Updates on antiobesity effect of garcinia Origin (-)-HCA

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine

Volumn 2013, Issue , 2013, Pages

  Chuah, Li Oon ^a   Ho, Wan Yong ^b   Beh, Boon Kee ^c   Yeap, Swee Keong ^c  

^a Universiti Sains Malaysia   (Malaysia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM MALAYSIA CAMPUS   (Malaysia)

^c UNIVERSITY PUTRA MALAYSIA   (Malaysia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETALDEHYDE; ACETONE; BENZOQUINONE; CHOLESTEROL; CITRIC ACID; FORMALDEHYDE; GARCINIA ATROVIRIDIS EXTRACT; GARCINIA CAMBOGIA EXTRACT; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; HYDROQUINONE DERIVATIVE; HYDROXYCITRIC ACID; ISOXANTHOHUMOL; LEPTIN; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; MALIC ACID; MALONALDEHYDE; NARINGENIN; PLANT EXTRACT; SEROTONIN; SUCCINIC ACID; TARTARIC ACID; TRIACYLGLYCEROL; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANGINA PECTORIS; APPETITE; ARM CIRCUMFERENCE; ARTICLE; BARK; BODY FAT; CALORIC INTAKE; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; COUGHING; DANDRUFF; DOWN REGULATION; DRUG MARKETING; DYSENTERY; FOOD INTAKE; FRUIT; GARCINIA; GARCINIA ATROVIRIDIS; GARCINIA CAMBOGIA; GARCINIA INDICA; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; LEAN BODY WEIGHT; LIPID STORAGE; LIPOGENESIS; NONHUMAN; OBESITY; OTALGIA; PARASITOSIS; PATENT; PLANT LEAF; PLANT ROOT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RHEUMATIC DISEASE; STOMACH PAIN; SUBCUTANEOUS FAT; THROAT IRRITATION; TRIACYLGLYCEROL BLOOD LEVEL; WEIGHT GAIN; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

EID: 84883196789     PISSN: 1741427X     EISSN: 17414288     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1155/2013/751658     Document Type: Article

References (132)

1. WHO, Global database on body mass index. http://apps.who.int/bmi/index. jsp, 2012
2. expert consultation W. H. O., Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. The Lancet 2004 363 157 163
3. International Association for the Study of Obesity (IASO), % Global prevalence of adult obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2): country rankings 2012. http://www.iaso.org/site-media/uploads/Global-prevalence-of-adult-obesity- Ranking-by-country-2012.pdf, 2012
4. WHO, Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic, report of a WHO consultation. WHO Technical Report Series 2000 894 Geneva, Switzerland World Health Organization
5. Bray G. A., Greenway F. L., Pharmacological treatment of the overweight patient. Pharmacological Reviews 2007 59 2 151 184 2-s2.0-34249821944 10.1124/pr.59.2.2
6. United States Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Endocrinologic and metabolic drugs advisory committee. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/ Drugs/EndocrinologicandMetabolicDrugsAdvisoryCommittee/UCM224180.pdf, 2012
7. United States Food and Drug Administration, Meridia (sibutramine): market withdrawal due to risk of serious cardiovascular events. http://www.fda.gov/ safety/medwatch/safetyinformation/safetyalertsforhumanmedicalproducts/ucm228830. htm, 2010
8. Heber D., Herbal preparations for obesity: are they useful? Primary Care 2003 30 2 441 463 2-s2.0-0038053196
9. Lim T. K., Edible Medicinal and Non-Medicinal Plants 2012 2 Heidelberg, Germany Springer Fruits
10. Sergio W., A natural food, the Malabar Tamnarind, may be effective in the treatment of obesity. Medical Hypotheses 1988 27 1 39 40 2-s2.0-0023690241
11. Drury H., The Useful Plants of India: With Notices of Their Chief Value in Commerce, Medicine, and the Arts 1873 2nd London, UK William H. Allen & Co.
12. Jena B. S., Jayaprakasha G. K., Singh R. P., Sakariah K. K., Chemistry and biochemistry of (-)-hydroxycitric acid from Garcinia. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2002 50 1 10 22 2-s2.0-0036006598 10.1021/jf010753k
13. Khare C. P., Indian Medicinal Plants: An Illustrated Dictionary 2007 Berlin, Germany Springer
14. Sreenivasan A., Venkataraman R., Chromatographic detection of the organic constituents of Gorikapuli (Garcinia cambogia Desr.) used in pickling fish. Current Science 1959 28 151 152
15. Ohia S. E., Opere C. A., LeDay A. M., Bagchi M., Bagchi D., Stohs S. J., Safety and mechanism of appetite suppression by a novel hydroxycitric acid extract (HCA-SX). Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 2002 238 1-2 89 103 2-s2.0-0036719796 10.1023/A:1019911205672
16. Preuss H. G., Bagchi D., Bagchi M., Rao C. V. S., Dey D. K., Satyanarayana S., Effects of a natural extract of (-)-hydroxycitric acid (HCA-SX) and a combination of HCA-SX plus niacin-bound chromium and Gymnema sylvestre extract on weight loss. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 2004 6 3 171 180 2-s2.0-2342417425 10.1111/j.1462-8902.2004.00328.x
17. Roy S., Rink C., Khanna S., Phillips C., Bagchi D., Bagchi M., Sen C. K., Body weight and abdominal fat gene expression profile in response to a novel hydroxycitric acid-based dietary supplement. Gene Expression 2003 11 5-6 251 262 2-s2.0-2942598163
18. Deore A. B., Sapakal V. D., Dashputre N. L., Naikwade N. S., Antiulcer activity of Garcinia indica linn fruit rinds. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science 2011 1 151 154
19. Mahendran P., Vanisree A. J., Shyamala Devi C. S., The antiulcer activity of Garcinia cambogia extract against indomethacin induced gastric ulcer in rats. Phytotherapy Research 2002 16 1 80 83 2-s2.0-0036158396 10.1002/ptr.946
20. Yamaguchi F., Saito M., Ariga T., Yoshimura Y., Nakazawa H., Free radical scavenging activity and antiulcer activity of garcinol from Garcinia indica fruit rind. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2000 48 6 2320 2325 2-s2.0-0033948388 10.1021/jf990908c
21. Asghar M., Monjok E., Kouamou G., Ohia S. E., Bagchi D., Lokhandwala M. F., Super CitriMax (HCA-SX) attenuates increases in oxidative stress, inflammation, insulin resistance, and body weight in developing obese Zucker rats. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 2007 304 1-2 93 99 2-s2.0-34648835014 10.1007/s11010-007-9489-3
22. Mackeen M. M., Ali A. M., Lajis N. H., Kawazu K., Hassan Z., Amran M., Habsah M., Mooi L. Y., Mohamed S. M., Antimicrobial, antioxidant, antitumour-promoting and cytotoxic activities of different plant part extracts of Garcinia atroviridis Griff. ex T. Anders. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2000 72 3 395 402 2-s2.0-0033805748 10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00245-2
23. Yamaguchi F., Ariga T., Yoshimura Y., Nakazawa H., Antioxidative and anti-glycation activity of garcinol from Garcinia indica fruit rind. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2000 48 2 180 185 2-s2.0-0033998163 10.1021/jf990845y
24. Yonei Y., Takahashi Y., Hibino S., Watanabe M., Yoshioka T., Effects on the human body of a dietary supplement containing L-carnitine and Garcinia cambogia extract: a study using double-blind tests. Journal of Clinical Biochemistry and Nutrition 2008 42 2 89 103 2-s2.0-46249106808 10.3164/jcbn.2008014
25. Wielinga P. Y., Wachters-Hagedoorn R. E., Bouter B., Van Dijk T. H., Stellaard F., Nieuwenhuizen A. G., Verkade H. J., Scheurink A. J. W., Hydroxycitric acid delays intestinal glucose absorption in rats. American Journal of Physiology 2005 288 6 G1144 G1149 2-s2.0-19644378260 10.1152/ajpgi.00428.2004
26. Negi P. S., Jayaprakasha G. K., Control of foodborne pathogenic and spoilage bacteria by garcinol and Garcinia indica extracts, and their antioxidant activity. Journal of Food Science 2004 69 3 FMS61 FMS65 2-s2.0-1942537704
27. Permana D., Lajis N. H., Mackeen M. M., Ali A. M., Aimi N., Kitajima M., Takayama H., Isolation and bioactivities of constitutents of the roots of Garcinia atroviridis. Journal of Natural Products 2001 64 7 976 979 2-s2.0-0034904120 10.1021/np000563o
28. Varalakshmi K. N., Sangeetha C. G., Shabeena A. N., Sunitha S. R., Vapika J., Antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects of Garcinia indica fruit rind extract. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Sciences 2010 7 652 656
29. Mackeen M. M., Ali A. M., Lajis N. H., Kawazu K., Kikuzaki H., Nakatani N., Antifungal garcinia acid esters from the fruits of Garcinia atroviridis. Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung C 2002 57 3-4 291 295 2-s2.0-0036248507
30. Reis S. B. D., De Oliveira C. C., Acedo S. C., Miranda D. D. D. C., Ribeiró M. L., Pedrazzoli J. Jr., Gambero A., Attenuation of colitis injury in rats using Garcinia cambogia extract. Phytotherapy Research 2009 23 3 324 329 2-s2.0-61449106557 10.1002/ptr.2626
31. Syahida A., Israf D. A., Permana D., Lajis N. H., Khozirah S., Afiza A. W., Khaizurin T. A., Somchit M. N., Sulaiman M. R., Nasaruddin A. A., Atrovirinone inhibits pro-inflammatory mediator release from murine macrophages and human whole blood. Immunology and Cell Biology 2006 84 3 250 258 2-s2.0-33646090410 10.1111/j.1440-1711.2006.01426.x
32. Mazzio E. A., Soliman K. F. A., In vitro screening for the tumoricidal properties of international medicinal herbs. Phytotherapy Research 2009 23 3 385 398 2-s2.0-61449151891 10.1002/ptr.2636
33. Parasramka M. A., Gupta S. V., Garcinol inhibits cell proliferation and promotes apoptosis in pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells. Nutrition and Cancer 2011 63 3 456 465 2-s2.0-79957540534 10.1080/01635581.2011.535962
34. Prasad S., Ravindran J., Sung B., Pandey M. K., Aggarwal B. B., Garcinol potentiates TRAIL-induced apoptosis through modulation of death receptors and antiapoptotic proteins. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics 2010 9 4 856 868 2-s2.0-77950796660 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-09-1113
35. Ishihara K., Oyaizu S., Onuki K., Lim K., Fushiki T., Chronic (-)-hydroxycitrate administration spares carbohydrate utilization and promotes lipid oxidation during exercise in mice. Journal of Nutrition 2000 130 12 2990 2995 2-s2.0-0034532852
36. Kaur G., Kulkarni S. K., Investigations on possible serotonergic involvement in effects of OB-200G (polyherbal preparation) on food intake in female mice. European Journal of Nutrition 2001 40 3 127 133 2-s2.0-0034793595 10.1007/s003940170013
37. Kim Y. J., Kim K., Kim M. S., Lee J. H., Lee K. P., Park T., A mixture of the aqueous extract of Garcinia cambogia, soy peptide and L-carnitine reduces the accumulation of visceral fat mass in rats rendered obese by a high fat diet. Genes and Nutrition 2008 2 4 353 358 2-s2.0-41349114427 10.1007/s12263-007- 0070-1
38. Kim K., Lee H. N., Kim Y. J., Park T., Garcinia cambogia extract ameliorates visceral adiposity in C57BL/6J mice fed on a high-fat diet. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Biochemistry 2008 72 7 1772 1780 2-s2.0-47949092326 10.1271/bbb.80072
39. Leonhardt M., Langhans W., Hydroxycitrate has long-term effects on feeding behavior, body weight regain and metabolism after body weight loss in male rats. Journal of Nutrition 2002 132 7 1977 1982 2-s2.0-0036303830
40. Heymsfield S. B., Allison D. B., Vasselli J. R., Pietrobelli A., Greenfield D., Nunez C., Garcinia cambogia (hydroxycitric acid) as a potential antiobesity agent: a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Medical Association 1998 280 18 1596 1600 2-s2.0-0032508876
41. Kovacs E. M. R., Westerterp-Plantenga M. S., Saris W. H. M., The effects of 2-week ingestion of (-)-hydroxycitrate and (-)-hydroxycitrate combined with medium-chain triglycerides on satiety, fat oxidation, energy expenditure and body weight. International Journal of Obesity 2001 25 7 1087 1094 2-s2.0-0034978639 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801605
42. Kriketos A. D., Thompson H. R., Greene H., Hill J. O., (-)-Hydroxycitric acid does not affect energy expenditure and substrate oxidation in adult males in a post-absorptive state. International Journal of Obesity 1999 23 8 867 873 2-s2.0-0032794243
43. Chuah L. O., Yeap S. K., Ho W. Y., Beh B. K., Banu Alitheen N., In vitro and in vivo toxicity of Garcinia or hydroxycitric acid: a review. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2012 2012 12 10.1155/2012/197920 e197920
44. Sharma P. C., Yelne M. B., Dennis T. J., Database on Medicinal Plants Used in Ayurveda 2005 2 New Delhi, India Central Council for Research in Ayurveda & Siddha
45. Lewis Y. S., Neelakantan S., (-)-Hydroxycitric acid-the principal acid in the fruits of Garcinia cambogia desr. Phytochemistry 1965 4 4 619 625 2-s2.0-50549214724
46. Jayaprakasha G. K., Sakariah K. K., Determination of organic acids in Garcinia cambogia (Desr.) by high- performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A 1998 806 2 337 339 2-s2.0-0032524055 10.1016/S0021-9673(98) 00054-5
47. Jayaprakasha G. K., Sakariah K. K., Determination of organic acids in leaves and rinds of Garcinia indica (Desr.) by LC. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 2002 28 2 379 384 2-s2.0-0037089987 10.1016/S0731-7085(01) 00623-9
48. Muensritharam L., Tolieng V., Chaichantipyuth C., Petsom A., Nhujak T., Capillary zone electrophoresis for separation and analysis of hydroxycitric acid and hydroxycitric acid lactone: application to herbal products of Garcinia atroviridis Griff. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 2008 46 3 577 582 2-s2.0-37749000316 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.11.008
49. Permana D., Abas F., Maulidiani M., Shaari K., Stanslas J., Ali A. M., Lajis N. H., Atrovirisidone B, a new prenylated depsidone with cytotoxic property from the roots of Garcinia atroviridis. Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung C 2005 60 7-8 523 526 2-s2.0-24344438836
50. Permana D., Lajis N. H., Shaari K., Ali A. M., Mackeen M. M., Kitajima M., Takayama H., Aimi N., A new prenylated hydroquinone from the roots of Garcinia atroviridis Griff ex T. Anders (Guttiferae). Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung B 2003 58 4 332 335 2-s2.0-0038461946
51. Iinuma M., Ito T., Miyake R., Tosa H., Tanaka T., Chelladurai V., A xanthone from Garcinia cambogia. Phytochemistry 1998 47 6 1169 1170 2-s2.0-0031894061 10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00686-9
52. Cotterill P. J., Scheinmann F., Puranik G. S., Phenolic compounds from the heartwood of Garcinia indica. Phytochemistry 1977 16 1 148 149 2-s2.0-0042204145
53. Kosin J., Ruangrungsi N., Ito C., Furukawa H., A xanthone from Garcinia atroviridis. Phytochemistry 1998 47 6 1167 1168 2-s2.0-0031920819 10.1016/S0031-9422(97)00647-X
54. Masullo M., Bassarello C., Suzuki H., Pizza C., Piacente S., Polyisoprenylated benzophenones and an unusual polyisoprenylated tetracyclic xanthone from the fruits of Garcinia cambogia. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 2008 56 13 5205 5210 2-s2.0-47849120898 10.1021/jf800416j
55. Kumar S., Sharma S., Chattopadhyay S. K., High-performance liquid chromatography and LC-ESI-MS method for identification and quantification of two isomeric polyisoprenylated benzophenones isoxanthochymol and camboginol in different extracts of Garcinia species. Biomedical Chromatography 2009 23 8 888 907 2-s2.0-70349252221 10.1002/bmc.1202
56. Chattopadhyay S. K., Kumar S., A rapid liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for quantification of a biologically active molecule camboginol in the extract of Garcinia cambogia. Biomedical Chromatography 2007 21 1 55 66 2-s2.0-33846547615 10.1002/bmc.719
57. Rama Rao A. V., Venkatswamy G., Pendse A. D., Camboginol and cambogin. Tetrahedron Letters 1980 21 20 1975 1978 2-s2.0-0019182632 10.1016/S0040- 4039(00)93661-X
58. Krishnamurthy N., Lewis Y. S., Ravindranath B., On the structures of garcinol, isogarcinol and camboginol. Tetrahedron Letters 1981 22 8 793 796 2-s2.0-0000871770
59. Hayamizu K., Ishii Y., Kaneko I., Shen M., Okuhara Y., Sakaguchi H., No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level (NOAEL) and sequential-high- dose administration study on Garcinia cambogia extract in humans. Journal of Oleo Science 2002 51 365 369
60. Kovacs E. M. R., Westerterp-Plantenga M. S., Effects of (-)-hydroxycitrate on net fat synthesis as de novo lipogenesis. Physiology and Behavior 2006 88 4-5 371 381 2-s2.0-33746237885 10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.04.005
61. Westerterp-Plantenga M. S., Kovacs E. M. R., The effect of (-)-hydroxycitrate on energy intake and satiety in overweight humans. International Journal of Obesity 2002 26 6 870 872 2-s2.0-0036276968 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801979
62. Girola M., Bernardi M. De., Contos S., Dose effect in lipid lowering activity of a new dietary integrator (Chitosan, Garcinia cambogia extract, and Chrome). Acta Toxicologica Et Therapeutica 1996 17 25 40
63. Hayamizu K., Ishii Y., Kaneko I., Shen M., Okuhara Y., Shigematsu N., Tomi H., Furuse M., Yoshino G., Shimasaki H., Effects of Garcinia cambogia (Hydroxycitric Acid) on visceral fat accumulation: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Current Therapeutic Research 2003 64 8 551 567 2-s2.0-0344945600 10.1016/j.curtheres.2003.08.006
64. Preuss H. G., Garis R. I., Bramble J. D., Bagchi D., Bagchi M., Rao C. V. S., Satyanarayana S., Efficacy of a novel calcium/potassium salt of (-)-hydroxycitric acid in weight control. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Research 2005 25 3 133 144 2-s2.0-28344434086
65. Roman Ramos R., Flores Saenz J., Alarcon Aguilar en M. C. F., Control of obesity with Garcinia cambogia extract. Investigacion Medica Internacional 1996 22 3 97 100 2-s2.0-0029944501
66. Roongpisuthipong C., Kantawan R., Roongpisuthipong W., Reduction of adipose tissue and body weight: Effect of water soluble calcium hydroxycitrate in Garcinia atroviridis on the short term treatment of obese women in Thailand. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2007 16 1 25 29 2-s2.0-33847158447
67. Toromanyan E., Aslanyan G., Amroyan E., Gabrielyan E., Panossian A., Efficacy of Slim339 in reducing body weight of overweight and obese human subjects. Phytotherapy Research 2007 21 12 1177 1181 2-s2.0-37849012505 10.1002/ptr.2231
68. Thom E., A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a new weight-reducing agent of natural origin. Journal of International Medical Research 2000 28 5 229 233 2-s2.0-0033755682
69. Mattes R. D., Bormann L., Effects of (-)-hydroxycitric acid on appetitive variables. Physiology and Behavior 2000 71 1-2 87 94 2-s2.0-0034536422 10.1016/S0031-9384(00)00321-8
70. Van Loon L. J. C., Van Rooijen J. J. M., Niesen B., Verhagen H., Saris W. H. M., Wagenmakers A. J. M., Effects of acute (-)-hydroxycitrate supplementation on substrate metabolism at rest and during exercise in humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2000 72 6 1445 1450 2-s2.0-0033646094
71. Kovacs E. M. R., Westerterp-Plantenga M. S., De Vries M., Brouns F., Saris W. H. M., Effects of 2-week ingestion of (-)-hydroxycitrate and (-)-hydroxycitrate combined with medium-chain triglycerides on satiety and food intake. Physiology and Behavior 2001 74 4-5 543 549 2-s2.0-0035851853 10.1016/S0031-9384(01)00594-7
72. Conte A. A., A non-prescription alternative in weight reduction therapy. American Journal of Bariatric Medicine summer1993 17 19
73. Kim J., Jeon S., Park K., Lee W., Jeong T., McGregor R. A., Choi M., Does Glycine max leaves or Garcinia cambogia promote weight-loss or lower plasma cholesterol in overweight individuals: a randomized control trial. Nutrition Journal 2011 10 1, article 94 2-s2.0-80053175452 10.1186/1475-2891-10-94
74. Opala T., Rzymski P., Pischel I., Wilczak M., Woźniak J., Efficacy of 12 weeks supplementation of a botanical extract-based weight loss formula on body weight, body composition and blood chemistry in healthy, overweight subjects-a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. European Journal of Medical Research 2006 11 8 343 350 2-s2.0-33748713301
75. Vasques C. A. R., Rossetto S., Halmenschlager G., Linden R., Heckler E., Fernandez M. S. P., Alonso J. L. L., Evaluation of the pharmacotherapeutic efficacy of Garcinia cambogia plus amorphophallus konjac for the treatment of obesity. Phytotherapy Research 2008 22 9 1135 1140 2-s2.0-52649105984 10.1002/ptr.2323
76. Hayamizu K., Tomi H., Kaneko I., Shen M., Soni M. G., Yoshino G., Effects of Garcinia cambogia extract on serum sex hormones in overweight subjects. Fitoterapia 2008 79 4 255 261 2-s2.0-44149107569 10.1016/j.fitote.2007.12.003
77. The Wealth of India: Raw Materials IV 1956 New Delhi, India CSIR
78. Sullivan A. C., Triscari J., Spiegel H. E., Metabolic regulation as a control for lipid disorders. I. Influence of, (-)-hydroxycitrate on experimentally induced obesity in the rodent. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1977 30 767 776
79. Sullivan A. C., Triscari J., Spiegel H. E., Metabolic regulation as a control for lipid disorders. II. Influence of (-)-hydroxycitrate on genetically and experimentally induced hypertriglyceridemia in the rat. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1977 30 5 777 784 2-s2.0-0017403518
80. Stallings W. C., Blount J. F., Srere P. A., Glusker J. P., Structural studies of hydroxycitrates and their relevance to certain enzymatic mechanisms. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 1979 193 2 431 448 2-s2.0-0018463656
81. Kjeldstadli J., Thom E., Synthetically prepared composition for treatment and/or prophylaxis of overweight, and use thereof. US patent, EP, 1007027 A2, 2000
82. Haleema S., Sasi P. V., Ibnusaud I., Polavarapu P. L., Kagan H. B., Enantiomerically pure compounds related to chiral hydroxy acids derived from renewable resources. RSC Advances 2012 2 9257 9285
83. Louter-Van De Haar J., Wielinga P. Y., Scheurink A. J. W., Nieuwenhuizen A. G., Comparison of the effects of three different (-)-hydroxycitric acid preparations on food intake in rats. Nutrition and Metabolism 2005 2, article 23 2-s2.0-26444545462 10.1186/1743-7075-2-23
84. Downs B. W., Bagchi M., Subbaraju G. V., Shara M. A., Preuss H. G., Bagchi D., Bioefficacy of a novel calcium-potassium salt of (-)-hydroxycitric acid. Mutation Research 2005 579 1-2 149 162 2-s2.0-27544454223 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2005.02.021
85. Sullivan A. C., Hamilton J. G., Miller O. N., Wheatley V. R., Inhibition of lipogenesis in rat liver by (-)-hydroxycitrate. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 1972 150 1 183 190 2-s2.0-0015335910
86. Bagchi D., Trimurtulu G., Raju A. V. K., Sengupta K., Murthy P. B. S., Rao T. V. N., Comparative bioavailability of (-)-hydroxycitric acid from oral administration of HCA calcium salt and calcium-potassium double salt in Albino Wistar rats. Journal of the Federation of American Societies For Experimental Biology 2010 24 505
87. Asghar M., Zeyssig R., Monjok E., Kouamou G., Ohia S. E., Lokhandwala M. F., Bagchi D., Hydroxycitric acid (HCA-SX) decreases oxidative stress and insulin resistance and increases brain serotonin levels in obese Zucker rats. Experimental Biology Meeting 2006 20 A655.4
88. Roy S., Shah H., Rink C., Khanna S., Bagchi D., Bagchi M., Sen C. K., Transcriptome of primary adipocytes from obese women in response to a novel hydroxycitric acid-based dietary supplement. DNA and Cell Biology 2007 26 9 627 639 2-s2.0-35448985358 10.1089/dna.2007.0617
89. Uauy R., Díaz E., Consequences of food energy excess and positive energy balance. Public Health Nutrition 2005 8 7 A 1077 1099 2-s2.0-33144486066 10.1079/PHN2005797
90. Shara M., Ohia S. E., Yasmin T., Zardetto-Smith A., Kincaid A., Bagchi M., Chatterjee A., Bagchi D., Stohs S. J., Dose- and time-dependent effects of a novel (-)-hydroxycitric acid extract on body weight, hepatic and testicular lipid peroxidation, DNA fragmentation and histopathological data over a period of 90 days. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 2003 254 1-2 339 346 2-s2.0-0345328250 10.1023/A:1027358106407
91. Shara M., Ohia S. E., Schmidt R. E., Yasmin T., Zardetto-Smith A., Kincaid A., Bagchi M., Chatterjee A., Bagchi D., Stohs S. J., Physico-chemical properties of a novel (-)-hydroxycitric acid extract and its effect on body weight, selected organ weights, hepatic lipid peroxidation and DNA fragmentation, hematology and clinical chemistry, and histopathological changes over a period of 90 days. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 2004 260 1 171 186 2-s2.0-3042677564 10.1023/B:MCBI.0000026069.53960.75
92. Amin K. A., Kamel H. H., Abd Eltawab M. A., Protective effect of Garcinia against renal oxidative stress and biomarkers induced by high fat and sucrose diet. Lipids in Health and Disease 2011 10, article 6 2-s2.0-78651354134 10.1186/1476-511X-10-6
93. Watson J. A., Fang M., Lowenstein J. M., Tricarballylate and hydroxycitrate: substrate and inhibitor of ATP: citrate oxaloacetate lyase. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 1969 135 C 209 217 2-s2.0-0014618774
94. Berkhout T. A., Havekes L. M., Pearce N. J., Groot P. H. E., The effect of (-)-hydroxycitrate on the activity of the low-density-lipoprotein receptor and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase levels in the human hepatoma cell line Hep G2. Biochemical Journal 1990 272 1 181 186 2-s2.0-0025251789
95. Chee H., Romsos D. R., Leveille G. A., Influence of (-) hydroxycitrate on lipogenesis in chickens and rats. Journal of Nutrition 1977 107 1 112 119 2-s2.0-0017624152
96. Sullivan A. C., Triscari J., Hamilton J. G., Miller O. N., Effect of (-)-hydroxycitrate upon the accumulation of lipid in the rat: II. Appetite. Lipids 1974 9 2 129 134 2-s2.0-0015988722
97. Sullivan A. C., Triscari J., Hamilton J. G., Effect of (-)-hydroxycitrate upon the accumulation of lipid in the rat: I. Lipogenesis. Lipids 1974 9 2 121 128 2-s2.0-0015969635
98. Lopaschuk G. D., Ussher J. R., Jaswal J. S., Targeting intermediary metabolism in the hypothalamus as a mechanism to regulate appetite. Pharmacological Reviews 2010 62 2 237 264 2-s2.0-77952367733 10.1124/pr.109.002428
99. Rederman N. B., Saha A. K., Vavvas D., Witters L. A., Malonyl-CoA, fuel sensing, and insulin resistance. American Journal of Physiology 1999 276 E1 E18
100. Ohia S. E., Awe S. O., LeDay A. M., Opere C. A., Bagchi D., Effect of hydroxycitric acid on serotonin release from isolated rat brain cortex. Research Communications in Molecular Pathology and Pharmacology 2001 109 3-4 210 216 2-s2.0-0035179349
101. McGuirk J., Muscat R., Willner P., Effects of chronically administerd fluoxetine and fenfluramine on food intake, body weight and the behavioural satiety sequence. Psychopharmacology 1992 106 3 401 407 2-s2.0-0026611434
102. Leonhardt M., Hrupka B., Langhans W., Effect of hydroxycitrate on food intake and body weight regain after a period of restrictive feeding in male rats. Physiology and Behavior 2001 74 1-2 191 196 2-s2.0-0034826449 10.1016/S0031-9384(01)00547-9
103. Greenwood M. R., Cleary M. P., Gruen R., Blase D., Stern J. S., Triscari J., Sullivan A. C., Effect of (-)-hydroxycitrate on development of obesity in the Zucker obese rat. The American journal of physiology 1981 240 1 E72 E78 2-s2.0-0019484277
104. Sullivan A. C., Triscari J., Metabolic regulation as a control for lipid disorders. I. Influence of (-)-hydroxycitrate on experimentally induced obesity in the rodent. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1977 30 5 767 776 2-s2.0-0017400353
105. Triscari J., Sullivan A. C., Comparative effects of (-)-hydroxycitrate and (+)-allo hydroxycitrate on acetyl CoA carboxylase and fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis in vivo. Lipids 1977 12 4 357 363 2-s2.0-0017399320
106. Leonhardt M., Balkan B., Langhans W., Effect of hydroxycitrate on respiratory quotient, energy expenditure, and glucose tolerance in male rats after a period of restrictive feeding. Nutrition 2004 20 10 911 915 2-s2.0-4944242855 10.1016/j.nut.2004.06.012
107. Cheema Dhadli S., Halperin M. L., Leznoff C. C., Inhibition of enzymes which interact with citrate by (-)-hydroxycitrate and 1,2,3 tricarboxybenzene. European Journal of Biochemistry 1973 38 1 98 102 2-s2.0-0015840321
108. Lowenstein J. M., Effect of (-)-hydroxycitrate on fatty acid synthesis by rat liver in vivo. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1971 246 3 629 632 2-s2.0-0015217043
109. Lim K., Ryu S., Nho H., Choi S., Kwon T., Suh H., So J., Tomita K., Okuhara Y., Shigematsu N., (-)-Hydroxycitric acid ingestion increases fat utilization during exercise in untrained women. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 2003 49 3 163 167 2-s2.0-10744233882
110. Lim K., Ryu S., Ohishi Y., Watanabe I., Tomi H., Suh H., Lee W., Kwon T., Short-term (-)-hydroxycitrate ingestion increases fat oxidation during exercise in athletes. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 2002 48 2 128 133 2-s2.0-0036303188
111. Vasselli J. R., Shane E., Boozer C. N., Heymsfield S. B., Garcinia cambogia extract inhibits body weight gain via increased Energy Expenditure (EE) in rats. The FASEB Journal 1998 12 4 A505 2-s2.0-0001388457
112. Leray V., Dumon H., Martin L., Siliart B., Sergheraert R., Biourge V., Nguyen P., No effect of conjugated linoleic acid or Garcinia cambogia on fat-free mass, and energy expenditure in normal cats. Journal of Nutrition 2006 136 7 2-s2.0-33745667766
113. Blunden G., Garcinia extract inhibits lipid droplet accumulation without affecting adipose conversion in 3T3-L1 cells. Phytotherapy Research 2001 15 2 172 173 2-s2.0-0035070990 10.1002/ptr.689
114. Rosen E. D., Walkey C. J., Puigserver P., Spiegelman B. M., Transcriptional regulation of adipogenesis. Genes and Development 2000 14 11 1293 1307 2-s2.0-0034214246
115. Rosen E. D., Hsu C., Wang X., Sakai S., Freeman M. W., Gonzalez F. J., Spiegelman B. M., C/EBP α induces adipogenesis through PPAR γ: a unified pathway. Genes and Development 2002 16 1 22 26 2-s2.0-0036007024 10.1101/gad.948702
116. Kim J. B., Wright H. M., Wright M., Spiegelman B. M., ADD1/SREBP1 activates PPAR γ through the production of endogenous ligand. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1998 95 8 4333 4337 2-s2.0-0032516081 10.1073/pnas.95.8.4333
117. Dagogo-Jack S., Human leptin regulation and promise in pharmacotherapy. Current Drug Targets 2001 2 2 181 195 2-s2.0-0034991286 10.2174/1389450013348623
118. Staiger H., Tschritter O., Machann J., Thamer C., Fritsche A., Maerker E., Schick F., Häring H., Stumvoll M., Relationship of serum adiponectin and leptin concentrations with body fat distribution in humans. Obesity Research 2003 11 3 368 372 2-s2.0-0038207759
119. Nadler S. T., Stoehr J. P., Schueler K. L., Tanimoto G., Yandell B. S., Attie A. D., The expression of adipogenic genes is decreased in obesity and diabetes mellitus. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2000 97 21 11371 11376 2-s2.0-0034633681
120. Hotamisligil G. S., Shargill N. S., Spiegelman B. M., Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor- α: direct role in obesity-linked insulin resistance. Science 1993 259 5091 87 91 2-s2.0-0027459878
121. Stephens J. M., Pekala P. H., Transcriptional repression of the C/EBP- α and GLUT4 genes in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by tumor necrosis factor- α. Regulation is coordinate and independent of protein synthesis. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 1992 267 19 13580 13584 2-s2.0-0026623508
122. Xing H., Northrop J. P., Russell Grove J., Kilpatrick K. E., Jui-Lan S. U., Ringold G. M., TNF α -mediated inhibition and reversal of adipocyte differentiation is accompanied by suppressed expression of PPAR γ without effects on Pref-1 expression. Endocrinology 1997 138 7 2776 2783 2-s2.0-0030972203 10.1210/en.138.7.2776
123. Hayamizu K., Hirakawa H., Oikawa D., Nakanishi T., Takagi T., Tachibana T., Furuse M., Effect of Garcinia cambogia extract on serum leptin and insulin in mice. Fitoterapia 2003 74 3 267 273 2-s2.0-0037392641 10.1016/S0367-326X(03) 00036-4
124. Laubner K., Kieffer T. J., Lam N. T., Niu X., Jakob F., Seufert J., Inhibition of preproinsulin gene expression by leptin induction of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 in pancreatic β -cells. Diabetes 2005 54 12 3410 3417 2-s2.0-33644684253 10.2337/diabetes.54.12.3410
125. Lustig R. H., Childhood obesity: behavioral aberration or biochemical drive? Reinterpreting the first law of thermodynamics. Nature Clinical Practice Endocrinology and Metabolism 2006 2 8 447 458 2-s2.0-33747052261 10.1038/ncpendmet0220
126. Pittler M. H., Ernst E., Dietary supplements for body-weight reduction: a systematic review. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2004 79 4 529 536 2-s2.0-2142655783
127. Badmaev V., Majeed M., Conte A. A., Schaller J. L., Firenzuoli F., Gori L., Heymsfield S. B., Allison D. B., Vasselli J. R., Pietrobelli A., Greenfield D., Nunez C., Garcinia cambogia for weight loss [letter]. Journal of the American Medical Association 1999 282 3 233 235 2-s2.0-0033591932 10.1001/jama.282.3.233
128. Badmaev V., Majeed M., Conte A. A., Schaller J. L., Firenzuoli F., Gori L., Heymsfield S. B., Allison D. B., Vasselli J. R., Pietrobelli A., Greenfield D., Nunez C., Garcinia cambogia for weight loss [letter]. Journal of the American Medical Association 1999 282 3 233 235 2-s2.0-0033591932 10.1001/jama.282.3.233
129. Badmaev V., Majeed M., Conte A. A., Schaller J. L., Firenzuoli F., Gori L., Heymsfield S. B., Allison D. B., Vasselli J. R., Pietrobelli A., Greenfield D., Nunez C., Garcinia cambogia for weight loss [letter]. Journal of the American Medical Association 1999 282 3 233 235 2-s2.0-0033591932 10.1001/jama.282.3.233
130. Schaller J. L., Garcinia cambogia for weight loss [letter]. The journal of the American Medical Association 1999 282 3 234 235 2-s2.0-0033591780
131. Onakpoya I., Hung S. K., Perry R., Wider B., Ernst E., The use of Garcinia extract (Hydroxycitric Acid) as a weight loss supplement: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Journal of Obesity 2011 2011 9 10.1155/2011/509038 509038
132. Deshmukh N. S., Bagchi M., Yasmin T., Bagchi D., Safety of a novel calcium/potassium salt of hydroxycitric acid (HCA-SX): I. Two-generation reproduction toxicity study. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods 2008 18 5 433 442 2-s2.0-45849109145 10.1080/15376510802084030