Diversity and versatility of actinomycetes and its role in antibiotic production

Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science

Volumn 3, Issue 8 SUPPL, 2013, Pages

  Chaudhary, Hotam Singh ^a   Soni, Bhavana ^a   Shrivastava, Anju Rawat ^a   Shrivastava, Saurabh ^a  

^a MADHAV INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE   (India)

Author keywords

Actinomycetes; Bioactive compound; Immunosuppressive; Metabolites

Indexed keywords

EID: 84886315305     PISSN: None     EISSN: 22313354     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.7324/JAPS.2013.38.S14     Document Type: Article

References (193)

1. Lechevalier H, Lechevalier MP. Introduction to the order Actinomycetales. In: Starr MP, Stolp H, Trüper HG, Balows A, Schlegel HG, Editors. The Prokaryotes. Germany: Springer-Verlag Berlin,1981;2:1915-22.
2. Goodfellow M, Williams ST. Ecology of Actinomycetes. Annu Rev Microbiol. 1983;37:189-216.
3. Korn-Wendisch F, Kutzner HJ. The family Streptomycetaceae. In: Balows A, Truper HG, Dworkin M, Harder W, Schleifer KH, Editors. The prokaryotes. New York: Springer-Verlag Inc. 1992; 921-95.
4. Ventura M, Canchaya C, Tauch A, Chandra G, Fitzgerald GF, Chater KF, et al. Genomics of Actinobacteria: Tracing the evolutionary history of an ancient phylum. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2007;71:495-548.
5. Das S, Lyla PS, Khan SA. Distribution and generic composition of culturable marine actinomycetes from the sediments of Indian continental slope of Bay of Bengal. Chin J Oceanol Limnol. 2008;26:166-77.
6. Kekuda TRP, Shobha KS, Onkarappa R. Studies on antioxidant and anthelmintic activity of two Streptomyces species isolated from Western Ghat soils of Agumbe, Karnataka. J Pharm Res. 2010;3:26-9.
7. Ravikumar S, Inbaneson SJ, Uthiraselvam M, Priya SR, Ramu A, Banerjee MB. Diversity of endophytic actinomycetes from Karangkadu mangrove ecosystem and its antibacterial potential against bacterial pathogens. J Pharm Res.2011;4:294-6.
8. Veiga M, Esparis A, Fabregas J. Isolation of cellulolytic actinomycetes from marine sediments. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1983;46:286-7.
9. Sprusansky O, Stirrett K, Skinner D, Denoya C, Westpheling J. The bkdR gene of Streptomyces coelicolor is required for morphogenesis and antibiotic production and encodes a transcriptional regulator of a branched-chain amino acid dehydrogenase complex. J Bacteriol. 2005;187:664-71.
10. George M, Anjumol A, George G, Mohamed Hatha AA. Distribution and bioactive potential of soil actinomycetes from different ecological habitats. Afr J Microbiol Res. 2012;6:2265-71.
11. Srinivasan MC, Laxman RS, Deshpande MV. Physiology and nutrition aspects of actinomycetes-An overview. World J Microbial Biotechnol. 1991;7:171-84.
12. Kuster E. Taxonomy of soil actinomycetes and related organisms. In: Gray S, Parkinson T, Editors. Ecology of soil bacteria. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1968.
13. Walker D, Colwell RR. Factors affecting enumeration and isolation of actinomycetes from Chesapeake Bay and South eastern Atlantic Ocean sediments. Mar Biol. 1975;30:193-201.
14. Colquhoun JA, Mexson J, Goodfellow M, Ward AC, Horikoshi K, Bull AT. Novel rhodococci and other mycolate actinomycetes from the deep sea. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 1998;74:27-40.
15. Takami H, Inoue A, Fuji F, Horikoshi K. Microbial flora in the deepest sea mud of the Mariana Trench. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1997;152:279-85.
16. Pathom-aree W, Stach JE, Ward AC, Horikoshi K, Bull AT, Goodfellow M. Diversity of actinomycetes isolated from Challenger Deep sediment (10,898 m) from the Mariana Trench. Extremophiles. 2006;10:181-9.
17. Raja A, Prabakaran P, Gajalakshmi P, Rahman AH. A Population Study of Psychrophilic Actinomycetes Isolated from Rothang Hill-Manali Soil Sample. J Pure Applied Microbiol. 2010;4:847-51.
18. Moncheva P, Tishkov S, Dimitrova N, Chipeva V, Bogatzevska N. Characteristics of soil actinomycetes from Antartica. J Cult Coll. 2002;3:3-14.
19. Diraviyam T, Radhakrishnan M, Balagurunathan R. Antioxidant activity of melanin pigment from Streptomyces species D5 isolated from Desert soil, Rajasthan, India. Drug Invention Today. 2011;3:12-3.
20. Takahashi Y, Omura S. Isolation of new actinomycete strains for the screening of new bioactive compounds. J Gen Appl Microbiol. 2003;49:141-54.
21. Waksman SA. On the Classification of Actinomycetes. J Bacteriol. 1940;39:549-58.
22. Manuselis G, Mahon CR. In: Textbook of diagnostic microbiology. In: Manon CR, Lehman DC, Mauselis G, Editors. Saunders, p. 3-13; 2007.
23. Goodfellow M, Stainsby FM, Davenport R, Chun J, Curtis T. Activated sludge foaming: the true extent of actinomycete diversity. Water Sci Technol. 1998;37:511.
24. Davenport RJ, Curtis TP, Goodfellow M, Stainsby FM, Bingley M. Quatitative use of fluorescent In situ hybridization to examine relationships between mycolic acid-containing actinomycetes and foaming in activated sludge plants. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2000;66:1158-66.
25. Cummins CS, Harris H. A comparison of cell-wall composition in Nocardia, Actinomyces, Mycobacterium and Propionibacterium. J Gen Microbiol. 1956;15:ix.
26. Williams ST, Goodfellow M, Alderson G. Genus Streptomyces Waksman and Henrici 1943, 339AL. In: Williams ST, Sharpe ME, Holt JG, Editors. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Vol. 4., Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins Co, p. 2452-2492; 1989.
27. nd edition. New York: Springer 1-2024.
28. Lechevalier MP, Lechevalier H. Chemical composition as a criterion in the classification of Aerobic Actinomycetes. Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1970;20:435-43.
29. Balagurunathan R, Radhakrishnan M. Biotechnological, genetic engineering and nanotechnological potential of actinomycetes. In: Maheshwari DK, Dubey RC, Saravanamurthu R, Editors. Industrial Exploitation of Microorganisms, 1st edition. New Delhi: I.K. International Publishing House Pvt. Ltd, p. 302-436; 2010.
30. Hacène H, Daoudi-Hamdad F, Bhatnagar T, Baratti JC, Lefebvre G. H107, a new aminoglycoside anti-Pseudomonas antibiotic produced by a new strain of Spirillospora. Microbios. 2000;102:69-77.
31. Laidi RF, Kansoh AL, Elshafei AM, Cheikh B. Taxonomy, identification and biological activities of a novel isolate of Streptomyces tendae. Arab J Biotech. 2006;9:427-436.
32. Solanki R, Khanna M, Lal R. Bioactive compounds from marine actinomycetes. Indian J Microbiol. 2008;48:410-31.
33. Williams ST, Goodfellow M, Alderson G, Wellington EM, Sneath PH, Sackin MJ. Numerical classification of Streptomyces and related genera. J Gen Microbiol. 1983;129:1743-813.
34. Crandall LW, Hamill RL. Antibiotics produced by Streptomyces: Major structural classes. In: Queener SW& Day LE, Editors. Antibiotic-producing Streptomyces, The Bacteria. Volume IX. New York: Academic Press, p. 355-401; 1986.
35. Ubukata M, Shiraishi N, Kobinata K, Kudo T, Yamaguchi I, Osada H, et al. RS-22A, B and C: new macrolide antibiotics from Streptomyces violaceusniger. I. Taxonomy, fermentation, isolation and biological activities. J Antibiot. 1995;48:289-92.
36. Hayakawa Y, Iwakiri T, Imamura K, Seto H, Otake N. Studies on the isotetracenone antibiotics I. Capoamycin, a new antitumor antibiotic. J Antibiot. 1985;38:957-9.
37. Xue Y, Zhao L, Liu HW, Sherman DH. A gene cluster for macrolide antibiotic biosynthesis in Streptomyces venezuelae: architecture of metabolic diversity. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1998;95:12111-6.
38. Jones GH. Actinomycin production persists in a strain of Streptomyces antibioticusphenoxazinone synthase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000; 44:1322-7.
39. Manteca A, Alvarez R, Salazar N, Yagüe P, Sanchez J. Mycelium differentiation and antibiotic production in submerged culture of Streptomyces coelicolor. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008;74:3877-86.
40. Atta HM. An antifungal agent produced by Streptomyces olivaceiscleroticusAZ-SH514. World Appl Sci J. 2009;6:1495-1505.
41. Lakshmipathy DT, Kannabiran K. Morphological, biochemical and biological studies of halotolerant Streptomyces sp. isolated from saltpan environment. J Infect Dis. 2009;5:207-13.
42. Curl EA, Gudauskas RT, Harper JD, Peterson CM. Ecology and management of soil-borne plant pathogens. St. Paul: American Phytopathology Society Press, p. 20-23; 1985.
43. Choi DB, Tamura S, Park YS, Okabe M, Seriu Y, Takeda S. Efficient tylosin production from Streptomyces fradiae using rapeseed oil. Ferment Bioengin. 1996;82:183-6.
44. Osada H. Actinomycetes, how fascinating microorganisms. Actinomycetologica. 1998;12:85-8.
45. Saadoun I, Gharaibeh R. The Streptomyces flora of the Badia region of Jordan and its potential as a source of antibiotics against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. J Arid Environ. 2003;53:365-371.
46. Maskey RP, Helmke E, Laatsch H. Himalomycin A and bisolation and structure elucidation of new fridamycin type antibiotics from a marine Streptomyces isolate. J Antibiot. 2003;56:942-9.
47. Bibb MJ. Regulation of secondary metabolism in Streptomycetes. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2005;8:208-15.
48. Atta MA, Ahmad MS. Antimycin-A antibiotic biosynthesis produced by Streptomyces sp. AZ-AR-262: taxonomy, fermentation, purification and biological activitites. Australian J Basic Sci. 2009;3:126-35.
49. Miyadoh S. Research on antibiotic screening in Japan over the last decade: A producing microorganisms approach. Actinomycetologica. 1993;7:100-106.
50. Tanaka Y, Omura S. Agro active compounds of microbial origin. Annu Rev Microbiol. 1993;47:57-87.
51. Turner WB. Secondary metabolism with special reference to Actinomycetales. Soc Appl Bacteriol Symp Ser. 1973;2:209-17.
52. Demain AL. Industrial Microbiology. Sci. 1981;214:987-95.
53. Demain AL. New applications of microbial products. Sci. 1983;219:709-14.
54. Demain AL, Fang A. Emerging concepts of secondary metabolism in actinomycetes. Actinomycetol. 1995;9:98-117.
55. Demain AL. Pharmaceutically active secondary metabolites of microorganisms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 1999;52:455-63.
56. Kohanski MA, Dwyer DJ, Collins JJ. How antibiotics kill bacteria: from targets to networks. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2010;8:423-35.
57. Fleming A. Classics in infectious diseases: on the antibacterial action of cultures of a penicillium, with special reference to their use in the isolation of B. influenzae by Alexander Fleming. TheBritish J of Exp Pathol. 10:226-236, 1929. Rev Infect Dis. 1980;2:129-39.
58. Bérdy J. Bioactive microbial metabolites. J Antibiot. 2005;58:1-26.
59. Farnet CM, Zazopoulos E. Improving drug discovery form microorganisms. In Natural products: Drug discovery and Therapeutic medicine. In: Zhang L, Demain AL, Editors. Totowa: Humana press inc, p. 95; 2005.
60. Jeffrey LSH, Sahilah AM, Son R, Tosiah S. Isolation and screening of actinomycetes from Malaysian soil for their enzymatic and antimicrobial activities. J Trop Agr Food Sci. 2007;35:159-164.
61. Jeffrey LSH. Isolation, characterization and identification of actinomycetes from agriculture soils at Semongok, Sarawak. Afr J Biotechnol. 2008;7:3697-702.
62. Oskay M, Same A, Azeri C. Antibacterial activity of some actinomycetes isolated from farming soils of Turkey. Afr J Biotechol. 2004;3:441-6.
63. Suzuki K, Nagai K, Shimizu Y, Suzuki Y. Search for Actinomycetes in screening for new bioactive compounds. Actinomycetol. 1994;8:122-127.
64. Ogunmwonyi H, Mazomba N, Mabinya L, Ngwenya E, Green E, Akinpelu DA, et al. Studies on the culturable marine actinomycetes isolated from the Nahoon beach in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Afr J Microbiol Res. 2010;4:2223-30.
65. Zenova GM. Melanoid pigments of Actinomycetes. Mikrobiologiia. 1965;34:278-83.
66. Arai T, Mikami Y. Choromogenecity of Streptomyces. Appl Microbiol. 1972;23:402-6.
67. Amal AM, Abeer KA, Samia HM, Nadia AH, Ahmed KA, El- Hennawi HM. Selection of Pigment (Melanin) production in Streptomyces and their application in Printing and Dyeing of Wool Fabrics. Res J Chem Sci. 2011;1:22-8.
68. Romero-Martinez R, Wheeler M, Guerrero-Plata A, Rico G, Torres-Guerrero H. Biosynthesis and functions of melanin in Sporothrix schenckii. Infect Immun. 2000;68:3696-703.
69. Quadri RS, Asgar D. Detection of melanin producing thermoalkaliphilic Streptomyces from limestone quarries of the Deccan traps. World J Sci Technol. 2012;2:08-12.
70. Magarvey NA, Keller JM, Berman V, Dworkin M, Sherman DH. Isolation and characterization of novel marine-derived actinomycete taxa rich in bioactive metabolites. Appl environ microbial. 2004;70:7520-9.
71. Dancer SJ. How antibiotics can make us sick: the less obvious adverse effects of antimicrobial chemotherapy. Lancet Infect Dis. 2004;4:611-9.
72. Koehn E, Carter GT. The evolving role of natural products in drug discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2005;4:206-20.
73. Baltz RH. Marcel Faber Roundtable, Is our antibiotic pipeline unproductive because of starvation, constitution or lack of inspiration?. J of Indus Microbiol and Biotechnol. 2006;33:507-13.
74. Peláez F. The historical delivery of antibiotics from microbial natural products--can history repeat? Biochem Pharmacol. 2006;71:981-90.
75. Bull AT, Stach JE. Marine actinobacteria: new opportunities for natural product search and discovery. Trends Microbiol. 2007;15:491-9.
76. Alanis AJ. Resistance to Antibiotics: Are We in the Post- Antibiotic Era?. Arch Med Res. 2005;36:697-705.
77. Sharma D, Kaur T, Chadha BS, Manhas RK. Antimicrobial activity of actinomycetes against multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli and various other pathogens. Trop J Pharm Res. 2011;10:801-8.
78. Bérdy J. Are Actiomycetes exhausted as a source of secondary metabolites?. In Biotehnologija, Proc. 9th Int. Symp. On the Biology of Actinomycetes, Moscow 1994, edited by Debabov VG, Dudnik YV, Danilenko V. All-Russia Scietific Research Institute 1995;13-34.
79. Kurtböke DI. Bacteriophages as tools in drug discovery programs. Microbiol Australia. 2010;31:67-70.
80. Jensen PR, Dwight R, Fenical W. Distribution of actinomycetes in near-shore tropical marine sediments. App and Environ Microbiol. 1991;57:1102-8.
81. Hassan AA, El-Barawy AM, Mokhtar El, Nahed M. Evaluation of biological compounds of Streptomyces species for control of some fungal diseases. J Am Sci. 2011;7:752-60.
82. Ramesh S, Rajesh M, Mathivanan N. Characterization of a thermostable alkaline protease produced by marine Streptomyces fungicidicus MML1614. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng. 2009;32:791-800.
83. Jensen PR, Williams PG, Oh DC, Zeigler L, Fenical W. Species-specific secondary metabolite production in marine actinomycetes of the genus Salinispora. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007;73:1146-52.
84. Kurtböke DI. Biodiscovery from rare actinomycetes: an ecotaxonomical perspective. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2012;93:1843-52.
85. Zhu M, Burman WJ, Jaresko GS, Berning SE, Jelliffe RW, Peloquin CA. Population pharmacokinetics of intravenous and intramuscular streptomycin in patients with tuberculosis. Pharmacotherapy. 2001;21:1037-45.
86. Nanjawade BK, Chandrashekhara S, Ali MS, Prakash SG, Fakirappa VM. Isolation and morphological characterization of antibiotic producing Actinomycetes. Trop J Pharm Res. 2010;9:231-6.
87. Floss HG, Yu TW. Lessons from the rifamycin biosynthetic gene cluster. Curr Opin Chem Biol. 1999;3:592.
88. Kremer LC, van Dalen EC, Offringa M, et al. Anthracyclineinduced clinical heart failure in a cohort of 607 children: long-term followup study. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19:191-6.
89. Kollef MH. New antimicrobial agents for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Crit Care Resusc. 2009;11:282-6.
90. Mims C, Dockrell HM, Goering RV, et al. Attacking the Enemy: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy: Macrolides. In: Chapter 33: Medical Microbiology. 3rd ed. London: Mosby Ltd, p. 489; 2004.
91. Harvery RA, Champe PC. In: Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Pharmacology. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins 2009.
92. Laskaris P, Tolba S, Calvo-Bado L, Wellington EM. Coevolution of antibiotic production and counter-resistance in soil bacteria. Environ Microbiol. 2010;12:783-96.
93. Schatz A, Bugie E, Waksman SA. Streptomycin, a substance exhibiting antibiotic activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.1944. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005;437:3-6.
94. Waksman SA. 1962. The actinomycetes Classification, identification and description of genera and species Vol 2. Baltimore:Williams & Wilkins Co.
95. Waksman SA, Schatz A, Reynolds DM. Production of antibiotic substances by actinomycetes. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2010;1213:112-24.
96. Batchelor FR, Dewdney JM, Gazzard D. Penicillin allergy: the formation of the penicilloyl determinant. Nature. 1965; 206: 362-4.
97. Park T, Strominger JL. Mode of Action of Penicillin. Sci. 1957;125:99-101.
98. Torres R, Ramón F, de la Mata I, Acebal C, Castillón MP. Enhanced production of penicillin V acylase from Streptomyces lavendulae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 1999;53:81-4.
99. Rius N, Demain AL. Lysine epsilon-aminotransferase, the initial enzyme of cephalosporin biosynthesis in actinomycetes. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 1997;7:95-100.
100. Xiao X, Wolfe S, Demain AL. Purification and characterization of cephalosporin 7x-hydroxylase from Streptomyces clavuligerus. Biochem J. 1991; 280:471-4.
101. DePestel DD, Benninger MS, Danziger L, LaPlante KL, May C, Luskin A, Pichichero M, Hadley JA. Cephalosporin use in treatment of patients with penicillin allergies. J Am Pharm Assoc. (2003) 2008;48:530-40.
102. Darken MA, Berenson H, Shirk RJ, Sjolander NO. Production of Tetracycline by Streptomyces aureofaciens in Synthetic Media. Appl Microbiol. 1960; 8:46-51.
103. Blackwood RK, Beereboom JJ, Rennhard HH, Wittenau MV, Stephens CR. 6-Methylene tetracyclines. III. Preparation and Properties. J Am Chem Soc. 1963;85:3943-53.
104. Chopra I, Roberts M. Tetracycline Antibiotics: Mode of Action, Applications, Molecular Biology and Epidemiology of Bacterial Resistance. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 2001;65:232-60.
105. Hardman JG, Limbird LE, MolinoffPB, Ruddon RW, Goodman GA. 1996. Antimicrobial Agents. In: Hardman JG, Limbird LE, MolinoffPB, Ruddon RW, Goodman GA, Editors. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutic, 9th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, p. 1065-1068.
106. Dekker KA, Inagaki T, Gootz TD, Huang LH, Kojima Y, Kohlbrenner WE, et al. New quinolone compounds from Pseudonocardia sp. with selective and potent anti-Helicobacter pylori activity: taxonomy of producing strain, fermentation, isolation, structural elucidation and biological activities. J Antibiot. 1998;51:145-52.
107. Smith JT. Mechanism of action of quinolones. Infect, 1986; 14: S3-15.
108. Siegmund K, Maheshwary S, Narayanan S, Connors W, Riedrich M, Printz M, et al. Molecular details of quinolone-DNA interactions: solution structure of an unusually stable DNA duplex with covalently linked nalidixic acid residues and non-covalent complexes derived from it. Nucleic Acids Res. 2005;33:4838-48.
109. Mingeot-Leclercq MP, Glupczynski Y, Tulkens PM. Aminoglycosides: activity and resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1999;43:727-37.
110. Davies J, Gorini L, Davis BD. Misreading of RNA codewords induced by aminoglycoside antibiotics. Mol Pharmacol. 1965;1:93-106.
111. Davies J, Davis BD. Misreading of ribonucleic acid code words induced by aminoglycoside antibiotics. J Biol Chem. 1968;243:3312-6.
112. Bryan LE, Van Den Elzen HM. Effect of membrane energy mutations and cations on streptomycin and gentamicin accumulation by bacteria: a model for entry of Streptomycin and gentamicin in susceptible and resistant bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1977;12:163-77.
113. Benveniste R, Davies J. Aminoglycoside Antibiotic-Inactivating Enzymes in Actinomycetes Similar to Those Present in Clinical Isolates of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria. Proc Nat Acad Sci. 1973;70:2276-80.
114. Uyeda M. Fattiviracins, antiviral antibiotics produced by an actinomycete. Actinomycetologica. 2003;17:57-66.
115. Habib ES, Yokomizo K, Nagao K, Harada S, Uyeda M. Antiviral activity of fattiviracin FV-8 against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2001;65:683-5.
116. Liras P, Demain AL. Chapter 16. Enzymology of beta-lactam compounds with cephem structure produced by actinomycete. Methods Enzymol. 2009;458:401-29.
117. Miller TW, Goegelman RT, Weston RG, Putter I, Wolf FJ. Cephamycins, a new family of beta-lactam antibiotics. Isolation and chemical characterization. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1972;2:132-5.
118. Fuente JL, Martin JF, Liras P. New type of hexameric ornithine carbamoyltransferase with arginase activity in the cephamycin producers Streptomyces clavuligerus and Nocardia lactamdurans. Biochem J. 1996; 320:173-9.
119. Stapley EO, Jackson M, Hernandez S, Zimmerman SB, Currie SA, Mochales S, et al. Cephamycins, a new family of betalactam antibiotics. I. Production by actinomycetes, including Streptomyces lactamdurans sp. n. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1972;2:122-31.
120. Mazzei T, Mini E, Novelli A, Periti P. Chemistry and mode of action of macrolides. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1993;31 Suppl C:1-9.
121. Brisson-Noël A, Trieu-Cuot P, Courvalin P. Mechanism of action of spiramycin and other macrolides. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1988;22 Suppl B:13-23.
122. Alvarez-Elcoro S, Enzler MJ. The macrolides: erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin. Mayo Clin Proc. 1999;74:613-34.
123. Henry RJ. The mode of action of Sulfonamides. Bacteriol Rev. 1943;7:175-262.
124. Weinstein L, MadoffMA, Samet CM. The Sulphonamides. N Engl J Med. 1960;263:793-800.
125. Fukuda K, Tamura T, Segawa Y, Mutaguchi Y, Inagaki K. Enhanced Production of the Fluorinated Nucleoside Antibiotic Nucleocidin by a rif R-Resistant Mutant of Streptomyces calvus IFO13200.Actinomycetologica. 2009;23:51-5.
126. Akiyama T, Harada S, Kojima F, Takahashi Y, Imada C, Okami Y, et al. Fluostatins A and B, new inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase III, produced by Streptomyces sp. TA-3391. I. Taxonomy of producing strain, production, isolation, physico-chemical properties and biological properties. J Antibiot.1998;51:553-9.
127. Baur S, Niehaus J, Karagouni AD, Katsifas EA, Chalkou K, Meintanis C, et al. Fluostatins C-E, novel members of the fluostatin family produced by Streptomyces strain Acta 1383. J Antibiot. 2006; 59: 293-7.
128. Schneider K, Nicholson G, Ströbele M, Baur S, Niehaus J, Fiedler HP, et al. The Structures of Fluostatins C, D and E, Novel Members of the Fluostatin Family. J Antibiot. 2006;59:105-9.
129. Atlas E, TurckM. Laboratory and clinical evaluation of rifampicin. Am J Med Sci. 1968;256:47-54.
130. Kunin CM, Brandt D, Wood H. Bacteriologic studies of rifampin, a new semisynthetic antibiotic. J Infect Dis. 1969;119:132-7.
131. Farr BM. Rifamycin. In, Madell GL, Douglas RG, Bennett JE, Dolin R, Editors. Mandell, Douglas and Bennett's Principles and practice of Infectious Diseases. 5thed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone; p. 348-61; 2000.
132. Ehrlich J, Gottlieb D, Burkholder PR, Anderson LE, Pridham TG. Streptomyces venezuelae, N Sp., the Source of Chloromycetin. J Bacteriol. 1948;56:467-77.
133. Ahmed ZU, Vining LC. Evidence for a chromosomal location of the genes coding for Chloramphenicol Production in Streptomyces venezuelae. J Bacteriol. 1983;154:239.
134. He J, Magarvey N, Piraee M, Vining LC. The gene cluster for chloramphenicol biosynthesis in Streptomyces venezuelae ISP5230 includes novel shikimate pathway homologues and a monomodular nonribosomal peptide synthetase gene. Microbiol. 2001;147:2817-29.
135. Verdier L, Bertho G, Benarous J, Girault JP. Lincomycin and Clindamycin Conformations. A Fragment Shared by Macrolides, Ketolides and Lincosamides Determined from TRNOE Ribosome-Bound Conformations. Bioorg Med Chem. 2000;8:1225-43.
136. Michalik J, Emilianowicz-Czerska W, Switalski L, Bojanowska K. Monophenol monooxygenase and lincomysin biosynthesis in Streptomyces lincolnensis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1975;8:526-31.
137. Spízek J, Rezanka T. Lincomycin, clindamycin and their applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2004;64:455-64.
138. Chatterjee S, Vijayakumar E, Franco C, Maurya R, Blumbach J, Ganguli B. Phenocomycin, a new antibiotic from a Streptomyces species HIL Y-9031725. J Antibiot. 1995b;48:1353-54.
139. Pusecker K, Laatsch H, Helmke E, Weyland H. Dihydrophencomycin methyl ester, a new phenazine derivative from a marine Streptomycete. J Antibiot.1997;50:479-83.
140. Laatsch H, Kellner M, Wolf G, Lee YS, Hansske F, Konetschny-Rapp S, et al. Oligomycin F, a new immunosuppressive homologue of oligomycin A. J Antibiot.1993;46:1334-41.
141. Nakata M, Ishiyama T, Akamatsu S, Hirose Y, Maruoka H, Suzuki R, et al. Synthetic Studies on Oligomycins. Synthesis of the Oligomycin B Spiroketal and Polypropionate Portions. Bull Chem Soc Jpn. 1995;68:967-89.
142. Lin X, Wen Y, Li M, Chen Z, Guo J, Song Y, et al. A new strain of Streptomyces avermitilis produces high yield of oligomycin A with potent anti-tumor activity on human cancer cell lines in vitro. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 2009;81:839-45.
143. Grammatikova NE, Bibikova MV, Spiridonova IA, Kabanov AE, Katlinskii AV. Streptomyces griseolus no. 182-a novel organism producing oligomycin antibiotics. Taxonomy, fermentation, and isolation. Antibiot Khimioter. 2003;48:11-5.
144. Zylicz Z, Wagener DJ, Fernandez del Moral P, Van RH, Wessels JM, Winograd B et al. Pharmacokinetics and toxicology of sparsomycin in beagle dogs. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1987; 20: 115-24.
145. Lazaro E, San Felix A, Van den Broek LA, Ottenheijm HC, Ballesta JP. Interaction of the antibiotic sparsomycin with the ribosome. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1991;35:10-3.
146. Ravel JM, Shorey RA, Shive W. Relationship between peptidyl transferase activity and interaction of ribosomes with phenylalanyl transfer ribonucleic acid-guanosine 5-triphosphate- Tiucomplex. Biochem. 1970;9: 5028-33.
147. Porse BT, Kirillov SV, Awayez MJ, Ottenheijm HC, Garrett RA. Direct crosslinking of the antitumor antibiotic sparsomycin and its derivatives, to A2602 in the peptidyl transferase center of 23S-like rRNA within ribosometRNA complexes. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1999;96:9003-8.
148. McFarlane JR, YanoffM, Scheie HG. Toxic retinopathy following sparsomycin therapy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1966;76:532-40.
149. Cundliffe E. How antibiotic-producing organisms avoid suicide? Annu Rev Microbiol. 1989;43: 207-33.
150. Okachi R, Kawamoto I, Takasawa S, Yamamoto M, Sato S. A new antibiotic XK-62-2 (Sagamicin). I. Isolation, physicochemical and antibacterial properties. J Antibiot.1974;27:793-800.
151. Okami Y, Kitahara T, Hamada M, Naganawa H, Kondo S. Studies on a new amino acid antibiotic, amiclenomycin. J Antibiot. 1974;27:656-64.
152. Haneishi T, Kitahara N, Takiguchi Y, Arai M, Sugawara S. New antibiotics, methylenomycins A and B. Producing organism, fermentation and isolation, biological activities and physical and chemical properties. J Antibiot.1974;27:386-92.
153. Matsui K, Juri N, Marukawa S, Kasa S. Roseoflavin Formation by Streptomyces davawensis. Agric Biol Chem. 1979;43:2189-90.
154. Grill S, Busenbender S, Pfeiffer M, Köhler U, Mack M. The Bifunctional lavokinase/Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide Synthetase from Streptomyces davawensis Produces Inactive Flavin Cofactors and Is Not Involved in Resistance to the Antibiotic Roseoflavin. J Bacteriol. 2008;190:1546-53.
155. Hamada M, Kondo S, Yokoyama T, Miura K, Iinuma K. Letter: Minosaminomycin, a new antibiotic containing myo-inosamine. J Antibiot. 1974;27:81-3.
156. Yahagi T, Sugawara H, Uramoto M, Suzuki S. Letter: A new antibiotic libramycin A. J Antibiot. 1974;27:143-4.
157. Martin JF, McDaniel LE. Isolation, purification and properties of the hexaene macrolides candihexin I and candihexin II. J Antibiot. 1974; 27: 610-9.
158. Omura S, Tanaka H, Koyama Y, Oiwa R, Katagiri M. Letter: Nanaomycins A and B, new antibiotics produced by a strain of Streptomyces. J Antibiot.1974;27:363-5.
159. Coronelli C, Pagani H, Bardone MR, Lancini GC. Purpuromycin, a new antibiotic isolated from Actinoplanes ianthinogenes N. sp. J Antibiot. 1974; 27: 161-8.
160. Argoudelis AD, Bergy ME, Pyke TR. Zorbamycin and related antibiotics. I. Production, isolation and characterization. J Antibiot. 1971; 24: 543-57.
161. Wu H, Qu S, Lu C, Zheng H, Zhou X, Bai L, Deng Z. Genomic and transcriptomic insights into the thermo-regulated biosynthesis of validamycin in Streptomyces hygroscopicus 5008. BMC Genomics. 2012;13:337.
162. Anzai Y, Iizaka Y, Li W, Idemoto N, Tsukada S, Koike K, et al. Production of rosamicin derivatives in Micromonospora rosaria by introduction of D-mycinose biosynthetic gene with PhiC31-derived integration vector pSET152. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. 2009;36:1013-21.
163. Huang H, Lv J, Hu Y, Fang Z, Zhang K, Bao S. Micromonospora rifamycinica sp. nov, a novel actinomycete from mangrove sediment. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 2008 ;58:17-20.
164. Huang H, Wu X, Yi S, Zhou Z, Zhu J, Fang Z, et al. Rifamycin S and its geometric isomer produced by a newly found actinomycete, Micromonospora rifamycinica. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 2009;95:143-8.
165. Furumai T, Seki Y, Takeda K, Kinumaki A, Suzuki M. Letter: An approach to the biosynthesis of macrolide antibiotic platenomycin. J Antibiot.1973;26:708-10.
166. Arai M, Hamano K. Isolation of three main components. F3, F4 and F5, from azalomycin F-complex. J Antibiot.1970;23:107-12.
167. Cheng J, Yang SH, Palaniyandi SA, Han JS, Yoon TM, Kim TJ, et al. Azalomycin F complex is an antifungal substance produced by Streptomyces malaysiensis MJM1968 isolated from agricultural soil. J Korean Soc Appl Biol Chem. 2010;53:545-52.
168. Chatterjee S, Vijayakumar E, Blumbach J, Ganguli B. 5-Hydroxy-9-methyl streptimidone, a new glutarimide from a Streptomyces sp. HIL Y-9065403. J Antibiot.1995a;48:271-3.
169. Gould SJ, Hong ST, Carney JR. Cloning and heterologous expression of genes from the kinamycin biosynthetic pathway of Streptomyces murayamaensis. J Antibiot.1998;51:50-7.
170. Shimi IR, Dewedar A, Shoukry S. Kuwaitimycin, a new antibiotic. J Antibiot.1973;26:593-605.
171. Umezawa H, Takeuchi T, Nitta K, Yamamoto T, Yamaoka S. Sarkomycin, an anti-tumor substance produced by streptomyces. J Antibiot.1953;6:101.
172. Naidenova MM, Michaiilov YG, Ivanova I. Oxadin effect on actinomycetes strains. Antibiot Khimioter. 2001;46:7-9.
173. Xu LY, Quan XS, Wang C, Sheng HF, Zhou GX, Lin BR, et al. Antimycins A(19) and A(20), two new antimycins produced by marine actinomycete Streptomyces antibioticus H74-18. J Antibiot. 2011;64:661-665.
174. Han Z, Xu Y, McConnell O, Liu L, Li Y, Qi S, et al. Two Antimycin A Analogues from Marine-Derived Actinomycete Streptomyces lusitanus. Mar Drugs. 2012;10:668-76.
175. Arima K, Kosaka M, Tamura G, Imanaka H, Sakai H. Studies on tomaymycin, a new antibiotic. I. Isolation and properties of tomaymycin. J Antibiot.1972;25:437-44.
176. Huang SX, Zhao LX, Tang SK, Jiang CL, Duan Y, Shen B. Erythronolides H and I, new erythromycin congeners from a new halophilic actinomycete Actinopolyspora sp. YIM90600. Org Lett. 2009;11:1353-6.
177. Garrity GM, Heimbuch BK, Motamedi H, Shafiee A. Genetic relationships among actinomycetes that produce the immunosuppressant macrolides FK506, FK520/FK523 and rapamycin. J Ind Microbiol, 1993; 12: 42-7.
178. French JC, Bartz QR, Dion HW. Myomycin, a new antibiotic. J Antibiot.1973;26:272-83.
179. Bergy ME. Lomofungin, a new broad spectrum antibiotic. Isolation and characterization. J Antibiot.1969;22:126-8.
180. Das A, Hamedani K, Soudbakhsh M, Prashanthi K, Bhattacharya S, Suryan S. Enzymatic Screening, Antibacterial Potential and Molecular Characterization of Streptomycetes Isolated from Wayanad District in Kerala, India. Int J Pharm Bio Sci. 2012;2:201-10.
181. Kono Y, Makino S, Takeuchi S, Yonehara H. Sclerothricin, a new basic antibiotic. J Antibiot. 1969;22:583-9.
182. Inahashi Y, Matsumoto A, Omura S, Takahashi Y. Spoxazomicins A-C, novel antitrypanosomal alkaloids produced by anendophytic actinomycete, Streptosporangium oxazolinicum K07-0460T. J Antibiot. 2011;64:297-302.
183. Kitani S, Miyamoto KT, Takamatsu S, Herawati E, Iguchi H, Nishitomi K, et al. Avenolide, a Streptomyces hormone controlling antibiotic production in Streptomyces avermitilis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2011;108:16410-5.
184. Baltz RH. Antimicrobials from actinomycetes: Back to the Future. Microbe. 2007;2:125-31.
185. Kekuda TRP, Shobha KS, Onkarappa R. Fascinating diversity and Potent biological activities of Actinomycete metabolites. J Pharm Res. 2010; 3: 250-6.
186. Clardy J, Fischbach MA, Walsh CT. New antibiotics from bacterial natural products. Nat Biotechnol. 2006;24:1541-50.
187. Goodfellow M. 2010. Selective isolation of Actinobacteria. In: Section 1: Bull AT, Davies JE (section eds) Isolation and Screening of Secondary Metabolites and Enzymes. Manual of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology. Baltz RH, Davies J, Demain AL, Editors. Washington: ASM Press 13-27.
188. Donadio S, Maffioli S, Monciardini P, Sosio M, Jabes D. Sources of novel antibiotics-aside the common roads. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnol.2010;88:1261-7.
189. Bull AT. Alice in Actinoland, and looking glass tales. SIM News. 2007;57:225-34.
190. Saadoun I, Hameed KM, Moussauui A. Characterization and analysis of antibiotic activity of some aquatic actinomycetes. Microbios. 1999;99:173-9.
191. Selvameenal L, Radhakrishnan M, Balagurunathan R. Antibiotic pigment from desert soil actinomycetes; biological activity, purification and chemical screening. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2009;71:499-504.
192. Servin JA, Herbold CW, Skophammer RG, Lake JA. Evidence excluding the root of the tree of life from the actinobacteria. Mol Biol Evol. 2008;25:1-4.
193. Singh S, Kumar P, Gopalan N, Shrivastava B, Kuhad RC, Chaudhary HS. Isolation and partial characterization of actinomycetes with antimicrobial activity against multidrug resistant bacteria. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2012:S1147-50.