Progestogens and target tissues: Vascular systems

Maturitas

Volumn 62, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 356-361

  Mueck, Alfred O ^a   Seeger, Harald ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL TÜBINGEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Biochemical markers; Progestogens; Vascular effects

Indexed keywords

C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CELL ADHESION MOLECULE; CONJUGATED ESTROGEN; CYCLIC GMP; DESOGESTREL; DIENOGEST; ENDOTHELIN; ESTRADIOL; ESTRADIOL VALERATE; ESTROGEN; GESTAGEN; HOMOCYSTEINE; INTERLEUKIN 6; INTERSTITIAL COLLAGENASE; LIPOPROTEIN A; MONOCYTE CHEMOTACTIC PROTEIN 1; NITRIC OXIDE; NORETHISTERONE ACETATE; PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR INHIBITOR 1; PROGESTERONE; PROSTACYCLIN; SEROTONIN; THROMBOXANE;

BLOOD PRESSURE MEASUREMENT; BLOOD VESSEL TONE; CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECT; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; DIABETES MELLITUS; ENDOMETRIUM; HORMONE SUBSTITUTION; HUMAN; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPERTENSION; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; REVIEW;

BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; BLOOD PRESSURE; BLOOD VESSELS; CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM; FEMALE; HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY; HUMANS; PROGESTERONE; PROGESTERONE CONGENERS; PROGESTINS;

EID: 67349176600     PISSN: 03785122     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2008.12.003     Document Type: Review

References (92)

1. Mendelsohn M.E., and Karas R.H. The protective effects of estrogen on the cardiovascular system. New Engl J Med 340 (1999) 1801-1811
2. American Heart Association. 2001 Heart and stroke statistical update (2000), American Heart Association, Dallas
3. Howard B.V., Kuller L., Langer R., et al. Women's Health Initiative: risk of cardiovascular disease by hysterectomy status, with and without oophorectomy: the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. Circulation 111 (2005) 1462-1470
4. Grady D., Herrington D., Bittner V., et al. Cardiovascular disease outcomes during 6, 8 years of hormone therapy. JAMA 288 (2002) 49-57
5. Writing Group for the Women's Health Initiative Investigators. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women. JAMA 288 (2002) 321-333
6. The Women's Health Initiative Steering Committee. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy. JAMA 291 (2004) 1701-1712
7. Godsland I.F. Biology: risk factor modification by OCs and HRT-lipids and lipoproteins. Maturitas 47 (2004) 299-303
8. Schindler A.E., Campagnoli C., Druckmann R., et al. Classification and pharmacology of progestins. Maturitas 46 (2003) S7-S16
9. Lobo R. Metabolic syndrome and the role of hormones. Maturitas 60 (2008) 10-18
10. Perez-Lopez F.R. Clinical experiences with drospirenone: from reproductive to postmenopausal years. Maturitas 60 (2008) 78-91
11. White W.B. Drospirenone with 17β-estradiol in the postmenopausal woman with hypertension. Climacteric 10 Suppl. 1 (2007) 25-31
12. Kaya C., Cengiz S.D., Cengiz B., and Akgun G. The long-term effects of low-dose 17β-estradiol plus dydrogesterone hormone replacement therapy on 24-h ambulatory blood pressure in hypertensive postmenopausal women: a 1-year randomized, prospective study. Climacteric 9 (2006) 437-445
13. Cid M.C., Schnaper H.W., and Kleinman H.K. Estrogens and the vascular endothelium. Ann NY Acad Sci 966 (2002) 143-157
14. Mueck A.O., and Seeger H. Estrogens acting as cardiovascular agents: direct vascular actions. Curr Med Chem Cardiovasc Hematol Agents 2 (2004) 35-42
15. Anggard E. Nitric oxide: mediator, murderer, and medicine. Lancet 343 (1994) 1199-1206
16. Vane J.R., and Botting R.M. Pharmacodynamic profile of prostacyclin. Am J Cardiol 75 (1995) 3A-10A
17. Levin E.L. Endothelins. New Engl J Med 333 (1995) 356-363
18. Golino P., Piscione F., Willerson J.T., et al. Divergent effects of serotonin on coronary-artery dimensions and blood flow in patients with coronary atherosclerosis and control patients. N Engl J Med 324 (1991) 641-648
19. McFadden E.P., Clarke J.G., Davies G.J., Kaski J.C., Haider A.W., and Maseri A. Effect of intracoronary serotonin on coronary vessels in patients with stable angina and patients with variant angina. N Engl J Med 324 (1991) 648-654
20. Rifai N., and Ridker P.M. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein: a novel and promising marker of coronary heart disease. Clin Chem 47 (2001) 403-411
21. Jialal I., Devaraj S., and Venugopal S.K. C-reactive protein: Risk marker or mediator in atherothrombosis?. Hypertension 44 (2004) 6-11
22. Yudkin J.S., Kumari M., Humphries S.E., and Mohamed-Ali V. Inflammation, obesity, stress and coronary heart disease: is interleukin-6 the link?. Atherosclerosis 148 (2000) 209-214
23. Chia M.C. The role of adhesion molecules in atherosclerosis. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 35 (1998) 573-602
24. Ridker P.M., Hennekens C.H., Roitman-Johnson B., Stamfer M.J., and Allen J. Plasma concentration of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and risk of future myocardial infarction in apparently healthy men. Lancet 351 (1998) 88-92
25. Reape T.J., and Groot T.H. Chemokines and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 147 (1999) 213-225
26. Kohler H.P., and Grant P.J. Plasminogen-activator inhibitor type 1 and coronary artery disease. New Engl J Med 342 (2000) 1792-1801
27. Galis Z.S., and Khatri J.J. Matrix metalloproteinases in vascular remodelling and atherogenesis. Circulation Res 90 (2002) 251-262
28. Graham I., Daly L., Refsum H., Robinson K., and Brattstrom L. Plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease. JAMA 277 (1997) 1775-1781
29. Hankey G.J., Eikelboom J.W., Ho W.K., and Bockxmeer F.M. Clinical usefulness of plasma homocysteine in vascular disease. Med J Australia 181 (2004) 314-318
30. Dahlen G.H. Lp(a) lipoprotein in cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis 108 (1994) 111-126
31. Selles J., Polini N., Alvarez C., and Massheimer V. Progesterone and 17 beta-estradiol acutely stimulate nitric oxide synthase activity in rat aorta and inhibit platelet aggregation. Life Sci 69 (2001) 815-827
32. Imthurn B., Rosselli M., Jaeger A.W., Keller P.J., and Dubey R.K. Differential effects of hormone-replacement therapy on endogenous nitric oxide (nitrite/nitrate) levels in postmenopausal women substituted with 17 beta-estradiol valerate and cyproterone acetate or medroxyprogesterone acetate. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82 (1997) 388-394
33. Best P.J., Berger P.B., Miller V.M., and Lerman A. The effect of estrogen replacement therapy on plasma nitric oxide and endothelin-1 levels in postmenopausal women. Ann Intern Med 128 (1998) 285-288
34. Rosselli M., Imthurn B., Keller P.J., Jackson E.K., and Dubey R.K. Circulating nitric oxide (nitrite/nitrate) levels in postmenopausal women substituted with 17beta-estradiol and norethisterone acetate. A two-year follow-up study. Hypertension 25 (1995) 848-853
35. Ylikorkala O., Cacciatore B., Paakkari I., Tikkanen M.J., Viinika L., and Toivonen J. The long-term effects of oral and transdermal postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy on nitric oxide, endothelin-1, prostacyclin, and thromboxane. Fertil Steril 69 (1998) 883-888
36. Seeger H., Mueck A.O., Teichmann A.T., and Lippert T.H. Effect of sequential estrogen/progestin treatment on biochemical markers in postmenopausal women comparing oral and transdermal application. Clin Exp Obst Gyn 27 (2000) 17-20
37. Mueck A.O., Seeger H., Lüdtke R., Gräser T., and Wallwiener D. Effect on biochemical vasoactive markers during postmenopausal HRT: estradiol vs. estradiol/dienogest. Maturitas 38 (2001) 305-313
38. Viinikka L., Orpana A., Puolakka J., Pyorala T., and Ylikorkala O. Different effects of oral and transdermal hormonal replacement on prostacyclin and thromboxane A2. Obstet Gynecol 89 (1997) 104-107
39. Ylikorkala O., Hirvonen E., Saure A., and Viinikka L. Urinary excretion of prostacyclin and thromboxane metabolites in climacteric women: effect of estrogen-progestin replacement therapy. Prostaglandins 39 (1990) 33-38
40. Mueck A.O., Seeger H., and Wallwiener D. Medroxyprogesterone acetate versus norethisterone: effect on estradiol-induced changes of markers for endothelial function and atherosclerotic plaque characteristics in human female coronary endothelial cell cultures. Menopause 9 (2002) 273-281
41. Morey A.K., Razandi M., Pedram A., Hu R.M., Prins V.A., and Levin E.R. Oestrogen and progesterone inhibit the stimulated production of endothelin-1. Biochem J 330 (1998) 1097-1105
42. Anwaar I., Rendell M., Gottsater A., Lindgarde F., Hulthen U.L., and Mattiasson I. Hormone replacement therapy in healthy postmenopausal women. Effects on intraplatelet cyclic guanosine monophosphate, plasma endothelin-1 and neopterin. J Intern Med 247 (2000) 463-470
43. Haenggi W., Bersinger N.A., Mueller M.D., and Birkhäuser M.H. Decrease of serum endothelin levels with postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy or tibolone. Gynecol Endocrinol 13 (1999) 202-205
44. Ylikorkala O., Orpana A., Puolakka J., Pyorala T., and Viinikka L. Postmenopausal hormone replacement decreases plasma levels of endothelin-1. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80 (1995) 3384-3387
45. Wilcox J.G., Hatch I.E., Gentzschein E., Stanczyk F.Z., and Lobo R.A. Endothelin levels decrease after oral nad nonoral estrogen in postmenopausal women with increased cardiovascular risk factors. Fertil Steril 67 (1997) 273-277
46. Saltevo J., Puolakka J., and Ylikorkala O. Plasma endothelin in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome: a comparison of oral combined and transdermal oestrogen-only replacement therapy. Diabetes Obes Metab 2 (2000) 293-298
47. Mueck A.O., Seeger H., Lippert C., and Wallwiener D. Urinary excretion of vasoactive markers following estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. Int J Clin Pharm Therap 38 (2000) 381-386
48. van Baal W.M., Kenemans P., van der Mooren M.J., Kessel H., Emeis J.J., and Stehouwer C.D. Increased C-reactive protein levels during short-term hormone replacement therapy in healthy postmenopausal women. Thromb Haemost 81 (1999) 925-928
49. Wakatsuki A., Okatani Y., Ikenoue N., and Fukaya T. Effect of medroxyprogesterone acetate on vascular inflammatory markers in postmenopausal women receiving estrogen. Circulation 105 (2002) 1436-1439
50. Pradhan A.D., Manson J.E., Rossouw J.E., et al. Inflammatory biomarkers, hormone replacement therapy, and incident coronary heart disease: prospective analysis from the Women's Health Initiative observational study. JAMA 288 (2002) 980-987
51. Silvestri A., Gebara O., Vitale C., et al. Increased levels of C-reactive protein after oral hormone replacement therapy may not be related to an increased inflammatory response. Circulation 107 (2003) 3165-3169
52. Straub R.H., Hense H.W., Andus T., Scholmerich J., Riegger G.A., and Schunkert H. Hormone replacement therapy and interrelation between serum interleukin-6 and body mass index in postmenopausal women: a population-based study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85 (2000) 1340-1344
53. Otsuki M., Saito H., Xu X., et al. Progesterone, but not medroxyprogesterone, inhibits vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in human vascular endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 21 (2001) 243-248
54. Tatsumi H., Kitawaki J., Tanaka K., Hosoda T., and Honjo H. Lack of stimulatory effect of dienogest on the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 by endothelial cell as compared with other synthetic progestins. Maturitas 42 (2001) 287-294
55. Piercy K.T., Donnell R.L., Kirkpatrick S.S., et al. Effects of estrogen, progesterone, and combination exposure on interleukin-1 beta-induced expression of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, PECAM, and E-selectin by human female iliac artery endothelial cells. J Surg Res 105 (2002) 215-219
56. van Baal W.M., Kenemans P., Emeis J.J., et al. Long-term effects of combined hormone replacement therapy on markers of endothelial function and inflammatory activity in healthy postmenopausal women. Fertil Steril 71 (1999) 663-670
57. Scarabin P.Y., Alhenc-Gelas M., Oger E., and Plu-Bureau G. Hormone replacement therapy and circulating ICAM-1 in postmenopausal women--a randomised controlled trial. Thromb Haemost 81 (1999) 673-675
58. Van Baal W.M., Emeis J.J., Kenemans P., et al. Short-term hormone replacement therapy: reduced plasma levels of soluble adhesion molecules. Eur J Clin Invest 29 (1999) 913-921
59. Stork S., von Schacky C., and Angerer P. The effect of 17beta-estradiol on endothelial and inflammatory markers in postmenopausal women: a randomized, controlled trial. Atherosclerosis 165 (2002) 301-307
60. Seljeflot I., Arnesen H., Hofstad A.E., and Os I. Reduced expression of endothelial cell markers after long-term transdermal hormone replacement therapy in women with coronary artery disease. Thromb Haemost 83 (2000) 944-948
61. Sbarouni E., Kroupis C., Kyriakides Z.S., Koniavitou K., and Kremastinos D.T. Cell adhesion molecules in relation to simvastatin and hormone replacement therapy in coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J 21 (2000) 975-980
62. Cushman M., Legault C., Barrett-Connor E., et al. Effect of postmenopausal hormones on inflammation-sensitive proteins: the Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Study. Circulation 100 (1999) 717-722
63. Koh K.K., Son J.W., Ahn J.Y., et al. Effect of hormone replacement therapy on nitric oxide bioactivity and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 levels. Int J Cardiol 81 (2001) 43-50
64. Stork S., Baumann K., von Schacky C., and Angerer P. The effect of 17beta-estradiol on MCP-1 serum levels in postmenopausal women. Cardiovasc Res 53 (2002) 642-649
65. Sumino H., Ichikawa S., Ohyama Y., et al. Effect of transdermal hormone replacement therapy on the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 concentrations and other vascular inflammatory markers and on endothelial function in postmenopausal women. J Cardiol 96 (2005) 148-153
66. Sobel M.I., Winkel C.A., Macy L.B., Liao P., and Bjornsson T.D. The regulation of plasminogen activators and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 in endothelial cells by sex hormones. Am J Obstet Gynecol 173 (1995) 801-808
67. Kroon U.B., Tengborn L., Rita H., and Backstrom A.C. The effect of transdermal oestradiol and oral progestogens on haemostasis variables. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 104 (1997) 32-37
68. Scarabin P.Y., Alhenc-Gelas M., Plu-Bureau G., Taisne P., Agher R., and Aiach M. Effects of oral and transdermal estrogen/progesterone regimens on blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in postmenopausal women. A randomized controlled trial. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 17 (1997) 3071-3078
69. Koh K.K., Jin D.K., Yang S.H., et al. Vascular effects of synthetic or natural progestagen combined with conjugated equine estrogen in healthy postmenopausal women. Circulation 103 (2001) 1961-1966
70. Teede H.J., McGrath B.P., Smolich J.J., et al. Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy increases coagulation activity and fibrinolysis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20 (2000) 1404-1409
71. Lobo R.A., Bush T., Carr B.R., and Pickar J.H. Effects of lower doses of conjugated equine estrogens and medroxyprogesterone acetate on plasma lipids and lipoproteins, coagulation factors, and carbohydrate metabolism. Fertil Steril 76 (2001) 13-24
72. Schlegel W., Petersdorf L.I., Junker R., Schulte H., Ebert C., and Von Eckardstein A. The effects of six months treatment with a low-dose of conjugated oestrogens in menopausal women. Clin Endocrinol 51 (1999) 643-651
73. Zanger D., Yang B.K., Ardans J., et al. Divergent effects of hormone therapy on markers of inflammation in postmenopausal women with coronary artery disease on appropriate medical management. J Am Coll Cardiol 36 (2000) 1797-1802
74. Smolders R.G., van der Mooren M.J., Teerlink T., et al. A randomized placebo-controlled study of the effect of transdermal vs. oral estradiol with or without gestodene on homocysteine levels. Fertil Steril 79 (2003) 261-267
75. Smolders R.G., de Meer K., Kenemans P., Teerlink T., Jakobs C., and van der Mooren M.J. Hormone replacement influences homocysteine levels in the methionine-loading test: a randomized placebo controlled trial in postmenopausal women. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 117 (2004) 55-59
76. Smolders R.G., de Meer K., Kenemans P., Jakobs C., Kulik W., and van der Mooren M.J. Oral estradiol decreases plasma homocysteine, vitamin B6, and albumin in postmenopausal women but does not change the whole-body homocysteine remethylation and transmethylation flux. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90 (2005) 2218-2224
77. Evio S., Tiitinen A., Turpeinen U., and Ylikorkala O. Failure of the combination of sequential oral and transdermal estradiol plus norethisterone acetate to affect plasma homocysteine levels. Fertil Steril 74 (2000) 1080-1083
78. Lacut K., Oger E., Abalain J.H., Moineau M.P., and Mottier D. Effects of oral and transdermal 17-beta-estradiol combined with progesterone on homocysteine metabolism in postmenopausal women: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Atherosclerosis 174 (2004) 173-180
79. Chiantera V., Sarti C.D., Fornaro F., et al. Long-term effects of oral and transdermal hormone replacement therapy on plasma homocysteine levels. Menopause 10 (2003) 286-291
80. Mendoza S., Velazquez E.M., Osona A., Hamer T., and Glueck C.J. Postmenopausal cyclic estrogen-progestin therapy lowers lipoprotein (a). J Lab Clin Med 123 (1994) 837-841
81. Ossewaarde M.E., Bots M.I., Bak A.A., et al. Effect of hormone replacement therapy on lipids in perimenopausal and early postmenopausal women. Maturitas 39 (2001) 209-216
82. Perry W., and Wiseman R. Combined oral estradiol valerate-norethisterone treatment over 3 years in postmenopausal women. Effects on lipids, coagulation factors, haematology and biochemistry. Maturitas 42 (2002) 157-164
83. Falkeborn M., Lithell H., Persson I., Vessby B., and Naessen T. Lipids and antioxidative effects of estradiol and sequential norethisterone acetate treatment in a 3-month randomized controlled trial. Climacteric 5 (2002) 240-248
84. Odmark I.S., Backstrom T., Haeger M., Jonsson B., and Bixo M. Effects of continuous combined conjugated estrogen/medroxyprogesterone acetate and 17beta-estadiol/norethisterone acetate on lipids and lipoproteins. Maturitas 48 (2004) 137-146
85. Taskinen M.R., Puolakka J., Pyorala T., et al. Hormone replacement therapy lowers Lp(a) concentrations. Comparison of cyclic transdermal and continuous estrogen progestin regimens. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 16 (1996) 1215-1221
86. Hanggi W., Lippuner K., Riesen W., Jaeger P., and Birkhauser M.H. Long-term influence of different postmenopausal hormone replacement regimens on serum lipids and lipoprotein(a): a randomised study. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 104 (1997) 708-717
87. Serin I.S., Aygen E.M., Basbug M., Saraymen R., Narin F., and Tayyar M. Continuous versus cyclical transdermal oestrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women: effects on lipoprotein(a) and nitric oxide levels. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 41 (2001) 447-449
88. Hemellar M., van der Mooren M.J., Rad M., Kluft C., and Kenemans P. Effects of non-oral postmenopausal hormone therapy on markers of cardiovascular risk: a systematic review. Fertil Steril 90 (2008) 642-647
89. Mueck A.O., Genazzani A.R., Samsioe G., Vukovic-Wysocki I., and Seeger H. Low-dose continuous combinations of hormone therapy and biochemical surrogate markers for vascular tone and inflammation: transdermal versus oral application. Menopause 14 (2007) 978-984
90. Clarkson T.B., and Karas R.H. Do the cardiovascular disease risks and benefits of oral versus transdermal estrogen therapy differ between perimenopausal and postmenopausal women?. Menopause 14 (2007) 963-967
91. American Heart Association, Expert Panel/Writing Group. AHA Guideline: evidence-based guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention in women-2007 update. Circulation 115 (2007) 1481-1501
92. AHA/CDC Scientific Statement. Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease. Application to clinical and public health practice. A statement for health professionals from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and prevention and the American Heart Association (AHA). Circulation 107 (2003) 499-511