Peak Bone Mass and its Regulation

Pediatric Bone

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 189-221

  Bonjour, Jean Philippe ^a   Chevalley, Thierry ^a   Ferrari, Serge ^a   Rizzoli, Rene ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84882836977     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-382040-2.10009-7     Document Type: Chapter

References (276)

1. Block J.E., Genant H.K., Black D. Greater vertebral bone mineral mass in exercising young men. West J Med 1986, 145:39-42.
2. de Deuxchaisnes C.N., Devogelaer J.P., Esselinckx W., et al. The effect of low dosage glucocorticoids on bone mass in rheumatoid arthritis: a cross-sectional and a longitudinal study using single photon absorptiometry. Adv Exp Med Biol 1984, 171:209-239.
3. Crosby L.O., Kaplan F.S., Pertschuk M.J., Mullen J.L. The effect of anorexia nervosa on bone morphometry in young women. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1985, 201:271-277.
4. Davis J.W., Grove J.S., Ross P.D., Vogel J.M., Wasnich R.D. Relationship between bone mass and rates of bone change at appendicular measurement sites. J Bone Miner Res 1992, 7:719-725.
5. Buchs B., Rizzoli R., Slosman D., Nydegger V., Bonjour J.P. Densité minérale osseuse de la colonne lombaire, du col et de la diaphyse fémoraux d'un échantillon de la population genevoise. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1992, 122:1129-1136.
6. Bonjour J.P., Chevalley T., Rizzoli R., Ferrari S. Gene-environment interactions in the skeletal response to nutrition and exercise during growth. Med Sport Sci 2007, 51:64-80.
7. Melton L.J., Atkinson E.J., O'Connor M.K., O'Fallon W.M., Riggs B.L. Determinants of bone loss from the femoral neck in women of different ages. J Bone Miner Res 2000, 15:24-31.
8. Melton L.J., Atkinson E.J., Khosla S., Oberg A.L., Riggs B.L. Evaluation of a prediction model for long-term fracture risk. J Bone Miner Res 2005, 20:551-556.
9. Hernandez C.J., Beaupre G.S., Carter D.R. A theoretical analysis of the relative influences of peak BMD, age-related bone loss and menopause on the development of osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 2003, 14:843-847.
10. World Health Organization Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis. Report of a WHO study group 1994, WHO Technical Report Series., No 843.
11. Duan Y., Seeman E., Turner C.H. The biomechanical basis of vertebral body fragility in men and women. J Bone Miner Res 2001, 16:2276-2283.
12. Duan Y., Wang X.F., Evans A., Seeman E. Structural and biomechanical basis of racial and sex differences in vertebral fragility in Chinese and Caucasians. Bone 2005, 36:987-998.
13. Cummings S.R., Black D.M., Nevitt M.C., et al. Bone density at various sites for prediction of hip fractures. The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Lancet 1993, 341:72-75.
14. Melton L.J., Atkinson E.J., O'Fallon W.M., Wahner H.W., Riggs B.L. Long-term fracture prediction by bone mineral assessed at different skeletal sites. J Bone Miner Res 1993, 8:1227-1233.
15. Marshall D., Johnell O., Wedel H. Meta-analysis of how well measures of bone mineral density predict occurrence of osteoporotic fractures. Br Med J 1996, 312:1254-1259.
16. Adams J.E., Shaw N. A Practical Guide to Bone Densitometry in Children 2004, National Osteoporosis Society, Camerton, Bath, UK.
17. Baim S., Leonard M.B., Bianchi M.L., et al. Official Positions of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry and executive summary of the 2007 ISCD Pediatric Position Development Conference. J Clin Densitom 2008, 11:6-21.
18. Boutroy S., Bouxsein M.L., Munoz F., Delmas P.D. In vivo assessment of trabecular bone microarchitecture by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005, 90:6508-6515.
19. Sornay-Rendu E., Boutroy S., Munoz F., Delmas P.D. Alterations of cortical and trabecular architecture are associated with fractures in postmenopausal women, partially independent of decreased BMD measured by DXA: the OFELY study. J Bone Miner Res 2007, 22:425-433.
20. Boutroy S., Van Rietbergen B., Sornay-Rendu E., Munoz F., Bouxsein M.L., Delmas P.D. Finite element analysis based on in vivo HR-pQCT images of the distal radius is associated with wrist fracture in postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res 2008, 23:392-399.
21. Chevalley T., Bonjour J.P., Ferrari S., Rizzoli R. Influence of age at menarche on forearm bone microstructure in healthy young women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008, 93:2594-2601.
22. Chevalley T., Bonjour J.P., Ferrari S., Rizzoli R. Deleterious effect of late menarche on distal tibia microstructure in healthy 20-year-old and premenopausal middle-aged women. J Bone Miner Res 2009, 24:144-152.
23. Kirmani S., Christen D., van Lenthe G.H., et al. Bone structure at the distal radius during adolescent growth. J Bone Miner Res 2009, 24:1033-1042.
24. Bacchetta J., Boutroy S., Vilayphiou N., et al. Early impairment of trabecular microarchitecture assessed with HR-pQCT in patients with stage II-IV chronic kidney disease. J Bone Miner Res 2010, 25:849-857.
25. Burghardt A.J., Issever A.S., Schwartz A.V., et al. High-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomographic imaging of cortical and trabecular bone microarchitecture in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010, 95:5045-5055.
26. Briot K., Roux C. What is the role of DXA, QUS and bone markers in fracture prediction, treatment allocation and monitoring?. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2005, 19:951-964.
27. Specker B.L., Schoenau E. Quantitative bone analysis in children: current methods and recommendations. J Pediatr 2005, 146:726-731.
28. Binkley T.L., Berry R., Specker B.L. Methods for measurement of pediatric bone. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2008, 9:95-106.
29. Bonjour J.P., Theintz G., Buchs B., Slosman D., Rizzoli R. Critical years and stages of puberty for spinal and femoral bone mass accumulation during adolescence. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1991, 73:555-563.
30. Bonjour J.P., Theintz G., Law F., Slosman D., Rizzoli R. Peak bone mass. Osteoporos Int 1994, 4(Suppl. 1):7-13.
31. Rizzoli R., Bonjour J.P. Determinants of peak bone mass and mechanisms of bone loss. Osteoporos Int 1999, 9(Suppl. 2):S17-S23.
32. Gilsanz V., Roe T.F., Mora S., Costin G., Goodman W.G. Changes in vertebral bone density in black girls and white girls during childhood and puberty. N Engl J Med 1991, 325:1597-1600.
33. Theintz G., Buchs B., Rizzoli R., et al. Longitudinal monitoring of bone mass accumulation in healthy adolescents: evidence for a marked reduction after 16 years of age at the levels of lumbar spine and femoral neck in female subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1992, 75:1060-1065.
34. Ferrari S., Rizzoli R., Slosman D., Bonjour J.P. Familial resemblance for bone mineral mass is expressed before puberty. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998, 83:358-361.
35. Gilsanz V., Skaggs D.L., Kovanlikaya A., et al. Differential effect of race on the axial and appendicular skeletons of children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998, 83:1420-1427.
36. Seeman E. Pathogenesis of bone fragility in women and men. Lancet 2002, 359:1841-1850.
37. Garn S.M. The earlier gain and later loss of cortical bone. nutritional perspective 1970, 3-120. Charles C Thomas, Springfield IL.
38. Aharinejad S., Bertagnoli R., Wicke K., Firbas W., Schneider B. Morphometric analysis of vertebrae and intervertebral discs as a basis of disc replacement. Am J Anat 1990, 189:69-76.
39. Fournier P.E., Rizzoli R., Slosman D.O., Buchs B., Bonjour J.P. Relative contribution of vertebral body and posterior arch in female and male lumbar spine peak bone mass. Osteoporos Int 1994, 4:264-272.
40. Gilsanz V., Loro M.L., Roe T.F., Sayre J., Gilsanz R., Schulz E.E. Vertebral size in elderly women with osteoporosis. Mechanical implications and relationship to fractures. J Clin Invest 1995, 95:2332-2337.
41. Naganathan V., Sambrook P. Gender differences in volumetric bone density: a study of opposite-sex twins. Osteoporos Int 2003, 14:564-569.
42. Fournier P.E., Rizzoli R., Slosman D.O., Theintz G., Bonjour J.P. Asynchrony between the rates of standing height gain and bone mass accumulation during puberty. Osteoporos Int 1997, 7:525-532.
43. Bailey D.A., Wedge J.H., McCulloch R.G., Martin A.D., Bernhardson S.C. Epidemiology of fractures of the distal end of the radius in children as associated with growth. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1989, 71:1225-1231.
44. Landin L.A. Fracture patterns in children. Analysis of 8,682 fractures with special reference to incidence, etiology and secular changes in a Swedish urban population 1950-1979. Acta Orthop Scand Suppl 1983, 202:1-109.
45. Parfitt A.M. The two faces of growth: benefits and risks to bone integrity. Osteoporos Int 1994, 4:382-398.
46. Ferrari S.L., Chevalley T., Bonjour J.P., Rizzoli R. Childhood fractures are associated with decreased bone mass gain during puberty: an early marker of persistent bone fragility?. J Bone Miner Res 2006, 21:501-507.
47. Bonjour J.P., Chevalley T. Pubertal timing, peak bone mass and fragility fracture risk. BoneKey-Osteovision 2007, 4:30-48. http://www.bonekey-ibms.org/cgi/content/full/ibmske 4/2/30.
48. Gilsanz V., Gibbens D.T., Roe T.F., et al. Vertebral bone density in children: effect of puberty. Radiology 1988, 166:847-850.
49. Szulc P., Seeman E., Delmas P.D. Biochemical measurements of bone turnover in children and adolescents. Osteoporos Int 2000, 11:281-294.
50. Rauch F., Georg M., Stabrey A., et al. Collagen markers deoxypyridinoline and hydroxylysine glycosides: pediatric reference data and use for growth prediction in growth hormone-deficient children. Clin Chem 2002, 48:315-322.
51. Yang L., Grey V. Pediatric reference intervals for bone markers. Clin Biochem 2006, 39:561-568.
52. Jurimae J. Interpretation and application of bone turnover markers in children and adolescents. Curr Opin Pediatr 2010, 22:494-500.
53. Jurimae J., Maestu J., Jurimae T. Bone turnover markers during pubertal development: relationships with growth factors and adipocytokines. Med Sport Sci 2010, 55:114-127.
54. Cadogan J., Blumsohn A., Barker M.E., Eastell R. A longitudinal study of bone gain in pubertal girls: anthropometric and biochemical correlates. J Bone Miner Res 1998, 13(10):1602-1612.
55. Seeman E., Hopper J.L., Bach L.A., et al. Reduced bone mass in daughters of women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 1989, 320:554-558.
56. Soroko S.B., Barrett-Connor E., Edelstein S.L., Kritz-Silverstein D. Family history of osteoporosis and bone mineral density at the axial skeleton: the Rancho Bernardo Study. J Bone Miner Res 1994, 9:761-769.
57. Barthe N., Basse-Cathalinat B., Meunier P.J., et al. Measurement of bone mineral density in mother-daughter pairs for evaluating the family influence on bone mass acquisition: a GRIO survey. Osteoporos Int 1998, 8:379-384.
58. Cohen-Solal M.E., Baudoin C., Omouri M., Kuntz D., De Vernejoul M.C. Bone mass in middle-aged osteoporotic men and their relatives: familial effect. J Bone Miner Res 1998, 13:1909-1914.
59. Eisman J.A. Genetics of osteoporosis. Endocr Rev 1999, 20(6):788-804.
60. Peacock M., Turner C.H., Econs M.J., Foroud T. Genetics of osteoporosis. Endocr Rev 2002, 23:303-326.
61. Pocock N.A., Eisman J.A., Hopper J.L., Yeates M.G., Sambrook P.N., Eberl S. Genetic determinants of bone mass in adults. A twin study. J Clin Invest 1987, 80:706-710.
62. Johnson M.L., Gong G., Kimberling W., Recker S.M., Kimmel D.B., Recker R.B. Linkage of a gene causing high bone mass to human chromosome 11 (11q12-13). Am J Hum Genet 1997, 60:1326-1332.
63. Devoto M., Shimoya K., Caminis J., et al. First-stage autosomal genome screen in extended pedigrees suggests genes predisposing to low bone mineral density on chromosomes 1p, 2p and 4q. Eur J Hum Genet 1998, 6:151-157.
64. Deng H.W., Shen H., Xu F.H., et al. Several genomic regions potentially containing QTLs for bone size variation were identified in a whole-genome linkage scan. Am J Med Genet A 2003, 119:121-131.
65. Koller D.L., Rodriguez L.A., Christian J.C., et al. Linkage of a QTL contributing to normal variation in bone mineral density to chromosome 11q12-13. J Bone Miner Res 1998, 13:1903-1908.
66. Koller D.L., Econs M.J., Morin P.A., et al. Genome screen for QTLs contributing to normal variation in bone mineral density and osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000, 85:3116-3120.
67. Karasik D., Myers R.H., Cupples L.A., et al. Genome screen for quantitative trait loci contributing to normal variation in bone mineral density: the Framingham Study. J Bone Miner Res 2002, 17:1718-1727.
68. Koller D.L., Liu G., Econs M.J., et al. Genome screen for quantitative trait loci underlying normal variation in femoral structure. J Bone Miner Res 2001, 16:985-991.
69. Carn G., Koller D.L., Peacock M., et al. Sibling pair linkage and association studies between peak bone mineral density and the gene locus for the osteoclast-specific subunit (OC116) of the vacuolar proton pump on chromosome 11p12-13. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002, 87:3819-3824.
70. Langdahl B.L., Ralston S.H., Grant S.F., Eriksen E.F. An Sp1 binding site polymorphism in the COLIA1 gene predicts osteoporotic fractures in both men and women. J Bone Miner Res 1998, 13:1384-1389.
71. Mann V., Hobson E.E., Li B., et al. A COL1A1 Sp1 binding site polymorphism predisposes to osteoporotic fracture by affecting bone density and quality. J Clin Invest 2001, 107:899-907.
72. Ioannidis J.P., Stavrou I., Trikalinos T.A., et al. Association of polymorphisms of the estrogen receptor alpha gene with bone mineral density and fracture risk in women: a meta-analysis. J Bone Miner Res 2002, 17:2048-2060.
73. Garnero P., Munoz F., Borel O., Sornay-Rendu E., Delmas P.D. Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms are associated with the risk of fractures in postmenopausal women, independently of bone mineral density. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005, 90:4829-4835.
74. Cummings S.R., Nevitt M.C. Non-skeletal determinants of fractures: the potential importance of the mechanics of falls. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. Osteoporos Int 1994, 4(Suppl. 1):67-70.
75. Cummings S.R. Treatable and untreatable risk factors for hip fracture. Bone 1996, 18(Suppl):165S-167S.
76. Schwartz A., Capezuti E., Grisso J.A. Risk factors for falls as a cause of hip fracture in women. Osteoporosis 2001, 795-808. Academic Press, San Diego. R. Marcus, D. Feldman, J. Kelsey (Eds.).
77. Rizzoli R., Bonjour J.P., Ferrari S.L. Osteoporosis, genetics and hormones. J Mol Endocrinol 2001, 26:79-94.
78. Liu Y.Z., Liu Y.J., Recker R.R., Deng H.W. Molecular studies of identification of genes for osteoporosis: the 2002 update. J Endocrinol 2003, 177:147-196.
79. Ferrari S.L., Deutsch S., Baudoin C., et al. LRP5 gene polymorphisms and idiopathic osteoporosis in men. Bone 2005, 37:770-775.
80. Thakkinstian A., D'Este C., Attia J. Haplotype analysis of VDR gene polymorphisms: a meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int 2004, 15:729-734.
81. Thakkinstian A., D'Este C., Eisman J., Nguyen T., Attia J. Meta-analysis of molecular association studies: vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and BMD as a case study. J Bone Miner Res 2004, 19:419-428.
82. Ferrari S.L. Osteoporosis: a complex disorder of aging with multiple genetic and environmental determinants. World Rev Nutr Diet 2005, 95:35-51.
83. Hey P.J., Twells R.C., Phillips M.S., et al. Cloning of a novel member of the low-density lipoprotein receptor family. Gene 1998, 216:103-111.
84. Gong Y., Slee R.B., Fukai N., et al. LDL receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) affects bone accrual and eye development. Cell 2001, 107:513-523.
85. Ai M., Heeger S., Bartels C.F., Schelling D.K. Clinical and molecular findings in osteoporosis-pseudoglioma syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2005, 77:741-753.
86. Kato M., Patel M.S., Levasseur R., et al. Cbfa1-independent decrease in osteoblast proliferation, osteopenia, and persistent embryonic eye vascularization in mice deficient in Lrp5, a Wnt coreceptor. J Cell Biol 2002, 157:303-314.
87. Boyden L.M., Mao J., Belsky J., et al. High bone density due to a mutation in LDL-receptor-related protein 5. N Engl J Med 2002, 346:1513-1521.
88. Little R.D., Carulli J.P., Del Mastro R.G., et al. A mutation in the LDL receptor-related protein 5 gene results in the autosomal dominant high-bone-mass trait. Am J Hum Genet 2002, 70:11-19.
89. Van Wesenbeeck L., Cleiren E., Gram J., et al. Six novel missense mutations in the LDL receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) gene in different conditions with an increased bone density. Am J Hum Genet 2003, 72:763-771.
90. Livshits G., Trofimov S., Malkin I., Kobyliansky E. Transmission disequilibrium test for hand bone mineral density and 11q12-13 chromosomal segment. Osteoporos Int 2002, 13:461-467.
91. Ferrari S.L., Deutsch S., Choudhury U., et al. Polymorphisms in the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) gene are associated with variation in vertebral bone mass, vertebral bone size, and stature in whites. Am J Hum Genet 2004, 74:866-875.
92. Perola M., Ohman M., Hiekkalinna T., et al. Quantitative-trait-locus analysis of body-mass index and of stature, by combined analysis of genome scans of five Finnish study groups. Am J Hum Genet 2001, 69:117-123.
93. Hirschhorn J.N., Lindgren C.M., Daly M.J., et al. Genomewide linkage analysis of stature in multiple populations reveals several regions with evidence of linkage to adult height. Am J Hum Genet 2001, 69:106-116.
94. Van Pottelbergh I., Goemaere S., Zmierczak H., De Bacquer D., Kaufman J.M. Deficient acquisition of bone during maturation underlies idiopathic osteoporosis in men: evidence from a three-generation family study. J Bone Miner Res 2003, 18:303-311.
95. van Meurs J.B., Rivadeneira F., Jhamai M., et al. Common genetic variation of the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 and 6 genes determines fracture risk in elderly white men. J Bone Miner Res 2006, 21:141-150.
96. Richards J.B., Kavvoura F.K., Rivadeneira F., et al. Collaborative meta-analysis: associations of 150 candidate genes with osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture. Ann Intern Med 2009, 151:528-537.
97. Rivadeneira F., Styrkarsdottir U., Estrada K., et al. Twenty bone-mineral-density loci identified by large-scale meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies. Nat Genet 2009, 41:1199-1206.
98. Dequeker J., Nijs J., Verstraeten A., Geusens P., Gevers G. Genetic determinants of bone mineral content at the spine and radius: a twin study. Bone 1987, 8:207-209.
99. Slemenda C.W., Turner C.H., Peacock M., et al. The genetics of proximal femur geometry, distribution of bone mass and bone mineral density. Osteoporos Int 1996, 6:178-182.
100. Eisman J. Is the genomics glass half empty or completely empty?. BoneKey IBMS 2010, 27-31. http://www.bonekey-ibms.org/cgi/content/full/ibmske 7/1/27.
101. Ferrari S. Human genetics of osteoporosis. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008, 22:723-735.
102. Riggs B.L., Khosla S., Melton L.J. Sex steroids and the construction and conservation of the adult skeleton. Endocr Rev 2002, 23:279-302.
103. Vanderschueren D., Vandenput L., Boonen S. Reversing sex steroid deficiency and optimizing skeletal development in the adolescent with gonadal failure. Endocr Dev 2005, 8:150-165.
104. Bonjour J.P., Rizzoli R. Bone acquisition in adolescence. Osteoporosis 2001, 621-638. Academic Press, San Diego. R. Marcus, D. Feldman, J. Kelsey (Eds.).
105. Niu T., Rosen C.J. The insulin-like growth factor-I gene and osteoporosis: a critical appraisal. Gene 2005, 361:38-56.
106. Vanderschueren D., Vandenput L., Boonen S., Lindberg M.K., Bouillon R., Ohlsson C. Androgens and bone. Endocr Rev 2004, 25:389-425.
107. Abu E.O., Horner A., Kusec V., Triffitt J.T., Compston J.E. The localization of androgen receptors in human bone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997, 82:3493-3497.
108. Nilsson O., Chrysis D., Pajulo O., et al. Localization of estrogen receptors-alpha and -beta and androgen receptor in the human growth plate at different pubertal stages. J Endocrinol 2003, 177:319-326.
109. Marcus R., Leary D., Schneider D.L., Shane E., Favus M., Quigley C.A. The contribution of testosterone to skeletal development and maintenance: lessons from the androgen insensitivity syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000, 85:1032-1037.
110. Migliaccio S., Newbold R.R., Bullock B.C., et al. Alterations of maternal estrogen levels during gestation affect the skeleton of female offspring. Endocrinology 1996, 137:2118-2125.
111. Yakar S., Rosen C.J. From mouse to man: redefining the role of insulin-like growth factor-I in the acquisition of bone mass. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2003, 228:245-252.
112. Condamine L., Menaa C., Vrtovsnik F., Friedlander G., Garabedian M. Local action of phosphate depletion and insulin-like growth factor 1 on in vitro production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D by cultured mammalian kidney cells. J Clin Invest 1994, 94:1673-1679.
113. Menaa C., Vrtovsnik F., Friedlander G., Corvol M., Garabedian M. Insulin-like growth factor I, a unique calcium-dependent stimulator of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 production. Studies in cultured mouse kidney cells. J Biol Chem 1995, 270:25461-25467.
114. Palmer G., Bonjour J.P., Caverzasio J. Stimulation of inorganic phosphate transport by insulin-like growth factor I and vanadate in opossum kidney cells is mediated by distinct protein tyrosine phosphorylation processes. Endocrinology 1996, 137:4699-4705.
115. Caverzasio J., Montessuit C., Bonjour J.P. Stimulatory effect of insulin-like growth factor-1 on renal Pi transport and plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Endocrinology 1990, 127:453-459.
116. Spelsberg T.C., Subramaniam M., Riggs B.L., Khosla S. The actions and interactions of sex steroids and growth factors/cytokines on the skeleton. Mol Endocrinol 1999, 13:819-828.
117. Montessuit C., Bonjour J.P., Caverzasio J. Pi transport regulation by chicken growth plate chondrocytes. Am J Physiol 1994, 267:E24-E31.
118. Montessuit C., Caverzasio J., Bonjour J.P. Characterization of a Pi transport system in cartilage matrix vesicles. Potential role in the calcification process. J Biol Chem 1991, 266:17791-17797.
119. Palmer G., Zhao J., Bonjour J., Hofstetter W., Caverzasio J. In vivo expression of transcripts encoding the Glvr-1 phosphate transporter/retrovirus receptor during bone development. Bone 1999, 24:1-7.
120. Caverzasio J., Bonjour J.P. Characteristics and regulation of Pi transport in osteogenic cells for bone metabolism. Kidney Int 1996, 49:975-980.
121. Palmer G., Bonjour J.P., Caverzasio J. Expression of a newly identified phosphate transporter/retrovirus receptor in human SaOS-2 osteoblast-like cells and its regulation by insulin-like growth factor I. Endocrinology 1997, 138:5202-5209.
122. Ducharme J.R., Forest M.G. Normal pubertal development. Pediatric Endocrinology Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Clinical Aspects 1993, 372-386. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore. J. Betrand, R. Rappaport, P.C. Sizonenko (Eds.).
123. Parent A.S., Teilmann G., Juul A., Skakkebaek N.E., Toppari J., Bourguignon J.P. The timing of normal puberty and the age limits of sexual precocity: variations around the world, secular trends, and changes after migration. Endocr Rev 2003, 24:668-693.
124. Tanner J.M. Growth at Adolescence 1962, Blackwell, Oxford, UK. 2nd ed.
125. Johnell O., Gullberg B., Kanis J.A., et al. Risk factors for hip fracture in European women: the MEDOS Study. Mediterranean Osteoporosis Study. J Bone Miner Res 1995, 10:1802-1815.
126. Melton L.J. Epidemiology of spinal osteoporosis. Spine 1997, 22(Suppl):2S-11S.
127. Silman A.J. Risk factors for Colles' fracture in men and women: results from the European Prospective Osteoporosis Study. Osteoporos Int 2003, 14:213-218.
128. Paganini-Hill A., Atchison K.A., Gornbein J.A., Nattiv A., Service S.K., White S.C. Menstrual and reproductive factors and fracture risk: the Leisure World Cohort Study. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2005, 14:808-819.
129. Ribot C., Pouilles J.M., Bonneu M., Tremollieres F. Assessment of the risk of post-menopausal osteoporosis using clinical factors. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1992, 36:225-228.
130. Fox K.M., Magaziner J., Sherwin R., et al. Reproductive correlates of bone mass in elderly women. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. J Bone Miner Res 1993, 8:901-908.
131. Tuppurainen M., Kroger H., Saarikoski S., Honkanen R., Alhava E. The effect of gynecological risk factors on lumbar and femoral bone mineral density in peri- and postmenopausal women. Maturitas 1995, 21:137-145.
132. Varenna M., Binelli L., Zucchi F., Ghiringhelli D., Gallazzi M., Sinigaglia L. Prevalence of osteoporosis by educational level in a cohort of postmenopausal women. Osteoporos Int 1999, 9:236-241.
133. Rosenthal D.I., Mayo-Smith W., Hayes C.W., et al. Age and bone mass in premenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res 1989, 4:533-538.
134. Ito M., Yamada M., Hayashi K., Ohki M., Uetani M., Nakamura T. Relation of early menarche to high bone mineral density. Calcif Tissue Int 1995, 57:11-14.
135. Fujita Y., Katsumata K., Unno A., Tawa T., Tokita A. Factors affecting peak bone density in Japanese women. Calcif Tissue Int 1999, 64:107-111.
136. Chevalley T., Bonjour J.P., Ferrari S., Rizzoli R. The influence of pubertal timing on bone mass acquisition: a predetermined trajectory detectable five years before menarche. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009, 94:3424-3431.
137. Armamento-Villareal R., Villareal D.T., Avioli L.V., Civitelli R. Estrogen status and heredity are major determinants of premenopausal bone mass. J Clin Invest 1992, 90:2464-2471.
138. Nguyen T.V., Jones G., Sambrook P.N., White C.P., Kelly P.J., Eisman J.A. Effects of estrogen exposure and reproductive factors on bone mineral density and osteoporotic fractures. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995, 80:2709-2714.
139. Galuska D.A., Sowers M.R. Menstrual history and bone density in young women. J Womens Health Gend Based Med 1999, 8:647-656.
140. Petri E. Untersuchungen zur Erbbedingheit der Menarche. Z Morphol Anthropol 1935, 33:43-48.
141. Kaprio J., Rimpela A., Winter T., Viken R.J., Rimpela M., Rose R.J. Common genetic influences on BMI and age at menarche. Hum Biol 1995, 67:739-753.
142. Salces I., Rebato E.M., Susanne C., San Martin L., Rosique J. Familial resemblance for the age at menarche in Basque population. Ann Hum Biol 2001, 28:143-156.
143. Gajdos Z.K., Butler J.L., Henderson K.D., et al. Association studies of common variants in 10 hypogonadotropic hypogonadism genes with age at menarche. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008, 93:4290-4298.
144. Seminara S.B. Lack of association of hypogonadotropic genes with age at menarche: prospects for the future. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008, 93:4224-4225.
145. Ralston S.H., Uitterlinden A.G. Genetics of osteoporosis. Endocr Rev 2010, 31:629-662.
146. Johnell O., Kanis J.A., Oden A., et al. Predictive value of BMD for hip and other fractures. J Bone Miner Res 2005, 20:1185-1194.
147. Kindblom J.M., Lorentzon M., Norjavaara E., et al. Pubertal timing predicts previous fractures and BMD in young adult men: the GOOD study. J Bone Miner Res 2006, 21:790-795.
148. Ferrari S., Chevalley T., Van Rietbergen B., Bonjour J.-P., Rizzoli R. Reduced bone strength in young adult women with clinical fractures during childhood and adolescence. J Bone Miner Res 2010, 25(Suppl. 1):S40.
149. Chevalley T., Bonjour J.-P., Van Rietbergen B., Ferrari S., Rizzoli R. Fractures in healthy adolescent boys are associated with reduced bone strength as assessed by finite element analysis at weight-bearing skeletal sites. J Bone Miner Res 2010, 25(Suppl. 1):S64-S65.
150. Robling A.G., Castillo A.B., Turner C.H. Biomechanical and molecular regulation of bone remodeling. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2006, 8:455-498.
151. Robling A.G., Bellido T.M., Turner C.H. Mechanical loading reduced osteocyte expression of sclerostin protein. J Bone Miner Res 2006, 21(Suppl. 1):S72.
152. Bass S.L., Saxon L., Daly R.M., et al. The effect of mechanical loading on the size and shape of bone in pre-, peri-, and postpubertal girls: a study in tennis players. J Bone Miner Res 2002, 17:2274-2280.
153. Karlsson M.K., Linden C., Karlsson C., Johnell O., Obrant K., Seeman E. Exercise during growth and bone mineral density and fractures in old age. Lancet 2000, 355:469-470.
154. Nordstrom A., Karlsson C., Nyquist F., Olsson T., Nordstrom P., Karlsson M. Bone loss and fracture risk after reduced physical activity. J Bone Miner Res 2005, 20:202-207.
155. Haapasalo H., Kontulainen S., Sievanen H., Kannus P., Jarvinen M., Vuori I. Exercise-induced bone gain is due to enlargement in bone size without a change in volumetric bone density: a peripheral quantitative computed tomography study of the upper arms of male tennis players. Bone 2000, 27:351-357.
156. Karlsson M.K. Does exercise during growth prevent fractures in later life?. Med Sport Sci 2007, 51:121-136.
157. Kontulainen S.A., Hughes J.M., Macdonald H.M., Johnston J.D. The biomechanical basis of bone strength development during growth. Med Sport Sci 2007, 51:13-32.
158. Fuchs R.K., Bauer J.J., Snow C.M. Jumping improves hip and lumbar spine bone mass in prepubescent children: a randomized controlled trial. J Bone Miner Res 2001, 16:148-156.
159. MacKelvie K.J., Khan K.M., McKay H.A. Is there a critical period for bone response to weight-bearing exercise in children and adolescents? a systematic review. Br J Sports Med 2002, 36:250-257. discussion 7.
160. McKay H.A., MacLean L., Petit M., et al. "Bounce at the Bell": a novel program of short bouts of exercise improves proximal femur bone mass in early pubertal children. Br J Sports Med 2005, 39:521-526.
161. Hind K., Burrows M. Weight-bearing exercise and bone mineral accrual in children and adolescents: a review of controlled trials. Bone 2007, 40:14-27.
162. Hughes J.M., Novotny S.A., Wetzsteon R.J., Petit M.A. Lessons learned from school-based skeletal loading intervention trials: putting research into practice. Med Sport Sci 2007, 51:137-158.
163. Gunter K., Baxter-Jones A.D., Mirwald R.L., et al. Impact exercise increases BMC during growth: an 8-year longitudinal study. J Bone Miner Res 2008, 23:986-993.
164. Gunter K., Baxter-Jones A.D., Mirwald R.L., et al. Jump starting skeletal health: a 4-year longitudinal study assessing the effects of jumping on skeletal development in pre and circum pubertal children. Bone 2008, 42:710-718.
165. Macdonald H.M., Kontulainen S.A., Petit M.A., Beck T.J., Khan K.M., McKay H.A. Does a novel school-based physical activity model benefit femoral neck bone strength in pre- and early pubertal children?. Osteoporos Int 2008, 19:1445-1456.
166. Daly R.M. The effect of exercise on bone mass and structural geometry during growth. Med Sport Sci 2007, 51:33-49.
167. Kriemler S., Zahner L., Puder J.J., et al. Weight-bearing bones are more sensitive to physical exercise in boys than in girls during pre- and early puberty: a cross-sectional study. Osteoporos Int 2008, 19:1749-1758.
168. Ward K.A., Roberts S.A., Adams J.E., Mughal M.Z. Bone geometry and density in the skeleton of pre-pubertal gymnasts and school children. Bone 2005, 36:1012-1018.
169. Schoenau E., Frost H.M. The "muscle-bone unit" in children and adolescents. Calcif Tissue Int 2002, 70:405-407.
170. Daly R.M., Saxon L., Turner C.H., Robling A.G., Bass S.L. The relationship between muscle size and bone geometry during growth and in response to exercise. Bone 2004, 34:281-287.
171. Ducher G., Courteix D., Meme S., Magni C., Viala J.F., Benhamou C.L. Bone geometry in response to long-term tennis playing and its relationship with muscle volume: a quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study in tennis players. Bone 2005, 37:457-466.
172. Suuriniemi M., Mahonen A., Kovanen V., et al. Association between exercise and pubertal BMD is modulated by estrogen receptor alpha genotype. J Bone Miner Res 2004, 19:1758-1765.
173. Remes T., Vaisanen S.B., Mahonen A., et al. Aerobic exercise and bone mineral density in middle-aged Finnish men: a controlled randomized trial with reference to androgen receptor, aromatase, and estrogen receptor alpha gene polymorphisms small star, filled. Bone 2003, 32:412-420.
174. Omasu F., Kitagawa J., Koyama K., et al. The influence of VDR genotype and exercise on ultrasound parameters in young adult Japanese women. J Physiol Anthropol Appl Human Sci 2004, 23:49-55.
175. Nakamura O., Ishii T., Ando Y., et al. Potential role of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism in determining bone phenotype in young male athletes. J Appl Physiol 2002, 93:1973-1979.
176. Tajima O., Ashizawa N., Ishii T., et al. Interaction of the effects between vitamin D receptor polymorphism and exercise training on bone metabolism. J Appl Physiol 2000, 88:1271-1276.
177. Dhamrait S.S., James L., Brull D.J., et al. Cortical bone resorption during exercise is interleukin-6 genotype-dependent. Eur J Appl Physiol 2003, 89:21-25.
178. Klein-Nulend J., Bacabac R.G., Mullender M.G. Mechanobiology of bone tissue. Pathol Biol (Paris) 2005, 53:576-580.
179. Suva L.J., Gaddy D., Perrien D.S., Thomas R.L., Findlay D.M. Regulation of bone mass by mechanical loading: microarchitecture and genetics. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2005, 3:46-51.
180. Rubin J., Rubin C., Jacobs C.R. Molecular pathways mediating mechanical signaling in bone. Gene 2006, 367:1-16.
181. Klein-Nulend J., Nijweide P.J., Burger E.H. Osteocyte and bone structure. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2003, 1:5-10.
182. Balemans W., Ebeling M., Patel N., et al. Increased bone density in sclerosteosis is due to the deficiency of a novel secreted protein (SOST). Hum Mol Genet 2001, 10:537-543.
183. Balemans W., Van Hul W. Identification of the disease-causing gene in sclerosteosis - discovery of a novel bone anabolic target?. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact 2004, 4:139-142.
184. Balemans W., Cleiren E., Siebers U., Horst J., Van Hul W. A generalized skeletal hyperostosis in two siblings caused by a novel mutation in the SOST gene. Bone 2005, 36:943-947.
185. Li X., Zhang Y., Kang H., et al. Sclerostin binds to LRP5/6 and antagonizes canonical Wnt signaling. J Biol Chem 2005, 280:19883-19887.
186. Sawakami K., Robling A.G., Ai M., et al. The Wnt co-receptor LRP5 is essential for skeletal mechanotransduction but not for the anabolic bone response to parathyroid hormone treatment. J Biol Chem 2006, 281:23698-23711.
187. Ominsky M., Stouch B., Doellgast G., et al. Administration of sclerostin antibodies to female cynomolgus monkeys results in increased bone formation, bone mineral density and bone strength. J Bone Miner Res 2006, 21(Suppl. 1):S44.
188. Uitterlinden A.G., Arp P.P., Paeper B.W., et al. Polymorphisms in the sclerosteosis/van Buchem disease gene (SOST) region are associated with bone-mineral density in elderly whites. Am J Hum Genet 2004, 75:1032-1045.
189. Husted L.B., Carstens M., Stenkir L., Langdahl B.L. A polymorphism in the Van Buchem deletion region of the SOST gene is associated with increased bone mass. J Bone Miner Res 2006, 21(Suppl. 1):S423.
190. Warren M.P., Goodman L.R. Exercise-induced endocrine pathologies. J Endocrinol Invest 2003, 26:873-878.
191. Zanker C., Hind K. The effect of energy balance on endocrine function and bone health in youth. Med Sport Sci 2007, 51:81-101.
192. Gremion G., Rizzoli R., Slosman D., Theintz G., Bonjour J.P. Oligo-amenorrheic long-distance runners may lose more bone in spine than in femur. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001, 33:15-21.
193. Outila T.A., Karkkainen M.U., Lamberg-Allardt C.J. Vitamin D status affects serum parathyroid hormone concentrations during winter in female adolescents: associations with forearm bone mineral density. Am J Clin Nutr 2001, 74:206-210.
194. Cashman K.D., Hill T.R., Cotter A.A., et al. Low vitamin D status adversely affects bone health parameters in adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr 2008, 87:1039-1044.
195. Cheng S., Tylavsky F., Kroger H., et al. Association of low 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations with elevated parathyroid hormone concentrations and low cortical bone density in early pubertal and prepubertal Finnish girls. Am J Clin Nutr 2003, 78:485-492.
196. Andersen R., Molgaard C., Skovgaard L.T., et al. Teenage girls and elderly women living in northern Europe have low winter vitamin D status. Eur J Clin Nutr 2005, 59:533-541.
197. Lapatsanis D., Moulas A., Cholevas V., Soukakos P., Papadopoulou Z.L., Challa A., Vitamin D. a necessity for children and adolescents in Greece. Calcif Tissue Int 2005, 77:348-355.
198. Ginty F., Cavadini C., Michaud P.A., et al. Effects of usual nutrient intake and vitamin D status on markers of bone turnover in Swiss adolescents. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004, 58:1257-1265.
199. Mithal A., Wahl D.A., Bonjour J.P., et al. Global vitamin D status and determinants of hypovitaminosis D. Osteoporos Int 2009, 20:1807-1820.
200. Arabi A., El Rassi R., El-Hajj Fuleihan G. Hypovitaminosis D in developing countries - prevalence, risk factors and outcomes. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2010, 6:550-561.
201. Taylor J.A., Geyer L.J., Feldman K.W. Use of supplemental vitamin d among infants breastfed for prolonged periods. Pediatrics 2010, 125:105-111.
202. Wagner C.L., Greer F.R. Prevention of rickets and vitamin D deficiency in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatrics 2008, 122:1142-1152.
203. Zamora S.A., Rizzoli R., Belli D.C., Slosman D.O., Bonjour J.P. Vitamin D supplementation during infancy is associated with higher bone mineral mass in prepubertal girls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999, 84:4541-4544.
204. Viljakainen H.T., Saarnio E., Hytinantti T., et al. Maternal vitamin D status determines bone variables in the newborn. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010, 95:1749-1757.
205. Esterle L., Nguyen M., Walrant-Debray O., Sabatier J.P., Garabedian M. Adverse interaction of low-calcium diet and low 25(OH)D levels on lumbar spine mineralization in late-pubertal girls. J Bone Miner Res 2010, 25:2392-2398.
206. Viljakainen H.T., Natri A.M., Karkkainen M., et al. A positive dose-response effect of vitamin D supplementation on site-specific bone mineral augmentation in adolescent girls: a double-blinded randomized placebo-controlled 1-year intervention. J Bone Miner Res 2006, 21:836-844.
207. El-Hajj Fuleihan G., Nabulsi M., et al. Effect of vitamin D replacement on musculoskeletal parameters in school children: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006, 91:405-412.
208. Voloc A., Esterle L., Nguyen T.M., et al. High prevalence of genu varum/valgum in European children with low vitamin D status and insufficient dairy products/calcium intakes. Eur J Endocrinol 2010, 163:811-817.
209. Kalkwarf H.J., Khoury J.C., Lanphear B.P. Milk intake during childhood and adolescence, adult bone density, and osteoporotic fractures in US women. Am J Clin Nutr 2003, 77:257-265.
210. Wosje K.S., Specker B.L. Role of calcium in bone health during childhood. Nutr Rev 2000, 58:253-268.
211. Bonjour J.P., Ammann P., Chevalley T., Ferrari S., Rizzoli R. Nutritional aspects of bone growth: an overview. Nutritional Aspects of Bone Health 2003, 111-127. The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK. S. New, J.P. Bonjour (Eds.).
212. Clavien H., Theintz G., Rizzoli R., Bonjour J.P. Does puberty alter dietary habits in adolescents living in a western society?. J Adolesc Health 1996, 19:68-75.
213. Bonjour J.P., Chevalley T., Ferrari S., Rizzoli R. The importance and relevance of peak bone mass in the prevalence of osteoporosis. Salud Publica Mex 2009, 51(Suppl. 1):S5-17.
214. Bonjour J.P. Is peripuberty the most opportune time to increase calcium intake in healthy girls?. BoneKEy-Osteovision 2005 March, 2(3):6-11. http://wwwbonekey-ibmsorg/cgi/content/full/ibmske 2/3/6.
215. Johnston C.C., Miller J.Z., Slemenda C.W., et al. Calcium supplementation and increases in bone mineral density in children. N Engl J Med 1992, 327:82-87.
216. Nowson C.A., Green R.M., Hopper J.L., et al. A co-twin study of the effect of calcium supplementation on bone density during adolescence. Osteoporos Int 1997, 7:219-225.
217. Bonjour J.P., Carrie A.L., Ferrari S., et al. Calcium-enriched foods and bone mass growth in prepubertal girls: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Invest 1997, 99:1287-1294.
218. Barker D.J. Intrauterine programming of adult disease. Mol Med Today 1995, 1:418-423.
219. Cooper C., Westlake S., Harvey N., Javaid K., Dennison E., Hanson M. Review: developmental origins of osteoporotic fracture. Osteoporos Int 2006, 17:337-347.
220. Specker B.L., Mulligan L., Ho M. Longitudinal study of calcium intake, physical activity, and bone mineral content in infants 6-18 months of age. J Bone Miner Res 1999, 14:569-576.
221. Specker B., Binkley T. Randomized trial of physical activity and calcium supplementation on bone mineral content in 3- to 5-year-old children. J Bone Miner Res 2003, 18:885-892.
222. Specker B., Vukovich M. Evidence for an interaction between exercise and nutrition for improved bone health during growth. Med Sport Sci 2007, 51:50-63.
223. Iuliano-Burns S., Saxon L., Naughton G., Gibbons K., Bass S.L. Regional specificity of exercise and calcium during skeletal growth in girls: a randomized controlled trial. J Bone Miner Res 2003, 18:156-162.
224. Courteix D., Jaffre C., Lespessailles E., Benhamou L. Cumulative effects of calcium supplementation and physical activity on bone accretion in premenarchal children: a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled trial. Int J Sports Med 2005, 26:332-338.
225. Chevalley T., Bonjour J.P., Ferrari S., Hans D., Rizzoli R. Skeletal site selectivity in the effects of calcium supplementation on areal bone mineral density gain: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in prepubertal boys. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005, 90:3342-3349.
226. Ordovas J.M., Mooser V. Nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics. Curr Opin Lipidol 2004, 15:101-108.
227. van Ommen B. Nutrigenomics: exploiting systems biology in the nutrition and health arenas. Nutrition 2004, 20:4-8.
228. Mutch D.M., Wahli W., Williamson G. Nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics: the emerging faces of nutrition. Faseb J 2005, 19:1602-1616.
229. Mariman E.C. Nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics: the 'omics' revolution in nutritional science. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2006, 44:119-128.
230. Ferrari S.L., Rizzoli R., Slosman D.O., Bonjour J.P. Do dietary calcium and age explain the controversy surrounding the relationship between bone mineral density and vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms?. J Bone Miner Res 1998, 13:363-370.
231. Ferrari S., Bonjour J.P., Rizzoli R. The vitamin D receptor gene and calcium metabolism. Trends Endocrinol Metab 1998, 9:259-265.
232. Gong G., Stern H.S., Cheng S.C., et al. The association of bone mineral density with vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms. Osteoporos Int 1999, 9:55-64.
233. Sainz J., Van Tornout J.M., Loro M.L., Sayre J., Roe T.F., Gilsanz V. Vitamin D-receptor gene polymorphisms and bone density in prepubertal American girls of Mexican descent. N Engl J Med 1997, 337:77-82.
234. Cadogan J., Eastell R., Jones N., Barker M.E. Milk intake and bone mineral acquisition in adolescent girls: randomised, controlled intervention trial. Br Med J 1997, 315:1255-1260.
235. Chevalley T., Rizzoli R., Hans D., Ferrari S., Bonjour J.P. Interaction between calcium intake and menarcheal age on bone mass gain: an eight-year follow-up study from prepuberty to postmenarche. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005, 90:44-51.
236. Prentice A., Ginty F., Stear S.J., Jones S.C., Laskey M.A., Cole T.J. Calcium supplementation increases stature and bone mineral mass of 16- to 18-year-old boys. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005, 90:3153-3161.
237. Institute of Medicine Food and Nutrition Board Dietary References Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D and Fluoride 1997, National Academy Press, Washington, DC.
238. Committee on Medical Aspects of Food and Nutrition Policy (COMA) Nutrition and Bone Health: with particular reference to calcium and vitamin D 1998, The Stationery Office, London, UK.
239. Valeur de références pour les apports nutrtritionnels. Société Suisse de Nutrition; 2002.
240. World Health Organization Prevention and management of osteoporosis. Report of a scientific group 2003, WHO Technical Report Series, No 921.
241. Schurch M.A., Rizzoli R., Slosman D., Vadas L., Vergnaud P., Bonjour J.P. Protein supplements increase serum insulin-like growth factor-I levels and attenuate proximal femur bone loss in patients with recent hip fracture. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1998, 128:801-809.
242. Bonjour J.P., Ammann P., Chevalley T., Rizzoli R. Protein intake and bone growth. Can J Appl Physiol 2001, 26(Suppl):S153-S166.
243. Kerstetter J.E., O'Brien K.O., Insogna K.L. Dietary protein, calcium metabolism, and skeletal homeostasis revisited. Am J Clin Nutr 2003, 78(Suppl):584S-592S.
244. Conigrave A.D., Mun H.C., Delbridge L., Quinn S.J., Wilkinson M., Brown E.M. L-amino acids regulate parathyroid hormone secretion. J Biol Chem 2004, 279:38151-38159.
245. Conigrave A.D., Brown E.M., Rizzoli R. Dietary protein and bone health: roles of amino acid-sensing receptors in the control of calcium metabolism and bone homeostasis. Annu Rev Nutr 2008, 28:131-155.
246. Chevalley T., Rizzoli R., Manen D., Caverzasio J., Bonjour J.P. Arginine increases insulin-like growth factor-I production and collagen synthesis in osteoblast-like cells. Bone 1998, 23:103-109.
247. Garn S.M., Rohmann C.G., Behar M., Viteri F., Guzman M.A. Compact bone deficiency in protein-calorie malnutrition. Science 1964, 145:1444-1445.
248. Thissen J.P., Triest S., Maes M., Underwood L.E., Ketelslegers J.M. The decreased plasma concentration of insulin-like growth factor-I in protein-restricted rats is not due to decreased numbers of growth hormone receptors on isolated hepatocytes. J Endocrinol 1990, 124:159-165.
249. Alexy U., Remer T., Manz F., Neu C.M., Schoenau E. Long-term protein intake and dietary potential renal acid load are associated with bone modeling and remodeling at the proximal radius in healthy children. Am J Clin Nutr 2005, 82:1107-1114.
250. Iuliano-Burns S., Stone J., Hopper J.L., Seeman E. Diet and exercise during growth have site-specific skeletal effects: a co-twin control study. Osteoporos Int 2005, 16:1225-1232.
251. Cheng S., Lyytikainen A., Kroger H., et al. Effects of calcium, dairy product, and vitamin D supplementation on bone mass accrual and body composition in 10-12-y-old girls: a 2-y randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2005, 82:1115-1126. quiz 47-8.
252. Du X., Zhu K., Trube A., et al. School-milk intervention trial enhances growth and bone mineral accretion in Chinese girls aged 10-12 years in Beijing. Br J Nutr 2004, 92:159-168.
253. Merrilees M.J., Smart E.J., Gilchrist N.L., et al. Effects of diary food supplements on bone mineral density in teenage girls. Eur J Nutr 2000, 39:256-262.
254. Teegarden D., Lyle R.M., Proulx W.R., Johnston C.C., Weaver C.M. Previous milk consumption is associated with greater bone density in young women. Am J Clin Nutr 1999, 69:1014-1017.
255. Matkovic V., Kostial K., Simonovic I., Buzina R., Brodarec A., Nordin B.E. Bone status and fracture rates in two regions of Yugoslavia. Am J Clin Nutr 1979, 32:540-549.
256. Heaney R.P. Protein intake and bone health: the influence of belief systems on the conduct of nutritional science. Am J Clin Nutr 2001, 73:5-6.
257. Rizzoli R., Bonjour J.P. Dietary protein and bone health. J Bone Miner Res 2004, 19:527-531.
258. Bonjour J.P. Dietary protein: an essential nutrient for bone health. J Am Coll Nutr 2005, 24(Suppl):526S-536S.
259. Fenton T.R., Lyon A.W., Eliasziw M., Tough S.C., Hanley D.A. Meta-analysis of the effect of the acid-ash hypothesis of osteoporosis on calcium balance. J Bone Miner Res 2009, 24:1835-1840.
260. Darling A.L., Millward D.J., Torgerson D.J., Hewitt C.E., Lanham-New S.A. Dietary protein and bone health: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2009, 90:1674-1692.
261. Fenton T.R., Eliasziw M., Tough S.C., Lyon A.W., Brown J.P., Hanley D.A. Low urine pH and acid excretion do not predict bone fractures or the loss of bone mineral density: a prospective cohort study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2010, 11:88.
262. Chevalley T., Bonjour J.P., Ferrari S., Rizzoli R. High-protein intake enhances the positive impact of physical activity on BMC in prepubertal boys. J Bone Miner Res 2008, 23:131-142.
263. Bouxsein M.L. Biomechanics of age-related fractures. Osteoporosis 2001, 509-534. Academic Press, San Diego. R. Marcus, D. Feldman, J. Kelsey (Eds.).
264. Hanauer A., Young I.D. Coffin-Lowry syndrome: clinical and molecular features. J Med Genet 2002, 39:705-713.
265. Pereira P.M., Schneider A., Pannetier S., Heron D., Hanauer A. Coffin-Lowry syndrome. Eur J Hum Genet 2010, 18:627-633.
266. Yang X., Matsuda K., Bialek P., et al. ATF4 is a substrate of RSK2 and an essential regulator of osteoblast biology; implication for Coffin-Lowry syndrome. Cell 2004, 117:387-398.
267. Harding H.P., Zhang Y., Zeng H., et al. An integrated stress response regulates amino acid metabolism and resistance to oxidative stress. Mol Cell 2003, 11:619-633.
268. Elefteriou F., Benson M.D., Sowa H., et al. ATF4 mediation of NF1 functions in osteoblast reveals a nutritional basis for congenital skeletal dysplasiae. Cell Metab 2006, 4:441-451.
269. Martin T.J. Protein nutrition as therapy for a genetic disorder of bone?. Cell Metab 2006, 4:419-420.
270. World Health Organization. Energy and protein requirements. Report of a joint FAO/WHO/UNO expert consultation. Geneva, Switzerland; 1985.
271. National Research Council Recommended Dietary Allowances 1989, National Academy Press, Washington, DC. 10th ed.
272. Dewey K.G., Beaton G., Fjeld C., Lonnerdal B., Reeds P. Protein requirements of infants and children. Eur J Clin Nutr 1996, 50(Suppl. 1):S119-S147. discussion S47-50.
273. Martin A.D. Apports nutritionnels conseillés pour la population française 2001, TEC&DOC, Paris. 3rd ed.
274. Bounds W., Skinner J., Carruth B.R., Ziegler P. The relationship of dietary and lifestyle factors to bone mineral indexes in children. J Am Diet Assoc 2005, 105:735-741.
275. Rodriguez N.R. Optimal quantity and composition of protein for growing children. J Am Coll Nutr 2005, 24:150S-154S.
276. Young V.R., Borgonha S. Nitrogen and amino acid requirements: the Massachusetts Institute of Technology amino acid requirement pattern. J Nutr 2000, 130:1841S-1849S.