Cellular and molecular neuropathology of the olfactory epithelium and central olfactory pathways in Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

Volumn 855, Issue , 1998, Pages 762-775

  Arnold, Steven E ^a,b   Smutzer, Gregory S ^a   Trojanowski, John Q ^a   Moberg, Paul J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^b Center for Neurobiology and Behavior   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMYLOID BETA PROTEIN; CYTOSKELETON PROTEIN; TAU PROTEIN;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; CONFERENCE PAPER; HUMAN; NERVE DEGENERATION; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLE; NEUROPATHOLOGY; OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM; OLFACTORY NERVOUS SYSTEM; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SMELLING DISORDER;

EID: 0032461762     PISSN: 00778923     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb10656.x     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (74)

1. 1. Doty, R. L. 1997. Studies of human olfaction from the University of Pennsylvania Smell and Taste Center. Chem. Senses 22: 565-586.
2. 2. Arnold, S. E., B. T. Hyman, J. Flory, A. R. Damasio & G. W. V. Hoesen. 1991. The topographical and neuroanatomical distribution of neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques in the cerebral cortex of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Cereb. Cortex 1: 103-116.
3. 3. Esiri, M. M. & G. K. Wilcock. 1984. The olfactory bulbs in Alzheimer's disease. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 47: 56-60.
4. 4. Reyes, P. F., G. T. Golden, P. L. Fagel, R. G. Fariello, L. Katz & E. Carner. 1987. The prepiriform cortex in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Arch. Neurol. 44: 644-645.
5. 5. Ohm, T. G. & H. Braak. 1987. Olfactory bulb changes in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol. 73: 365-369.
6. 6. Pearson, R. C. A., M. M. Esiri, R. W. Hiorns, G. K. Wilcock & T. P. S. Powell. 1985. Anatomical correlates of the distribution of the pathological changes in the neocortex in Alzheimer's disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82: 4531-4534.
7. 7. Ferreyra-Moyano, H. & E. Barragan. 1989. The olfactory system and Alzheimer's disease. Int. J. Neurosci. 49: 157-197.
8. 8. Doty, R. L., P. F. Reyes & T. Gregor. 1987. Presence of both odor identification and detection deficits in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res. Bull. 18: 597-600.
9. 9. Nordin, S., A. U. Monsch & C. Murphy. 1995. Unawareness of smell loss in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease: Discrepancy between self-reported and diagnosed smell sensitivity. J. Gerontol. Psychol. Sci. 50B: 187-192.
10. 10. Murphy, C., M. M. Gilmore, C. S. Seery, D. P. Salmon & B. R. Lasker. 1990. Olfactory thresholds are associated with degree of dementia in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol. Aging 11: 465-469.
11. 11. Serby, M., P. Larson & D. S. Kalkstein. 1991. The nature and course of olfactory deficits in Alzheimer's disease. Am. J. Psychiatry 148: 357-360.
12. 12. Morgan, C. D., S. Nordin & C. Murphy. 1995. Odor identification as an early marker for Alzehiemer's disease: Impact of lexical functioning and detection sensitivity. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 17: 793-803.
13. 13. Knupfer, L. & R. Spiegel. 1986. Differences in olfactory test performance between normal aged, Alzheimer and vascular type dementia individuals. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry 1: 3-14.
14. 14. Moberg, P. J., G. D. Pearlson, L. J. Speedie, J. R. Lipsey, M. E. Strauss & S. E. Folstein. 1987. Olfactory recognition: Differential impairments in early and late Huntington's and Alzheimer's diseases. J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol. 9: 650-664.
15. 15. Rezek, D. L. 1987. Olfactory deficits as a neurologic sign in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Arch. Neurol. 44: 1030-1032.
16. 16. Nordin, S. & C. Murphy. 1996. Impaired sensory and cognitive olfactory function in questionable Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychology 10: 113-119.
17. 17. Mesholam, R. I., P. J. Moberg, R. N. Mahr & R. L. Doty. 1998. Olfaction in neurodegenerative disease: A meta-analysis of olfactory functioning in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Arch. Neurol. 55: 84-90.
18. 18. Rausch, R. & E. A. Serafetinides. 1975. Specific alterations of olfaction function in humans with temporal lobe lesions. Nature 225: 557-558.
19. 19. Doty, R. L., R. Smith, D. A. McKeown & J. Raj. 1994. Tests of human olfactory function: Principal components analysis suggests that most measure a common source of variance. Percept. Psychophysiol. 56: 701-707.
20. 20. Isseroff, R. G., M. Stoler, D. Ophir, D. Lancet & P. Sirota. 1987. Olfactory sensitivity to androsterone in schizophrenic patients. Biol. Psychiatry 22: 922-925.
21. 21. Serby, M., P. Larson & D. Kalkstein. 1990. Olfactory sense in psychoses. Biol. Psychiatry 28: 829-830.
22. 22. Houlihan, D. J., M. Flaum, S. E. Arnold, M. Keshavan & R. Alliger. 1994. Further evidence of olfactory identification deficits in schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 12: 179-182.
23. 23. Kopala, L. C., C. Clark & T. Hurwitz. 1992. Olfactory deficits in neuroleptic naive patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr. Res. 8: 245-250.
24. 24. Kopala, L., K. Good, J. Martzke & T. Hurwitz. 1995. Olfactory deficits in schizophrenia are not a function of task complexity. Schizophr. Res. 17: 195-199.
25. 25. Malaspina, D., A. D. Wray, J. H. Friedman, X. Amador, S. Yale, A. Hasan, J. M. Gorman & C. A. Kaufmann. 1994. Odor discrimination deficits in schizophrenia: Association with eye movement dysfunction. J. Neurosychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 6: 273-278.
26. 26. Seidman, L. J., N. L. Talbot, A. G. Kalinowski, R. W. McCarley, S. V. Faraone, W. S. Kremen, J. R. Pepple & M. T. Tsuang. 1992. Neuropsychological probes of fronto-limbic dysfunction in schizophrenia: Olfactory identification and Wisconsin Card Sorting performance. Schizophr. Res. 6: 55-65.
27. 27. Wu, J., M. S. Buchsbaum, K. Moy, N. Denlea, P. Kesslak, H. Tseng, D. Plosnaj, M. Hetu, S. Potkin, S. Bracha & C. Cotman. 1993. Olfactory memory in unmedicated schizophrenics. Schizophr. Res. 9: 41-47.
28. 28. Campbell, I. M. & R. A. M. Gregson. 1972. Olfactory short term memory in normal, schizophrenic, and brain-damaged cases. Aust. J. Psychol. 24: 179-185.
29. 29. Dunn, T. P. & M. P. I. Weller. 1989. Olfaction in schizophrenia. Percept. Mot. Skills 69: 833-834.
30. 30. Moberg, P. J., R. Agrin, R. E. Gur, R. C. Gur, B. I. Turetsky & R. L. Doty. 1998. Olfactory dysfunction in schizophrenia: A qualitative and quantitative review. Submitted.
31. 31. Clark, C., L. Kopala, T. Hurwitz & D. Li. 1991. Regional metabolism in microsmic patients with schizophrenia. Can. J. Psychiatry 36: 645-650.
32. 32. Malaspina, D., A. Lignelli, G. Perrera, R. Marshall, J. Gorman & R. Van Heertum. 1996. SPECT brain activation by odor discrimination in schizophrenia and controls. Presented at the 35th Annual Meeting of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
33. 33. Talamo, B. R., R. A. Rudel, K. Kosik, V. M.-Y. Lee, L. S. Neff Edelman & J. S. Kauer. 1989. Pathological changes in olfactory neurons in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Nature 37: 736-739.
34. 34. Trojanowski, J. Q., P. Newman, W. D. Hill & V. M.-Y. Lee. 1991. Human olfactory epithelium in normal aging, Alzheimer's disease, and other neurodegnerative disorders. J. Comp. Neurol. 310: 365-376.
35. 35. Naesen, R. 1971. An enquiry on the morphological characteristics and possible changes with age in the olfactory region in man. Acta Otolaryngol. 71: 49-62.
36. 36. Nakashima, T., C. P. Kimmelman & J. B. Snow. 1984. Structure of human fetal and adult olfactory neuroepithelium. Arch. Otolaryngol. 110: 641-646.
37. 37. Lee, J. H., M. Goedert, W. D. Hill, V. M.-Y. Lee & J. Q. Trojanowski. 1993. Tau proteins are abnormally expressed in olfactory epithelium of Alzheimer patients and developmentally regulated in human fetal spinal cord. Exp. Neurol. 121: 93-105.
38. 38. Crino, P. B., J. A. Martin, W. D. Hill, B. Greenberg, V. M.-Y. Lee & J. Q. Trojanowski. 1995. β-Amyloid peptide and amyloid precursor proteins in olfactory mucosa of patients with Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Down syndrome. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 104: 655-661.
39. 39. Yamagishi, M., Y. Ishizuko & K. Seki. 1994. Pathology of olfactory mucosa in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 103: 421-427.
40. 40. Tabaton, M., S. Cammarata, G. L. Mancardi, G. Cordon & C. P. G. Loeb. 1991. Abnormal tau-reactive filaments in olfactory mucosa in biopsy specimens of patients with probable Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 41: 391-394.
41. 41. Kulkarni-Narla, A., T. V. Getchell, F. A. Schmitt & M. L. Getchell. 1996. Manganese and copper-zinc superoxide dismutases in the human olfactory mucosa: Increased immunoreactivity in Alzheimer's disease. Exp. Neurol. 140: 115-125.
42. 42. Yamagishi, M., S. Takami & T. V. Getchell. 1996. Ontogenic expression of spot 35 protein (calbindin-D28k) in human olfactory receptor neurons and its decrease in Alzheimer's disease. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 105: 132-139.
43. 43. Arnold, S. E. & J. Q. Trojanowski. 1996. Recent advances in defining the neuropathology of schizophrenia. Acta Neuropathol. 92: 217-231.
44. 44. Smutzer, G., J. Q. Trojanowski, V. M.-Y. Lee & S. E. Arnold. 1998. The human olfactory mucosa in schizophrenia. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 107: 349-355.
45. 45. Liss, L. 1956. The histology of the human olfactory bulb and the extracerebral part of the tract. Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. 65: 680-691.
46. 46. Hyman, B. T., P. V. Arriagada & G. W. V. Hoesen. 1991. Pathologic changes in the olfactory system in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Ann. N.Y. Acad Sci. 640: 14-19.
47. 47. Struble, R. G. & H. B. Clark. 1993. Olfactory bulb lesions in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol. Aging 13: 469-473.
48. 48. Loopuijt, L. D. & J. B. Sebens. 1990. Loss of dopamine recptros in the olfactory bulb of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res. 529: 239-244.
49. 49. Davies, D. C., J. W. Brooks & D. A. Lewis. 1993. Axonal loss from the olfactory tracts in Alzehimer's disease. Neurobiol. Aging 14: 353-357.
50. 50. Stevens, J. R. 1992. Abnormal synaptic reinnervation as the basis of schizophrenia: A hypothesis. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 49: 238-243.
51. 51. Goldstein, M. & A. Y. Deutch. 1992. Dopaminergic mechanisms in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. FASEB J. 6: 2413-2421.
52. 52. Hyman, B. T., G. W. Van Hoesen, A. R. Damasio & C. L. Barnes. 1984. Alzheimer's disease: Cell-specific pathology isolates the hippocampal formation. Science 225: 1168-1170.
53. 53. Braak, H. & E. Braak. 1991. Neuropathological staging of Alzheimer-related changes. Acta Neuropathol. 82: 239-259.
54. 54. Vogt, L. J. K., B. T. Hyman, G. W. V. Hoesen & A. R. Damasio. 1990. Pathological alterations in the amygdala in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience 37: 377-385.
55. 55. Arnold, S. E., B. T. Hyman & G. W. Van Hoesen. 1994. Neuropathological changes of the temporal pole in Alzheimer's disease and Pick's disease. Arch. Neurol. 51: 145-150.
56. 56. Chu, C. C., D. Tranel, A. R. Damasio & G. W. V. Hoesen. 1997. The autonomic-related cortex: Pathology in Alzheimer's disease. Cereb. Cortex 6: 530-539.
57. 57. Whitehouse, P. J., D. L. Price, R. G. Stuble, A. W. Clark, J. T. Coyle & M. R. Delon. 1982. Alzheimer's disease and senile dementia: Loss of neurons in the basal forebrain. Science 215: 1237-1239.
58. 58. Moberg, P. J., R. L. Doty, B. I. Turetsky, S. E. Arnold, R. N. Mahr, R. C. Gur & R. E. Gur. 1998. Olfactory identification deficits in schizophrenia correlate with duration of illness. Am. J. Psychiatry. 154: 1016-1018.
59. 59. DeLisi, L. E., W. Tew, S. H. Xie, A. L. Hoff, M. Sakuma, M. Kushner, G. Lee, K. Shedlack, A. M. Smith & R. Grimson. 1995. A prospective follow-up study of brain morphology and cognition in first-episode schizophrenic patients - preliminary findings. Biol. Psychiatry 38: 349-360.
60. 60. Gur, R. E., P. Cowell, B. I. Turetsky, F. Gallacher, T. Cannon, W. Bilker & R. C. Gur. 1998. A follow-up MRI study of schizophrenia: Relationship of neuroanatomic changes with clinical and neurobehavioral measures. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. In press.
61. 61. Arnold, S. E., R. E. Gur, R. M. Shapiro, K. R. Fisher, P. J. Moberg, M. R. Gibney, R. C. Gur, P. Blackwell & J. Q. Trojanowski. 1995. Prospective clinicopathological studies of schizophrenia: Accrual and assessment. Am. J. Psychiatry 152: 731-737.
62. 62. Davidson, M., P. D. Harvey, P. Powchik, M. Parella, L. White, H. Y. Knobler, M. F. Losonczy, R. S. E. Keefe, S. Katz & E. Frecska. 1995. Severity of symptoms in chronically institutionalized geriatric schizophrenic patients. Am. J. Psychiatry 152: 197-207.
63. 63. Arnold, S. E., J. Q. Trojanowski, R. E. Gur, L.-Y. Han & C. Choi. 1998. Absence of neurodegeneration and neural injury in the brains of elderly patients with schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 55: 225-232.
64. 64. Weinberger, D. R. 1995. From neuropathology to neurodevelopment. Lancet 346: 552-557.
65. 65. Jakob, H. & H. Beckmann. 1986. Prenatal developmental disturbances in the limbic allo-cortex in schizophrenics. J. Neural Transm. 65: 303-326.
66. 66. Arnold, S. E., B. T. Hyman, G. W. V. Hoesen & A. R. Damasio. 1991. Some cytoarchitectural abnormalities of the entorhinal cortex in schizophrenia. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 48: 625-632.
67. 67. Krimer, L. S., M. M. Herman, R. C. Saunders, J. C. Boyd, J. E. Kleinman, T. M. Hyde & D. R. Weinberger. 1995. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the entorhinal cortex cytoarchitectural organization in schizophrenia. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 21: 239.
68. 68. Akil, M. & D. A. Lewis. 1997. Cytoarchitecture of the entorhinal cortex in schizophrenia. Am. J. Psychiatry 154: 1010-1012.
69. 69. Arnold, S. E., L.-Y. Han & D. D. Ruscheinsky. 1997. Further evidence of cytoarchitectural abnormalities of the entorhinal cortex in schizophrenia using spatial point pattern analyses. Biol. Psychiatry 42: 639-647.
70. 70. Arnold, S. E., B. R. Franz, R. C. Gur, R. E. Gur, R. M. Shapiro, P. J. Moberg & J. Q. Trojanowski. 1995. Smaller neuron size in schizophrenia in hippocampal subfields that mediate cortical-hippocampal interactions. Am. J. Psychiatry 152: 738-748.
71. 71. Akil, M. & D. A. Lewis. 1995. The catecholaminergic innervation of the human entorhinal cortex: Alterations in schizophrenia. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 21: 238.
72. 72. Longson, D., J. F. W. Deakin & F. M. Benes. 1996. Increased density of entorhinal glutamate-immunoreactive vertical fibers in schizophrenia. J. Neural Transm. 103: 503-507.
73. 73. Arnold, S. E., V. M.-Y. Lee, R. E. Gur & J. Q. Trojanowski. 1991. Abnormal expression of two microtubule-associated proteins (MAP2 and MAP5) in specific subfields of the hippocampal formation in schizophrenia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 10850-10854.
74. 74. Van Hoesen, G. W. 1982. The parahippocampal gyrus. New observations regarding its cortical connections in the monkey. TINS 5: 345-350