The effects of ozone exposure and associated injury mechanisms on the central nervous system

Reviews in the Neurosciences

Volumn 24, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 337-352

  Martínez Lazcano, Juan Carlos ^a   González Guevara, Edith ^a,b   Del Carmen Rubio, María ^a   Franco Pérez, Javier ^a   Custodio, Verónica ^a   Hernández Cerón, Miguel ^a,c   Livera, Carlos ^a,b   Paz, Carlos ^a,c  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF NEUROLOGY AND NEUROSURGERY   (Mexico)

^b UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTÓNOMA DE MÉXICO   (Mexico)

^c UNIVERSIDAD AUTÓNOMA METROPOLITANA   (Mexico)

Author keywords

Air pollution; Central nervous system; Inflammation; Oxidative stress; Ozone

Indexed keywords

OZONE;

AIR POLLUTANT; AIR POLLUTION; ARTICLE; BRAIN INJURY; CELL DEGENERATION; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; EPILEPSY; HALF LIFE TIME; HEAD INJURY; HEADACHE; HUMAN; IMMUNE SYSTEM; INFLAMMATION; MOTOR ACTIVITY; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NERVOUS SYSTEM INFLAMMATION; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SLEEP; TERATOGENESIS; ANIMAL; CHEMICALLY INDUCED DISORDER; DRUG EFFECT; METABOLISM; NERVOUS SYSTEM; PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG; PNEUMONIA; REVIEW;

AIR POLLUTANTS; ANIMALS; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; HUMANS; NERVOUS SYSTEM; OXIDANTS, PHOTOCHEMICAL; OZONE; PNEUMONIA;

EID: 84886741704     PISSN: 03341763     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2012-0084     Document Type: Article

References (167)

1. Abbott, N.J. and Friedman, A. (2012). Overview and introduction: The blood-brain barrier in health and disease. Epilepsia 53, 1-6.
2. Alfaro-Rodriguez, A. and Gonzalez-Pina, R. (2005). Ozone-induced paradoxical sleep decrease is related to diminished acetylcholine levels in the medial preoptic area in rats. Chem. Biol. Interact. 151, 151-158.
3. Andrzejczak, D. (2011). [Epilepsy and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Immunomodulating properties of antiepileptic drugs]. Neurol. Neurochir. Pol. 45, 275-285.
4. Apte, M.G., Buchanan, I.S., and Mendell, M.J. (2008). Outdoor ozone and building-related symptoms in the BASE study. Indoor Air 18, 156-170.
5. Araneda, S., Commin, L., Atlagich, M., Kitahama, K., Parraguez, V.H., Pequignot, J.M., and Dalmaz, Y. (2008). VEGF overexpression in the astroglial cells of rat brainstem following ozone exposure. Neurotoxicology 29, 920-927.
6. Arito, H., Uchiyama, I., and Yokoyama, E. (1992). Acute effects of ozone on EEG activity, sleep-wakefulness and heart rate in rats. Ind. Health 30, 23-34.
7. Arnold, S.E., Smutzer, G.S., Trojanowski, J.Q., and Moberg, P.J. (1998). Cellular and molecular neuropathology of the olfactory epithelium and central olfactory pathways in Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 855, 762-775.
8. Avila-Costa, M.R., Colin-Barenque, L., Fortoul, T.I., Hado-Salas, J.P., Espinosa, V., Rugerio-Vargas, C., Borgonio, G., Dorado, C., and Rivas-Arancibia, S. (2001). Motor impairments in an oxidative stress model and its correlation with cytological changes on rat striatum and prefrontal cortex. Int. J. Neurosci. 108, 193-200.
9. Backus, G.S., Howden, R., Fostel, J., Bauer, A.K., Cho, H.Y., Marzec, J., Peden, D.B., and Kleeberger, S.R. (2010). Protective role of interleukin-10 in ozone-induced pulmonary inflammation. Environ. Health Perspect. 118, 1721- 1727.
10. Balosso, S., Ravizza, T., Perego, C., Peschon, J., Campbell, I.L., De Simoni, M.G., and Vezzani, A. (2005). Tumor necrosis factor-a inhibits seizures in mice via p75 receptors. Ann. Neurol. 57, 804-812.
11. Banks, W.A. (2005). Blood-brain barrier transport of cytokines: A mechanism for neuropathology. Curr. Pharm. Des. 11, 973- 984.
12. Bargagli, E., Olivieri, C., Bennett, D., Prasse, A., Muller-Quernheim, J., and Rottoli, P. (2009). Oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of diffuse lung diseases: A review. Respir. Med. 103, 1245-1256.
13. Bell, M.L., Peng, R.D., and Dominici, F. (2006). The exposureresponse curve for ozone and risk of mortality and the adequacy of current ozone regulations. Environ. Health Perspect. 114, 532-536.
14. Berger, R., Garnier, Y., and Jensen, A. (2002). Perinatal brain damage: Underlying mechanisms and neuroprotective strategies. J. Soc. Gynecol. Invest. 9, 319-328.
15. Berlett, B.S., Levine, R.L., and Stadtman, E.R. (1996). Comparison of the effects of ozone on the modification of amino acid residues in glutamine synthetase and bovine serum albumin. J. Biol. Chem. 271, 4177-4182.
16. Besedovsky, H.O. and Rey, A.D. (2007). Physiology of psychoneuroimmunology: A personal view. Brain Behav. Immun. 21, 34-44.
17. Besedovsky, H., del Rey, A., Sorkin, E., and Dinarello, C.A. (1986). Immunoregulatory feedback between interleukin-1 and glucocorticoid hormones. Science 233, 652-654.
18. Bignami, G., Musi, B., Dell'Omo, G., Laviola, G., and Alleva, E. (1994). Limited effects of ozone exposure during pregnancy on physical and neurobehavioral development of CD-1 mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 129, 264-271.
19. Block, M.L. and Calderon, G. (2009). Air pollution: Mechanisms of neuroinflammation and CNS disease. Trends Neurosci. 32, 506-516.
20. Bluthe, R.M., Laye, S., Michaud, B., Combe, C., Dantzer, R., and Parnet, P. (2000a). Role of interleukin-1beta and tumour necrosis factor-a in lipopolysaccharide-induced sickness behaviour: A study with interleukin-1 type I receptor-deficient mice. Eur. J. Neurosci. 12, 4447-4456.
21. Bluthe, R.M., Michaud, B., Poli, V., and Dantzer, R. (2000b). Role of IL-6 in cytokine-induced sickness behavior: A study with IL-6 deficient mice. Physiol. Behav. 70, 367-373.
22. Bocci, V., Valacchi, G., Corradeschi, F., and Fanetti, G. (1998). Studies on the biological effects of ozone: 8. Effects on the total antioxidant status and on interleukin-8 production. Mediators Inflamm. 7, 313-317.
23. Brailowsky, S., Silva-Barrte, C., and Naquet, R. (1989). Elementos fisiopatológicos de las epilepsias: Aportes recientes de la investigación experimental. Salud Mental 12, 53-62.
24. Brambilla, R., Bracchi-Ricard, V., Hu, W.H., Frydel, B., Bramwell, A., Karmally, S., Green, E.J., and Bethea, J.R. (2005). Inhibition of astroglial nuclear factor k-B reduces inflammation and improves functional recovery after spinal cord injury. J. Exp. Med. 202, 145-156.
25. Bsibsi, M., Persoon-Deen, C., Verwer, R.W., Meeuwsen, S., Ravid, R., and Van Noort, J.M. (2006). Toll-like receptor 3 on adult human astrocytes triggers production of neuroprotective mediators. Glia 53, 688-695.
26. Buchanan, I.S., Mendell, M.J., Mirer, A.G., and Apte, M.G. (2008). Air filter materials, outdoor ozone and building-related symptoms in the BASE study. Indoor Air 18, 144-155.
27. Calderon-Garciduenas, L., Rodriguez-Alcaraz, A., Villarreal-Calderon, A., Lyght, O., Janszen, D., and Morgan, K.T. (1998). Nasal epithelium as a sentinel for airborne environmental pollution. Toxicol. Sci. 46, 352-364.
28. Calderon-Garciduenas, L., Azzarelli, B., Acuna, H., Garcia, R., Gambling, T.M., Osnaya, N., Monroy, S., Del Rosario Tizapantzi, M., Carson, J.L., Villarreal-Calderon, A., et al. (2002). Air pollution and brain damage. Toxicol. Pathol. 30, 373-389.
29. Calderon-Garciduenas, L., Mora-Tiscareno, A., Ontiveros, E., Gomez-Garza, G., Barragan-Mejia, G., Broadway, J., Chapman, S., Valencia-Salazar, G., Jewells, V., Maronpot, R.R., et al. (2008). Air pollution, cognitive deficits and brain abnormalities: A pilot study with children and dogs. Brain Cogn. 68, 117-127.
30. Chen, C., Shih, Y.H., Yen, D.J., Lirng, J.F., Guo, Y.C., Yu, H.Y., and Yiu, C.H. (2003). Olfactory auras in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 44, 257-260.
31. Chen, C., Zhao, B., and Weschler, C.J. (2012). Assessing the influence of indoor exposure to "outdoor ozone "on the relationship between ozone and short-term mortality in U.S. communities. Environ. Health Perspect. 120, 235-240.
32. Chiabrando, C., Valagussa, A., Rivalta, C., Durand, T., Guy, A., Zuccato, E., Villa, P., Rossi, J.C., and Fanelli, R. (1999). Identification and measurement of endogenous b-oxidation metabolites of 8-epi-prostaglandin F2a. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 1313-1319.
33. Cho, H.Y. and Kleeberger, S.R. (2010). Nrf2 protects against airway disorders. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 244, 43-56.
34. Cho, H.Y., Morgan, D.L., Bauer, A.K., and Kleeberger, S.R. (2007). Signal transduction pathways of tumor necrosis factormediated lung injury induced by ozone in mice. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 175, 829-839.
35. Colin-Barenque, L., Dorado-Martinez, C., Rivas-Arancibia, S., Avila-Costa, M.R., and Fortoul, T.I. (2005). Morphological recovery of the granule cells from the olfactory bulb after the cessation of acute ozone exposure. Int. J. Neurosci. 115, 411-421.
36. Cottet-Emard, J.M., Dalmaz, Y., Pequignot, J., Peyrin, L., and Pequignot, J.M. (1997). Long-term exposure to ozone alters peripheral and central catecholamine activity in rats. Pflüger's Arch. 433, 744-749.
37. Custodio, V., Gonzalez, E., Rubio, C., and Paz, C. (2010). Brain noradrenaline changes in rats prenatally exposed to ozone. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 30, 92-94.
38. Dantzer, R., Konsman, J.P., Bluthe, R.M., and Kelley, K.W. (2000). Neural and humoral pathways of communication from the immune system to the brain: Parallel or convergent? Auton. Neurosci. 85, 60-65.
39. de Vries, H.E., Kooij, G., Frenkel, D., Georgopoulos, S., Monsonego, A., and Janigro, D. (2012). Inflammatory events at blood-brain barrier in neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders: Implications for clinical disease. Epilepsia 53, 45- 52.
40. Devlin, R.B., McKinnon, K.P., Noah, T., Becker, S., and Koren, H.S. (1994). Ozone-induced release of cytokines and fibronectin by alveolar macrophages and airway epithelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. 266, L612-L619.
41. Dorado-Martinez, C., Paredes-Carbajal, C., Mascher, D., Borgonio-Perez, G., and Rivas-Arancibia, S. (2001). Effects of different ozone doses on memory, motor activity and lipid peroxidation levels, in rats. Int. J. Neurosci. 108, 149-161.
42. Eid, T., Ghosh, A., Wang, Y., Beckström, H., Zaveri, H.P., Lee, T.S., Lai, J.C.K., Malthankar-Phatak, G.H., and de Lanerolle, N.C. (2008). Recurrent seizures and brain pathology after inhibition of glutamine synthetase in the hippocampus in rats. Brain 131, 2061-2070.
43. Ek, M., Kurosawa, M., Lundeberg, T., and Ericsson, A. (1998). Activation of vagal afferents after intravenous injection of interleukin-1: Role of endogenous prostaglandins. J. Neurosci. 18, 9471-9479.
44. Escalante-Membrillo, C. and Paz, C. (1997). Development of an experimental model of epilepsy in rats exposed to ozone. Toxicol. Lett. 93, 103-107.
45. Folinsbee, L.J. and Hazucha, M.J. (2000). Time course of response to ozone exposure in healthy adult females. Inhal. Toxicol. 12, 151-167.
46. Fraigne, J.J., Dunin-Barkowski, W.L., and Orem, J.M. (2008). Effect of hypercapnia on sleep and breathing in unanesthetized cats. Sleep 31, 1025-1033.
47. Franchimont, D. (2004). Overview of the actions of glucocorticoids on the immune response: A good model to characterize new pathways of immunosuppression for new treatment strategies. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 1024, 124-137.
48. Franco-Pérez, J., Ballesteros-Zebadúa, P., Custodio, V., and Paz, C. (2012). Principales neurotransmisores involucrados en la regulación del ciclo sueño-vigilia. Rev. Invest. Clin 64, 1-11.
49. Frank, R., Liu, M., Spannhake, E., Mlinarek, S., Macri, K., and Weinmann, G. (2001). Repetitive ozone exposure of young adults: Evidence of persistent small airway dysfunction. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 164, 1253-1260.
50. Freeman, B.A. and Mudd, J.B. (1981). Reaction of ozone with sulfhydryls of human erythrocytes. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 208, 212-220.
51. Garcia-Garcia, F., Acosta-Pena, E., Venebra-Munoz, A., and Murillo-Rodriguez, E. (2009). Sleep-inducing factors. CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets 8, 235-244.
52. Gerrity, T.R., Weaver, R.A., Berntsen, J., House, D.E., and O'Neil, J.J. (1988). Extrathoracic and intrathoracic removal of O 3 in tidal-breathing humans. J. Appl. Physiol. 65, 393-400.
53. Ghosh, S., May, M.J., and Kopp, E.B. (1998). NF-kB and Rel proteins: Evolutionarily conserved mediators of immune responses. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 16, 225-260.
54. Goddard, G.V., McIntyre, D.C., and Leech, C.K. (1969). A permanent change in brain function resulting from daily electrical stimulation. Exp. Neurol. 25, 295-330.
55. Gomez-Mejiba, S.E., Zhai, Z., Akram, H., Pye, Q.N., Hensley, K., Kurien, B.T., Scofield, R.H., and Ramirez, D.C. (2009). Inhalation of environmental stressors and chronic inflammation: Autoimmunity and neurodegeneration. Mutat. Res. 674, 62-72.
56. Gonzalez-Pina, R. and Paz, C. (1997). Brain monoamine changes in rats after short periods of ozone exposure. Neurochem. Res. 22, 63-66.
57. Gonzalez-Pina, R., Escalante, M., faro-Rodriguez, A., and Gonzalez-Maciel, A. (2008). Prenatal exposure to ozone disrupts cerebellar monoamine contents in newborn rats. Neurochem. Res. 33, 912-918.
58. Graham, D., Henderson, F., and House, D. (1988). Neutrophil influx measured in nasal lavages of humans exposed to ozone. Arch. Environ. Health 43, 228-233.
59. Groll-Knapp, E., Haider, M., Jenkner, H., Liebich, H., Neuberger, M., and Trimmel, M. (1982). Moderate carbon monoxide exposure during sleep: Neuro- and psychophysiological effects in young and elderly people. Neurobehav. Toxicol. Teratol. 4, 709-716.
60. Gu, Y., Dee, C.M., and Shen, J. (2011). Interaction of free radicals, matrix metalloproteinases and caveolin-1 impacts blood-brain barrier permeability. Front Biosci (Schol Ed) 3, 1216-1231.
61. Hackney, J.D., Linn, W.S., Buckley, R.D., Pedersen, E.E., Karuza, S.K., Law, D.C., and Fischer, A. (1975). Experimental studies on human health effects of air pollutants: I. Design considerations. Arch. Environ. Health 30, 373-378.
62. Hackney, J.D., Linn, W.S., Karuza, S.K., Buckley, R.D., Law, D.C., Bates, D.V., Hazucha, M., Pengelly, L.D., and Silverman, F. (1977). Effects of ozone exposure in Canadians and Southern Californians. Evidence for adaptation? Arch. Environ. Health 32, 110-116.
63. Haddad, E.B., Salmon, M., Koto, H., Barnes, P.J., Adcock, I., and Chung, K.F. (1996). Ozone induction of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC) and nuclear factor-kB in rat lung: Inhibition by corticosteroids. FEBS Lett. 379, 265-268.
64. Hatch, G.E., Slade, R., Harris, L.P., McDonnell, W.F., Devlin, R.B., Koren, H.S., Costa, D.L., and McKee, J. (1994). Ozone dose and effect in humans and rats. A comparison using oxygen-18 labeling and bronchoalveolar lavage. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 150, 676-683.
65. Hoffman, H.J., Ishii, E.K., and MacTurk, R.H. (1998). Age-related changes in the prevalence of smell/taste problems among the United States adult population. Results of the 1994 disability supplement to the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 855, 716-722.
66. Hollingsworth, J.W., Kleeberger, S.R., and Foster, W.M. (2007). Ozone and pulmonary innate immunity. Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc. 4, 240-246.
67. Hu, X.X., Goldmuntz, E.A., and Brosnan, C.F. (1991). The effect of norepinephrine on endotoxin-mediated macrophage activation. J. Neuroimmunol. 31, 35-42.
68. Huitron-Resendiz, S., Custodio-Ramirez, V., Escalante, M., Gonzalez-Pina, R., and Paz, C. (1994). Sleep alterations and brain regional changes of serotonin and its metabolite in rats exposed to ozone. Neurosci. Lett. 177, 119-122.
69. Ignarro, L.J. (1991). Signal transduction mechanisms involving nitric oxide. Biochem. Pharmacol. 41, 485-490.
70. Islam, T., McConnell, R., Gauderman, W.J., Avol, E., Peters, J.M., and Gilliland, F.D. (2008). Ozone, oxidant defense genes, and risk of asthma during adolescence. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 177, 388-395.
71. Jankowsky, J.L. and Patterson, P.H. (2001). The role of cytokines and growth factors in seizures and their sequelae. Prog. Neurobiol. 63, 125-149.
72. Joad, J.P., Kott, K.S., and Bric, J.M. (1996). The local C-fiber contribution to ozone-induced effects on the isolated guinea pig lung. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 141, 561-567.
73. Joad, J.P., Bric, J.M., Weir, A.J., Putney, L., Hyde, D.M., Postlethwait, E.M., and Plopper, C.G. (2000). Effect of respiratory pattern on ozone injury to the airways of isolated rat lungs. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 169, 26-32.
74. Jörres, R., Nowak, D., and Magnussen, H. (1996). The effect of ozone exposure on allergen responsiveness in subjects with asthma or rhinitis. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 153, 56-64.
75. Kabel, J.R., Ben-Jebria, A., and Ultman, J.S. (1994). Longitudinal distribution of ozone absorption in the lung: Comparison of nasal and oral quiet breathing. J. Appl. Physiol. 77, 2584-2592.
76. Kafoury, R.M., Pryor, W.A., Squadrito, G.L., Salgo, M.G., Zou, X., and Friedman, M. (1998). Lipid ozonation products activate phospholipases A2, C, and D. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 150, 338-349.
77. Kafoury, R.M., Pryor, W.A., Squadrito, G.L., Salgo, M.G., Zou, X., and Friedman, M. (1999). Induction of inflammatory mediators in human airway epithelial cells by lipid ozonation products. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 160, 1934-1942.
78. Kapsimalis, F., Basta, M., Varouchakis, G., Gourgoulianis, K., Vgontzas, A., and Kryger, M. (2008). Cytokines and pathological sleep. Sleep Med. 9, 603-614.
79. Karasu, A., Kuscu, D., Ofluoglu, A.E., Gul, G., Kayrak, N., Bayindir, C., Toplamaoglu, H., and Canbolat, A. (2008). Surgical outcome in hippocampal sclerosis following selective amygdalohippocampectomy. Turk. Neurosurg. 18, 374- 379.
80. Kavlock, R., Daston, G., and Grabowski, C.T. (1979). Studies on the developmental toxicity of ozone. I. Prenatal effects. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 48, 19-28.
81. Kavlock, R.J., Meyer, E., and Grabowski, C.T. (1980). Studies on the developmental toxicity of ozone: Postnatal effects. Toxicol. Lett. 5, 3-9.
82. Kennedy, C.H., Hatch, G.E., Slade, R., and Mason, R.P. (1992). Application of the EPR spin-trapping technique to the detection of radicals produced in vivo during inhalation exposure of rats to ozone. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 114, 41-46.
83. Kovacs, T., Cairns, N.J., and Lantos, P.L. (2001). Olfactory centres in Alzheimer's disease: Olfactory bulb is involved in early Braak's stages. Neuroreport 12, 285-288.
84. Laskin, D.L., Fakhrzadeh, L., Heck, D.E., Gerecke, D., and Laskin, J.D. (2002). Upregulation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase and protein kinase B in alveolar macrophages following ozone inhalation. Role of NF-kB and STAT-1 in ozone-induced nitric oxide production and toxicity. Mol. Cell Biochem. 234-235, 91-98.
85. Lategola, M.T., Melton, C.E., and Higgins, E.A. (1980). Effects of ozone on symptoms and cardiopulmonary function in a flight attendant surrogate population. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 51, 237- 246.
86. Latzin, P., Roosli, M., Huss, A., Kuehni, C.E., and Frey, U. (2009). Air pollution during pregnancy and lung function in newborns: A birth cohort study. Eur. Respir. J. 33, 594-603.
87. Lehtimaki, K.A., Keranen, T., Palmio, J., Makinen, R., Hurme, M., Honkaniemi, J., and Peltola, J. (2007). Increased plasma levels of cytokines after seizures in localization-related epilepsy. Acta Neurol. Scand. 116, 226-230.
88. Lippmann, M. (1993). Health effects of tropospheric ozone: Review of recent research findings and their implications to ambient air quality standards. J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 3, 103- 129.
89. Lipton, J.M. and Catania, A. (1997). Anti-inflammatory actions of the neuroimmunomodulator a-MSH. Immunol. Today 18, 140- 145.
90. Manzer, R., Dinarello, C.A., McConville, G., and Mason, R.J. (2008). Ozone exposure of macrophages induces an alveolar epithelial chemokine response through IL-1a. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 38, 318-323.
91. Martin, C., Beshel, J., and Kay, L.M. (2007). An olfacto-hippocampal network is dynamically involved in odor-discrimination learning. J. Neurophysiol. 98, 2196-2205.
92. McNamara, J.O. (1994). Cellular and molecular basis of epilepsy. J. Neurosci. 14, 3413-3425.
93. Mehlman, M.A. and Borek, C. (1987). Toxicity and biochemical mechanisms of ozone. Environ. Res. 42, 36-53.
94. Mohn, C.E., Fernandez-Solari, J., De Laurentiis, A., Prestifilippo, J.P., de la Cal, C., Funk, R., Bornstein, S.R., McCann, S.M., and Rettori, V. (2005). The rapid release of corticosterone from the adrenal induced by ACTH is mediated by nitric oxide acting by prostaglandin E2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102, 6213-6218.
95. Montuschi, P., Nightingale, J.A., Kharitonov, S.A., and Barnes, P.J. (2002). Ozone-induced increase in exhaled 8-isoprostane in healthy subjects is resistant to inhaled budesonide. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 33, 1403-1408.
96. Mudway, I.S., Behndig, A.F., Helleday, R., Pourazar, J., Frew, A.J., Kelly, F.J., and Blomberg, A. (2006). Vitamin supplementation does not protect against symptoms in ozone-responsive subjects. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 40, 1702-1712.
97. Mustafa, M.G. (1990). Biochemical basis of ozone toxicity. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 9, 245-265.
98. Narayan, K.M., Ali, M.K., and Koplan, J.P. (2010). Global noncommunicable diseases - where worlds meet. N. Engl. J. Med. 363, 1196-1198.
99. Neganova, M.E., Blik, V.A., Klovchkov, S.G., Chepurnova, N.E., and Shevtsova, E.F. (2011). Investigation of the antioxidant characteristics of a new tryptamine derivative of securinine and its influence on seizure activity in the brain in experimental epilepsy. Neurochem. J. 5, 208-214.
100. Nelson, B.K. (1994). Adult versus developmental neurotoxicology: An occupational perspective of similarities and differences, Neurotoxicol Teratol 16, 213-218.
101. Neuhaus-Steinmetz, U., Uffhausen, F., Herz, U., and Renz, H. (2000). Priming of allergic immune responses by repeated ozone exposure in mice. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 23, 228-233.
102. O'Donnell, R.D., Chikos, P., and Theodore, J. (1971). Effect of carbon monoxide exposure on human sleep and psychomotor performance. J. Appl. Physiol. 31, 513-518.
103. Oliver, C.N., Starke-Reed, P.E., Stadtman, E.R., Liu, G.J., Carney, J.M., and Floyd, R.A. (1990). Oxidative damage to brain proteins, loss of glutamine synthetase activity, and production of free radicals during ischemia/ reperfusion-induced injury to gerbil brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 5144-5147.
104. Osburn, W.O. and Kensler, T.W. (2008). Nrf2 signaling: An adaptive response pathway for protection against environmental toxic insults. Mutat. Res. 659, 31-39.
105. Pahl, H.L. (1999). Activators and target genes of Rel/NF-kB transcription factors. Oncogene 18, 6853-6866.
106. Park, J.W., Taube, C., Swasey, C., Kodama, T., Joetham, A., Balhorn, A., Takeda, K., Miyahara, N., Allen, C.B., Dakhama, A., et al. (2004). Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist attenuates airway hyperresponsiveness following exposure to ozone. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 30, 830- 836.
107. Pavlov, V.A. and Tracey, K.J. (2006). Controlling inflammation: The cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 34, 1037-1040.
108. Paz, C. (1997). Some consequences of ozone exposure on health. Arch. Med. Res. 28, 163-170.
109. Paz, C. and Bazan-Perkins, B. (1992). Sleep-wake disorganization in cats exposed to ozone. Neurosci. Lett. 140, 270-272.
110. Paz, C. and Huitron-Resendiz, S. (1996). The effects of ozone exposure on the sleep-wake cycle and serotonin contents in the pons of the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 204, 49-52.
111. Pereyra-Munoz, N., Rugerio-Vargas, C., Angoa-Perez, M., Borgonio-Perez, G., and Rivas-Arancibia, S. (2006). Oxidative damage in substantia nigra and striatum of rats chronically exposed to ozone. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 31, 114-123.
112. Petruzzi, S., Fiore, M., Dell'Omo, G., Bignami, G., and Alleva, E. (1995). Medium and long-term behavioral effects in mice of extended gestational exposure to ozone. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 17, 463-470.
113. Plata-Salaman, C.R., Ilyin, S.E., Turrin, N.P., Gayle, D., Flynn, M.C., Romanovitch, A.E., Kelly, M.E., Bureau, Y., Anisman, H., and McIntyre, D.C. (2000). Kindling modulates the IL-1b system, TNF-a, TGF-b1, and neuropeptide mRNAs in specific brain regions. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 75, 248-258.
114. Postlethwait, E.M., Joad, J.P., Hyde, D.M., Schelegle, E., Bric, J.M., Weir, A.J., Putney, L.F., Wong, V.J., Velsor, L.W., and Plopper, C.G. (2000). Three-dimensional mapping of ozone-induced acute cytotoxicity in tracheobronchial airways of isolated perfused rat lung. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 22, 191-199.
115. Pryor, W.A. (1992). How far does ozone penetrate into the pulmonary air/tissue boundary before it reacts? Free Radic. Biol. Med. 12, 83-88.
116. Pryor, W.A. and Church, D.F. (1991). Aldehydes, hydrogen peroxide, and organic radicals as mediators of ozone toxicity. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 11, 41-46.
117. Pryor, W.A., Das, B., and Church, D.F. (1991). The ozonation of unsaturated fatty acids: Aldehydes and hydrogen peroxide as products and possible mediators of ozone toxicity. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 4, 341-348.
118. Pryor, W.A., Squadrito, G.L., and Friedman, M. (1995a). A new mechanism for the toxicity of ozone. Toxicol. Lett. 82-83, 287-293.
119. Pryor, W.A., Squadrito, G.L., and Friedman, M. (1995b). The cascade mechanism to explain ozone toxicity: The role of lipid ozonation products. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 19, 935-941.
120. Pryor, W.A., Houk, K.N., Foote, C.S., Fukuto, J.M., Ignarro, L.J., Squadrito, G.L., and Davies, K.J.A. (2006). Free radical biology and medicine: It's a gas, man! Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 291, R491-R511.
121. Rahman, I., Clerch, L.B., and Massaro, D. (1991). Rat lung antioxidant enzyme induction by ozone. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. 260, L412-L418.
122. Rivas-Manzano, P. and Paz, C. (1999). Cerebellar morphological alterations in rats induced by prenatal ozone exposure. Neurosci. Lett. 276, 37-40.
123. Rivas-Arancibia, S., Dorado-Martinez, C., Colin-Barenque, L., Kendrick, K.M., de la Riva, C., and Guevara-Guzman, R. (2003). Effect of acute ozone exposure on locomotor behavior and striatal function. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 74, 891-900.
124. Rivas-Arancibia, S., Guevara-Guzman, R., Lopez-Vidal, Y., Rodriguez-Martinez, E., Zanardo-Gomes, M., Angoa-Perez, M., and Raisman-Vozari, R. (2010). Oxidative stress caused by ozone exposure induces loss of brain repair in the hippocampus of adult rats. Toxicol. Sci. 113, 187-197.
125. Rubio, C. and Paz, C. (2003). Indomethacin reverts sleep disorders produced by ozone exposure in rats. Toxicology 191, 89-96.
126. Rubio, V., Vlverde, M., and Rojas, E. (2010). Effects of atmospheric pollutants on the Nrf2 survival pathway. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int. 17, 369-382.
127. Rusyniak, D.E., Furbee, R.B., and Pascuzzi, R. (2005). Historical neurotoxins: What we have learned from toxins of the past about diseases of the present. Neurol. Clin. 23, 337-352.
128. Santiago-Lopez, D., Bautista-Martinez, J., Reyes-Hernandez, C.I., Aguilar-Martinez, M., and Rivas-Arancibia, S. (2010). Oxidative stress, progressive damage in the substantia nigra and plasma dopamine oxidation, in rats chronically exposed to ozone. Toxicol. Lett. 197, 193-200.
129. Schelegle, E.S., Carl, M.L., Coleridge, H.M., Coleridge, J.C., and Green, J.F. (1993). Contribution of vagal afferents to respiratory reflexes evoked by acute inhalation of ozone in dogs. J. Appl. Physiol. 74, 2338-2344.
130. Schelegle, E.S., Eldridge, M., Css, C., Walby, W., and Adams, W. (2001). Differential effects of airway anesthesia on ozone-induced pulmonary responses in human subjects. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 163, 1121-1127.
131. Schuster, J.M. and Nelson, P.S. (2000). Toll receptors: An expanding role in our understanding of human disease. J. Leukoc. Biol. 67, 767-773.
132. Seltzer, J., Bigby, B.G., Stulbarg, M., Holtzman, M.J., Nadel, J.A., Ueki, I.F., Leikauf, G.D., Goetzl, E.J., and Boushey, H.A. (1986). O 3 -induced change in bronchial reactivity to methacholine and airway inflammation in humans. J. Appl. Physiol. 60, 1321-1326.
133. Shoham, S., Davenne, D., Cady, A.B., Dinarello, C.A., and Krueger, J.M. (1987). Recombinant tumor necrosis factor and interleukin 1 enhance slow-wave sleep. Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol. 253, R142- R149.
134. Sies, H. (1991). Oxidative stress: From basic research to clinical application. Am. J. Med. 91, 31S-38S.
135. Song, H., Tan, W., and Zhang, X. (2011). Ozone induces inflammation in bronchial epithelial cells. J. Asthma 48, 79-83.
136. Stellwagen, D., Beattie, E.C., Seo, J.Y., and Malenka, R.C. (2005). Differential regulation of AMPA receptor and GABA receptor trafficking by tumor necrosis factor- β J. Neurosci. 25, 3219-3228.
137. Szyszkowicz, M., Stieb, D.M., and Rowe, B.H. (2009). Air pollution and daily ED visits for migraine and headache in Edmonton, Canada. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 27, 391-396.
138. Tapia, R. and Massieu, L. (1997). Neuroquímica de los proceso epilépticos: Sinapsis inhibidoras y excitadoras. Epilepsia Aspectos Neurobiológicos, Médicos y Sociales. D. Mu ñoz, and F. Donnadieu, eds. (México: INNyN, UNAM), pp. 85-102.
139. Teeling, J.L. and Perry, V.H. (2009). Systemic infection and inflammation in acute CNS injury and chronic neurodegeneration: Underlying mechanisms. Neuroscience 158, 1062-1073.
140. Tepper, J.S. and Weiss, B. (1986). Determinants of behavioral response with ozone exposure. J. Appl. Physiol. 60, 868-875.
141. Tepper, J.L., Weiss, B., and Cox, C. (1982). Microanalysis of ozone depression of motor activity. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 64, 317-326.
142. Thiel, V.E. and Audus, K.L. (2001). Nitric oxide and blood-brain barrier integrity. Antioxid. Redox Signal 3, 273-278.
143. Thombur, J.E. and Moore, K.E. (1976). Pharmachologically Induced Modification of Behavioral and Neurochemical Development. Perinatal Pharmacology and Therapeutics. B.L. Mirkind. ed. (New York: Academic Press), pp. 270-345.
144. Turrin, N.P. and Rivest, S. (2004). Unraveling the molecular details involved in the intimate link between the immune and neuroendocrine systems. Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood) 229, 996-1006.
145. US Environmental Protection Agency. (1996). Air Quality Criteria for Ozone and Related Photochemical Oxidant (Washington, DC: US EPA).
146. Van der Vliet, A., O'Neil, C.A., Eiserich, J.P., and Cross, C.E. (1995). Oxidative damage to extracellular fluids by ozone and possible protective effects of thiols. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 321, 43-50.
147. Veninga, T.S. (1967). Toxicity of ozone in comparison with ionizing radiation. Strahlentherapie 134, 469-477.
148. Veras, M.M., Damaceno-Rodrigues, N.R., Caldini, E.G., Ribeiro, A.A.C., Mayhew, T.M., Saldiva, P.H.N., and Dolhnikoff, M. (2008). Particulate urban air pollution affects the functional morphology of mouse placenta. Biol. Reprod. 79, 578-584.
149. Viviani, B., Bartesaghi, S., Gardoni, F., Vezzani, A., Behrens, M.M., Bartfai, T., Binaglia, M., Corsini, E., Di Luca, M., Galli, C.L., et al. (2003). Interleukin-1β enhances NMDA receptor-mediated intracellular calcium increase through activation of the Src family of kinases. J. Neurosci. 23, 8692- 8700.
150. Wang, C.X. and Shuaib, A. (2002). Involvement of inflammatory cytokines in central nervous system injury. Prog. Neurobiol. 67, 161-172.
151. Wang, S., Cheng, Q., Malik, S., and Yang, J. (2000). Interleukin-1b inhibits γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor current in cultured hippocampal neurons. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 292, 497-504.
152. Watson, R.E., Desesso, J.M., Hurtt, M.E., and Cappon, G.D. (2006). Postnatal growth and morphological development of the brain: A species comparison. Birth Defects Res. B Dev. Reprod. Toxicol. 77, 471-484.
153. Weller, B.L., Crapo, J.D., Slot, J., Posthuma, G., Plopper, C.G., and Pinkerton, K.E. (1997). Site- and cell-specific alteration of lung copper/zinc and manganese superoxide dismutases by chronic ozone exposure. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 17, 552-560.
154. WHO (1983). Indoor Air Pollutants: Exposure and Health Effects (Copenhagen: WHO).
155. WHO (2000). Air quality guidelines for Europe. 2nd ed. Available at: http://www.euro.who.int/en/what-we-do/health-topics/ environment-and-health/air- quality/publications/pre2009/ who-air-quality-guidelines-for-europe,-2nd- edition,-2000-cdrom- version.
156. WHO (2005). WHO Air Quality Guidelines for Particulate Matter, Ozone, Nitrogen Dioxide and Sulfur Dioxide - Summary of Risk Assessment (WHO). Available at: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ hq/2006/WHO-SDE-PHE-OEH-06.02-eng.pdf.
157. Wiester, M.J., Williams, T.B., King, M.E., Menache, M.G., and Miller, F.J. (1987). Ozone uptake in awake Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 89, 429- 437.
158. Wiester, M.J., Tepper, J.S., King, M.E., Menache, M.G., and Costa, D.L. (1988). Comparative study of ozone (O 3) uptake in three strains of rats and in the guinea pig. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 96, 140- 146.
159. Wiester, M.J., Stevens, M.A., Menache, M.G., McKee, J.L., and Gerrity, T.R. (1996a). Ozone uptake in healthy adult males during quiet breathing. Toxicol. Sci. 29, 102-109.
160. Wiester, M.J., Watkinson, W.P., Costa, D.L., Crissman, K.M., Richards, J.H., Winsett, D.W., and Highfill, J.W. (1996b). Ozone toxicity in the rat. III. Effect of changes in ambient temperature on pulmonary parameters. J. Appl. Physiol. 81, 1691-1700.
161. Wright, D.T., Adler, K.B., Akley, N.J., Dailey, L.A., and Friedman, M. (1994). Ozone stimulates release of platelet activating factor and activates phospholipases in guinea pig tracheal epithelial cells in primary culture. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 127, 27-36.
162. Wszolek, Z.K. and Markopoulou, K. (1998). Olfactory dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. Clin. Neurosci. 5, 94-101.
163. Wu, Z.X., Barker, J.S., Batchelor, T.P., and Dey, R.D. (2008). Interleukin (IL)-1 regulates ozone-enhanced tracheal smooth muscle responsiveness by increasing substance P (SP) production in intrinsic airway neurons of ferret. Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol. 164, 300-311.
164. Yuan, Y. (2012). Methylmercury: A potential environmental risk factor contributing to epileptogenesis. Neurotoxicology 33, 119-126.
165. Zanchi, A. (2012). Pre and post-natal exposure to air pollution is public health problem. J. Clin. Toxicol. 2, 2.
166. Zhou, N.B., Fu, Z.J., and Sun, T. (2008). Effects of different concentrations of oxygen-ozone on rats'astrocytes in vitro. Neurosci. Lett. 441, 178-182.
167. Zhu, G., Okada, M., Yoshida, S., Mori, F., Ueno, S., Wakabayashi, K., and Kaneko, S. (2006). Effects of interleukin-1b on hippocampal glutamate and GABA releases associated with Ca 2 + -induced Ca 2 + releasing systems. Epilepsy Res. 71, 107-116.