer, and H. Levesque Hormone therapy and venous thromboembolism among postmenopausal women: impact of the route of estrogen administration and progestogens: the ESTHER study Circulation 115 2007 840 845 (Pubitemid 46294724)
118. J. Hwang, W.J. Mack, M. Xiang, A. Sevanian, R.A. Lobo, and H.N. Hodis Long-term effect of estrogen replacement on plasma nitric oxide levels: results from the estrogen in the prevention of atherosclerosis trial (EPAT) Atherosclerosis 181 2005 375 380 (Pubitemid 41019620)