Using basic science to design a clinical trial: Baseline characteristics of women enrolled in the kronos early estrogen prevention study (KEEPS)

Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research

Volumn 2, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 228-239

  Miller, V M ^a   Black, D M ^b   Brinton, E A ^c   Budoff, M J ^d   Cedars, M I ^b   Hodis, H N ^e   Lobo, R A ^f   Manson, J E ^g   Merriam, G R ^h   Naftolin, F ⁱ   Santoro, N ⁱ   Taylor, H S ^j   Harman, S M ^k  

^a Mayo Clinic   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF UTAH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^f Columbia University ^*  (United States)

^g HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^h UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

ⁱ ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^j YALE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^k Kronos Longevity Research Institute   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

Conjugated Equine Estrogen; Hormone Treatment; Menopause; Timing Hypothesis; Women's Health Initiative

Indexed keywords

CONJUGATED ESTROGEN; ESTRADIOL; ESTROGEN; GESTAGEN; MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE; PLACEBO; PROGESTERONE;

ATHEROMA; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CORONARY ARTERY ATHEROSCLEROSIS; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; ESTROGEN THERAPY; HORMONAL THERAPY; HUMAN; MENOPAUSE; NONHUMAN; PRIMARY PREVENTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; REVIEW; TREATMENT PLANNING; ADULT; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONTROLLED STUDY; DOUBLE BLIND PROCEDURE; DRUG PULSE THERAPY; FEMALE; INTRADERMAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; METHODOLOGY; MIDDLE AGED; MULTICENTER STUDY; ORAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SEX DIFFERENCE; TIME; TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UNITED STATES; WOMEN'S HEALTH;

ADMINISTRATION, CUTANEOUS; ADMINISTRATION, ORAL; ADULT; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DOUBLE-BLIND METHOD; ESTRADIOL; ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY; ESTROGENS, CONJUGATED (USP); FEMALE; HUMANS; MIDDLE AGED; PROGESTERONE; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; PULSE THERAPY, DRUG; RESEARCH DESIGN; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS; SEX FACTORS; TIME FACTORS; TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH; TREATMENT OUTCOME; UNITED STATES; WOMEN'S HEALTH; TRANSLATIONAL MEDICAL RESEARCH;

EQUIDAE;

EID: 68749108089     PISSN: 19375387     EISSN: 19375395     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s12265-009-9104-y     Document Type: Review

References (98)

1. MR Adams TB Clarkson JR Kaplan DR Koritnik 1989 Experimental evidence in monkeys for beneficial effects of estrogen on coronary artery atherosclerosis Transplantation Proceedings 21 3662 3664
2. MR Adams JR Kaplan SB Manuck DR Koritnik JS Parks MS Wolfe 1990 Inhibition of coronary artery atherosclerosis by 17-β-estradiol in ovariectomized monkeys. Lack of an effect of added progesterone Arteriosclerosis 10 6 1051 1057
3. MA Allison JE Manson RD Langer JJ Carr JE Rossouw MB Pettinger 2008 Oophorectomy, hormone therapy, and subclinical coronary artery disease in women with hysterectomy: the Women's Health Initiative Coronary Artery Calcium Study Menopause 15 4 639 647
4. SE Appt JR Kaplan TB Clarkson JM Cline PJ Christian PB Hoyer 2008 Destruction of primordial ovarian follicles in adult cynomolgus macaques after exposrue to 4-vinylcyclohexene diepoxide: A nonhuman primate model of the menopausal transition Fertility & Sterility 86 4 suppl 1210 1216
5. NL Benowitz F Kuyt P Jacob 1984 Influence of nicotine on cardiovascular and hormonal effects of cigarette smoking Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 36 1 74 81
6. L Bergkvist HO Adami I Persson R Hoover C Schairer 1989 The risk of breast cancer after estrogen and estrogen-progestin replacement N Engl J Med 321 5 293 297 (Pubitemid 19193804)
7. DH Blankenhorn HN Hodis 1994 Duff Memorial Lecture: Arterial imaging and atherosclerosis reversal Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis 14 177 192
8. MJ Budoff GP-W Chen CJ Hunter J Takasu N Agrawal B Sorochinsky 2005 Effects of hormone replacement on progression of coronary calcium as measured by electron beam tomography Journal of Women's Health 14 410 417
9. TL Bush E Barrett-Connor LD Cowan MH Criqui RB Wallace CM Suchindran 1987 Cardiovascular mortality and noncontraceptive use of estrogen in women: Results from the Lipid Research Clinics Program Follow-up Study Circulation 75 1102 1109
10. TL Bush LD Cowan E Barrett-Connor MH Criqui JM Karon RB Wallace 1983 Estrogen use and all-cause mortality. Preliminary results from the Lipid Research Clinics Program Follow-up Study Journal of the American Medical Association 249 7 903 906
11. RP Byington CD Furberg DM Herrington JA Herd DB Hunninghake M Lowery 2002 Effect of estrogen plus progestin on progression of carotid atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women with heart disease: HERS B-mode substudy Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 22 1692 1697
12. JA Cauley J Robbins Z Chen SR Cummings RD Jackson AZ LaCroix 2003 Effects of estrogen plus progestin on risk of fracture and bone mineral density: the Women's Health Initiative randomized trial Journal of the American Medical Association 290 13 1729 1738
13. MMH Cho HN Hodis WJ Mack S Roy RJ Paulson Y Li 2008 Medroxyprogesterone acetate and progesterone, used short-term, do not adversely affect forearm reactive hyperemia in postmenopausal women on estradiol therapy International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism 2 63 69
14. Clarkson, T. B., Kaplan, J. R., Wagner, J. D., Williams, J. K., & Adams, M. R. (2002). Lessons from animal models. In P. S. Douglas (Ed.), Cardiovascular health and disease in women (pp. 231-256). Philadelphia: Saunders.
15. TB Clarkson RW Prichard TM Morgan GS Petrick KP Klein 1994 Remodeling of coronary arteries in human and nonhuman primates Journal of the American Medical Association 271 4 289 294
16. NF Col MH Eckman RH Karas SG Pauker RJ Goldberg EM Ross 1997 Patient-specific decisions about hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women Journal of the American Medical Association 277 14 1140 1147
17. GA Colditz SE Hankinson DJ Hunter WC Willett JE Manson MJ Stampfer 1995 The use of estrogens and progestins and the risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women New England Journal of Medicine 332 24 1589 1593
18. CJ Crandall SL Crawford EB Gold 2006 Vasomotor symptom prevalence is associated with polymorphisms in sex steroid-metabolizing enzymes and receptors American Journal of Medicine 119 9 Suppl 1 S52 60
19. GM Darling JA Johns PI [tmp] McCloud SR Davis 1997 Estrogen and progestin compared with simvastatin for hypercholesterolemia in postmenopausal women New England Journal of Medicine 337 9 595 601
20. MY Desai K Nasir JB Braunstein JA Rumberger WS Post MJ Budoff 2004 Underlying risk factors incrementally add to the standard risk estimate in detecting subclinical atherosclerosis in low- and intermediate-risk middle-aged asymptomatic individuals American Heart Journal 148 5 871 877
21. R Detrano AD Guerci JJ Carr DE Bild G Burke AR Folsom 2008 Coronary calcium as a predictor of coronary events in four racial or ethnic groups New England Journal of Medicine 358 13 1336 1345
22. AL Eilertsen E Hoibraaten I Os TO Andersen L Sandvik PM Sandset 2005 The effects of oral and transdermal hormone replacement therapy on C-reactive protein levels and other inflammatory markers in women with high risk of thrombosis Maturitas 52 2 111 118
23. B Ettinger DM Black BH Mitlak RK Knickerbocker T Nickelsen HK Genant 1999 Reduction of vertebral fracture risk in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis treated with raloxifene: Results from a 3-year randomized clinical trial. Multiple Outcomes of Raloxifene Evaluation (MORE) Investigators Journal of the American Medical Association 282 7 637 645
24. B Ettinger GD Friedman T Bush CP Quesenberry Jr 1996 Reduced mortality associated with long-term postmenopausal estrogen therapy Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 87 1 6 12
25. E Farish CD Fletcher DM Hart ML Smith 1990 Effects of bilateral oophorectomy on lipoprotein metabolism British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 97 78 82
26. AR Folsom RA Kronmal RC Detrano DH O'Leary DE Bild DA Bluemke 2008 Coronary artery calcification compared with carotid intima-media thickness in the prediction of cardiovascular disease incidence: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) Archives of Internal Medicine 168 12 1333 1339
27. AR Folsom PJ Mink TA Sellers CP Hong W Zheng JD Potter 1995 Hormonal replacement therapy and morbidity and mortality in a prospective study of postmenopausal women American Journal of Public Health 85 8 Pt 1 1128 1132
28. LG Futterman L Lemberg 2001 Lp(a) lipoprotein-an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease after menopause American Journal of Critical Care 10 1 63 67
29. D Grady SM Rubin DB Petitti CS Fox D Black B Ettinger 1992 Hormone therapy to prevent disease and prolong life in postmenopausal women Annals of Internal Medicine 117 1016 1032
30. P Greenland RO Bonow BH Brundage MJ Budoff MJ Eisenberg SM Grundy 2007 ACCF/AHA 2007 clinical expert consensus document on coronary artery calcium scoring by computed tomography in global cardiovascular risk assessment and in evaluation of patients with chest pain: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Clinical Expert Consensus Task Force (ACCF/AHA Writing Committee to Update the 2000 Expert Consensus Document on Electron Beam Computed Tomography) developed in collaboration with the Society of Atherosclerosis Imaging and Prevention and the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography Journal of the American College of Cardiology 49 3 378 402
31. F Grodstein TB Clarkson JE Manson 2003 Understanding the divergent data on postmenopausal hormone therapy New England Journal of Medicine 348 645 650 (Pubitemid 36204960)
32. F Grodstein JE Manson GA Colditz WC Willett FE Speizer MJ Stampfer 2000 A prospective, observational study of postmenopausal hormone therapy and primary prevention of cardiovascular disease Annals of Internal Medicine 133 933 941
33. F Grodstein JE Manson MJ Stampfer 2006 Hormone therapy and coronary heart disease: The role of time since menopause and age at hormone initiation Journal of Women's Health 15 35 44 (Pubitemid 43192860)
34. F Grodstein MJ Stampfer GA Colditz WC Willett JE Manson M Joffe 1997 Postmenopausal hormone therapy and mortality New England Journal of Medicine 336 1769 1775
35. The Women's Health Initiative Study Group 1998 Design of the women's health initiative clinical trial and observational study Controlled Clinical Trials 19 61 109
36. SM Harman EA Brinton M Cedars R Lobo JE Manson GR Merriam 2005 KEEPS: The Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study Climacteric 8 3 12
37. BE Henderson A Paganini-Hill RK Ross 1991 Decreased mortality in users of estrogen replacement therapy Archives of Internal Medicine 151 1 75 78
38. DM Herrington DM Reboussin KB Brosnihan PC Sharp SA Shumaker TE Snyder 2000 Effects of estrogen replacement on the progression of coronary-artery atherosclerosis N Engl J Med 343 522 529
39. DM Herrington BL Werbel WA Riley BE Pusser TM Morgan 1999 Individual and combined effects of estrogen/progestin therapy and lovastatin on lipids and flow-mediated vasodilation in postmenopausal women with coronary artery disease Journal of the American College of Cardiology 33 7 2030 2037
40. HN Hodis WJ Mack 2002 Atherosclerosis imaging methods: assessing cardiovascular disease and evaluating the role of estrogen in the prevention of atherosclerosis American Journal of Cardiology 889 19E 27E
41. HN Hodis WJ Mack 2008 Postmenopausal hormone therapy and cardiovascular disease in perspective Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology 51 564 580
42. HN Hodis WJ Mack SP Azen RA Lobo D Shoupe PR Mahrer 2003 Hormone therapy and the progression of coronary-artery atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women New England Journal of Medicine 349 535 545
43. HN Hodis WJ Mack R Lobo 2003 What is the cardioprotective role of hormone replacement therapy? Current Atherosclerosis Reports 5 56 66
44. HN Hodis WJ Mack RA Lobo D Shoupe A Sevanian PR Mahrer 2001 Estrogen in the prevention of atherosclerosis. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial Annals of Internal Medicine 135 939 953
45. PB Hoyer IG Sipes 2007 Development of an animal model for ovotoxicity using 4-vinylcyclohexene: A case study Developmental and Reproductive toxicology 80 113 125
46. J Hsia RD Langer JE Manson L Kuller KC Johnson SL Hendrix 2006 Conjugated equine estrogens and coronary heart disease Archives of Internal Medicine 166 357 365
47. S Hulley D Grady T Bush C Furberg D Herrington B Riggs 1998 Randomized trial of estrogen plus progestin for secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in postmenopausal women. Heart and Estrogen/progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group Journal of the American Medical Association 280 7 605 613
48. VL Jacoby D Grady GF Sawaya 2009 Oophorectomy as a risk factor for coronary heart disease American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 200 140.e141 140.e149
49. M Jayachandran RD Litwiller WG Owen JA Heit TR Behrenbeck SL Mulvagh 2008 Characterization of blood borne microparticles as markers of premature coronary calcification in recently menopausal women American Journal of Physiology, Heart and Circulatory Physiology 295 931 938
50. M Jayachandran RD Litwiller WG Owen VM Miller 2009 Circulating microparticles and endogenous estrogen in newly menopausal women Climacteric 12 1 8
51. S Kalantaridou K Naka A Bechlioulis A Makrigiannakis L Michalis P Chrousos 2006 Premature ovarian failure, endothelial dysfunction and estrogen-progestogen replacement TRENDS in Endocrinology and Metabolism 17 3 101 109
52. RH Karas H Schulten G Pare MJ Aronovitz C Ohlsson JA Gustafsson 2001 Effects of estrogen on the vascular injury response in estrogen receptor alpha, beta (double) knockout mice Circulation Research 89 534 539
53. R Karim WJ Mack RA Lobo J Hwang CR Liu CH Liu 2005 Determinants of the effect of estrogen on the progression of subclinical atherosclerosis: Estrogen in the Prevention of Atherosclerosis Trial Menopause 12 366 373 (Pubitemid 41098649)
54. SG Lakoski P Greenland ND Wong PJ Schreiner DM Herrington RA Kronmal 2007 Coronary artery calcium scores and risk for cardiovascular events in women classified as "low risk" based on Framingham Risk Score: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) Archives of Internal Medicine 167 22 2437 2442
55. RL Levine S-J Chen J Durand Y-F Chen S Oparil 1994 Medroxyprogesterone attenuates estrogen-mediated inhibition of neointima formation after balloon injury of the rat carotid artery Circulation 94 2221 2227
56. JC Lo X Zhao A Scuteri S Brockwell MR Sowers 2006 The association of genetic polymorphisms in sex hormone biosynthesis and action with insulin sensitivity and diabetes mellitus in women at midlife American Journal of Medicine 119 9 Suppl 1 S69 78
57. WJ Mack CC Slater M Xiang D Shoupe RA Lobo HN Hodis 2004 Elevated subclinical atherosclerosis associated with oophorectomy is related to time since menopause rather than type of menopause Fertility & Sterility 82 2 391 397
58. J Manson M Allison JE Rossouw J Carr R Langer J Hsia 2007 Estrogen therapy and coronary-artery calcification N Engl J Med 356 25 2591 2602
59. JE Manson J Hsia KC Johnson JE Rossouw AR Assaf NL Lasser 2003 Estrogen plus progestin and the risk of coronary heart disease New England Journal of Medicine 349 523 534
60. ME Mendelsohn RH Karas 2005 Molecular and cellular basis of cardiovascular gender differences Science 308 1583 1587
61. VM Miller PM Vanhoutte 1991 Progesterone and modulation of endothelium-dependent responses in canine coronary arteries American Journal of Physiology 261 R1022 R1027
62. SL Murphy 2000 Deaths: Final data for 1998 National Vital Statistics Reports 48 11 1 105
63. IS Ockene NH Miller 1997 Cigarette smoking, cardiovascular disease, and stroke: A statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. American Heart Association Task Force on Risk Reduction Circulation 96 3243 3247
64. P Raggi B Cooil LJ Shaw J Aboulhson J Takasu M Budoff 2003 Progression of coronary calcium on serial electron beam tomographic scanning is greater in patients with future myocardial infarction American Journal of Cardiology 92 827 829
65. KM Randell RJ Honkanen H Kroger S Saarikoski 2002 Does hormone-replacement therapy prevent fractures in early postmenopausal women? Journal of Bone and Mineral Research 17 3 528 533
66. KM Rexrode JE Manson 2007 Are some types of hormone therapy safer than others? Lessons from the Estrogen and Thromboembolism Risk study Circulation 115 7 820 822
67. W Rocca B Grossardt M Andrade G Malkasian LI Melton 2006 Survival patterns after oophorectomy in premenopausal women: a population-based cohort study Lancet Oncology 7 821 828
68. WA Rocca JH Bower DM Maraganore JE Ahlskog BR Grossardt M de Andrade 2007 Increased risk of parkinsonism in women who underwent oophorectomy before menopause Neurology 70 200 209
69. WA Rocca JH Bower DM Maraganore JE Ahlskog BR Grossardt M de Andrade 2007 Increased risk of cognitive impairment or dementia in women who underwent oophorectomy before menopause Neurology 69 11 1074 1083
70. WA Rocca BR Grossardt YE Geda BS Gostout JH Bower DM Maraganore 2008 Long-term risk of depressive and anxiety symptoms after early bilateral oophorectomy Menopause 15 6 1050 1059
71. JE Rossouw GL Anderson RL Prentice AZ LaCroix C Kooperberg ML Stefanick 2002 Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: Principal results from the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial Journal of the American Medical Association 288 3 321 333
72. JE Rossouw LP Finnegan WR Harlan VW Pinn C Clifford JA [tmp] McGowan 1995 The evolution of the Women's Health Initiative: Perspective from the NIH Journal of the American Medical Women's Association 50 50 55
73. JA Rumberger RS Schwartz PF Sheedy III WD Edwards LA Fitzpatrick 1994 Coronary calcification and pathologic stenosis: An ROC analysis to predict atherosclerotic severity and the influence of gender using ultrafast computed tomography American Journal of Cardiology 74 1169 1173
74. PY Scarabin M Alhenc-Gelas G Plu-Bureau P Taisne R Agher M Aiach 1997 Effects of oral and transdermal estrogen/progesterone regimens on blood coagulation and fibrinolysis in postmenopausal women: A randomized controlled trial Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology 17 3071 3078
75. PY Scarabin E Oger G Plu-Bureau 2003 Differential association of oral and transdermal oestrogen-replacement therapy with venous thromboembolism risk Lancet 362 428 432
76. C Schairer J Lubin R Troisi S Sturgeon L Brinton R Hoover 2000 Menopausal estrogen and estrogen-progestin replacement therapy and breast cancer risk Journal of the American Medical Association 283 485 491 (Pubitemid 30062864)
77. CC Slater HN Hodis WJ Mack D Shoupe RJ Paulson FZ Stanczyk 2001 Markedly elevated levels of estrone sulfate after long-term oral, but not transdermal administration of estradiol in postmenopausal women Menopause 8 200 2003
78. MR Sowers ML Jannausch DS [tmp] McConnell SR Kardia JF Randolph Jr 2006 Endogenous estradiol and its association with estrogen receptor gene polymorphisms American Journal of Medicine 119 9 Suppl 1 S16 22
79. MR Sowers JP Symons ML Jannausch J Chu SR Kardia 2006 Sex steroid hormone polymorphisms, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoprotein A-1 from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN) American Journal of Medicine 119 9 Suppl 1 S61 68
80. MR Sowers AL Wilson SR Kardia J Chu DS [tmp] McConnell 2006 CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 polymorphisms and their association with estradiol and estrogen metabolites in women who are premenopausal and perimenopausal American Journal of Medicine 119 9 Suppl 1 S44 S51
81. MR Sowers AL Wilson CA Karvonen-Gutierrez SR Kardia 2006d Sex steroid hormone pathway genes and health-related measures in women of 4 races/ethnicities: the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN) American Journal of Medicine 119 9 Suppl 1 S103 110
82. C Spencer D Crook D Ross A Cooper M Whitehead J Stevenson 1999 A randomised comparison of the effects of oral versus transdermal 17beta-oestradiol, each combined with sequential oral norethisterone acetate, on serum lipoprotein levels British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 106 9 948 953
83. LE Spieker AJ Flammer TF Luscher 2006 The vascular endothelium in hypertension Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology 176 Pt 2 249 283
84. MJ Stampfer GA Colditz 1991 Estrogen replacement therapy and coronary heart disease: A quantitative assessment of the epidemiologic evidence Preventive Medicine 20 47 63
85. Stefanick, M., Cochrane, B., Hsia, J., Barad, D., Liu, J., & Johnson, S. (2003). The women's health initiative postmenopausal hormone trials: Overview and baseline characteristics of participants. AEP, 13, S78-S86.
86. A Steiner HN Hodis RA Lobo D Shoupe M Xiang WJ Mack 2005 Postmenopausal oral estrogen therapy and blood pressure in normotensive and hypertensive subjects: the Estrogen in the Prevention of Atherosclerosis Trial Menopause 12 728 733
87. K Sudhir TM Chou K Chatterjee EP Smith TC Williams JP Kane 1997 Premature coronary artery disease associated with a disruptive mutation in the estrogen receptor gene in a man Circulation 96 3774 3777
88. K Sudhir TM Chou WL Mullen D Hausmann P Collins PG Yock 1995 Mechanisms of estrogen-induced vasodilatation: In vivo studies in canine coronary conductance and resistance arteries Journal of the American College of Cardiology 26 807 814
89. K Sudhir MD Esler GL Jennings PA Komesaroff 1997 Estrogen supplementation decreases norepinephrine-induced vasoconstriction and total body norepinephrine spillover in perimenopausal women Hypertension 30 1538 1543
90. K Sutton-Tyrrell RP Wildman KA Matthews C Chae BL Lasley S Brockwell 2005 Sex-hormone-binding globulin and the free androgen index are related to cardiovascular risk factors in multiethnic premenopausal and perimenopausal women enrolled in the Study of Women Across the Nation (SWAN) Circulation 111 10 1242 1249
91. The Writing Group for the PEPI Trial 1995 Effects of estrogen or estrogen/progestin regimens on heart disease risk factors in postmenopausal women: The Postmenopausal Estrogen/Progestin Interventions (PEPI) Trial Journal of the American Medical Association 273 199 208
92. TK Waddell C Rajkumar JD Cameron GL Jennings AM Dart BA Kingwell 1999 Withdrawal of hormonal therapy for 4 weeks decreases arterial compliance in postmenopausal women Journal of Hypertension 17 3 413 418
93. JD Wagner TB Clarkson RW St. Clair DC Schwenke CA Shively MR Adams 1991 Estrogen and progesterone replacement therapy reduces low density lipoprotein accumulation in the coronary arteries of surgically postmenopausal cynomolgus monkeys Journal of Clinical Investigation 88 6 1995 2002
94. WS Weintraub GA Diamond 2008 Predicting cardiovascular events with coronary calcium scoring New England Journal of Medicine 358 13 1394 1396
95. CR White J Shelton S-J Chen V Darley-Usmar L Allen C Nabors 1998 Estrogen restores endothelial cell function in an experimental model of vascular injury Circulation 96 1624 1630
96. PW Wilson RJ Garrison WP Castelli 1985 Postmenopausal estrogen use, cigarette smoking, and cardiovascular morbidity in women over 50. The Framingham Study. [see comment] New England Journal of Medicine 313 17 1038 1043
97. PH Wolf JH Madans FF Finucane M Higgins JC Kleinman 1991 Reduction of cardiovascular disease-related mortality among postmenopausal women who use hormones: Evidence from a national cohort American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 164 489 494
98. Y Zhu Z Bian P Lu RH Karas L Bao D Cox 2002 Abnormal vascular function and hypertension in mice deficient in estrogen receptor beta Science 295 5554 505 508