Molecular Techniques

Chemical Analysis of Food: Techniques and Applications

Volumn , Issue , 2012, Pages 407-461

  Singh, Anu ^a,b   Singh, Manoj Pratap ^a   Sharma, V ^a   Verma, H N ^b   Arora, Kavita ^a  

^a JAWAHARLAL NEHRU UNIVERSITY   (India)

^b JAIPUR NATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (India)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 84882778457     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-384862-8.00013-3     Document Type: Chapter

References (153)

1. H. Aarts, J.P. van Rie and E.J. Kok (2002) Molecular diagnostics: current technology and applications. Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics 2 69-76.
2. F.E. Ahmed (2002) Detection of genetically modified organisms in foods. Trends Biotechnology 20(5), 215-223.
3. S.H. Aliyu, M.H. Aliyu, H.M. Salihu, S. Parmar, H. Jalal and M.D. Curran (2004) Rapid detection and quantitation of hepatitis B virus DNA by real-time PCR using a new fluorescent (FRET) detection system. Journal of Clinical Virology 30 191.
4. C. Arnal, V. Ferre-Aubineau, B. Mignotte, B.M. Imbert-Marcille and S. Billaudel (1999) Quantification of hepatitis A virus in shellfish by competitive reverse transcription-PCR with coextraction of standard RNA. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65 322.
5. F. Barany (1991) Genetic disease detection and DNA amplification using cloned thermostable ligase. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 88 189-193.
6. F. Barany (1991) The ligase chain reaction in a PCR world. PCR Methods and Applications 1 5-16.
7. K. Barringer, L. Orgel, G. Wahl and T.R. Gingeras (1990) Blunt-end and single-stranded ligations by Escherichia coli ligase: influence on an in vitro amplification scheme. Gene 89 117-122.
8. C.A. Batt, P. Wagner, M. Wiedmann, J. Luo and R.O. Gilbert (1994) Detection of bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency by nonisotopic ligase chain reaction. Animal Genetics 25 95-98.
9. A.K. Bej, M.H. Mahbubani, R. Miller, J.L. DiCesare, L. Haft and R.M. Atlas (1990) Multiplex PCR amplification and immobilized capture probes for detection of bacterial pathogens and indicators in water. Molecular and Cellular Probes. 4 353-365.
10. A.K. Bej, S.C. McCarty and R.M. Atlas (1991) Detection of coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli by multiplex polymerase chain reaction: comparison with defined substrate and plating methods for water quality monitoring. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 57 1473-1479.
11. L. Birch, C.L. Archard, H.C. Parkes and D.G. McDowell (2001) Evaluation of labchip technology for GMO analysis in food. Food Control 12 535-540.
12. P. Boerlin, E. Bannerman, F. Ischer, J. Rocurt and J. Bille (1995) Typing of Listeria monocytogenes: a comparison of random amplification of polymorphic DNA with 5 other methods. Research in Microbiology 146 35-49.
13. R. Bordoni, A. Germini, A. Mezzelani, R. Marchelli and G. De Bellis (2005) A microarray platform for parallel detection of five transgenic events in foods: a combined polymerase chain reaction−ligation detection reaction−universal array method. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry 53 912-918.
14. M. Burns, D. Shanahan, H. Valdivia and N. Harris (2003) Quantitative event-specific multiplex PCR detection of roundup ready soya using labchip technology. European Food Research and Technology 216 428-433.
15. S.A. Bustin (2000) Absolute quantification of mRNA using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays. Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 25 169-193.
16. C.P. Cartwright (1995) Polymerase chain reaction ribotyping: a “universal” approach? Journal of Infectious Diseases 172 1638-1639.
17. J.D. Carver (1999) Dietary nucleotides: effects on the immune and gastrointestinal systems. Acta Paediatrica 88 83-88.
18. N. Casas, F. Amarita and I.M. de Maranon (2007) Molecular methods for the detection and characterization of foodborne pathogens. International Journal of Food Microbiology 120 179.
19. J.S. Chamberlain, R.A. Gibbs, J.E. Gibbs, P.N. Ranier, Nguyen and C.T. Caskey (1988) Deletion screening of the duchenne muscular dystrophy locus via multiplex DNA amplification. Nucleic Acids Research. 16 11141-11156.
20. J.S. Chamberlain, R.A. Gibbs, J.E. Ranier and C.T. Caskey (1992) Detection of gene deletions using multiplex polymerase chain reactions. Methods in Molecular Biology. 9 299-312.
21. A.B. Chan and J.D. Fox (1999) NASBA and other transcription-based amplification methods for research and diagnostic microbiology. Reviews in Medical Microbiology 10 185-196.
22. A. Chien, D.B. Edgar and J.M. Trela (1976) Deoxyribonucleic acid polymerase from the extreme thermophile Thermus aquatzcus. Journal of Bacteriology 127 1550-1557.
23. H. Christensen, K. Jorgensen and J.E. Olsen (1999) Differentiation of campylobacter coli and C. jejuni by length and DNA sequence of the 16S–23S rRNA internal spacer region. Microbiology 145 99-105.
24. E. Churruca, C. Girbau, I. Martinez, E. Mateo, R. Alonso and A. Fernandez-Astorga (2007) Detection of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli in chicken meat samples by real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification with molecular beacons. International Journal of Food Microbiology 117 85.
25. Codex Alimentarius Commission (2004) Criteria for the Methods for the Detection and Identification of Foods Derived from Biotechnology. General Approach and Criteria for the Methods. CX/MAS 04/10
26. N. Cook (2003) The use of NASBA for the detection of microbial pathogens in food and environmental samples. Journal of Microbiological Methods 53 165-174.
27. S. Crutchfield, F. Kuchler and J.N. Variyam (1999) New federal policies and programs for food safety. Food Safety. 22 2.
28. J. Czajka, N. Bsat, M. Piani, W. Russ, K. Sultana, M. Wiedman, J. Whitaker and Batt (1993) Differentiation of Listeria monocytogens and Listeria innocua by 16S rRNA genes and intraspecies discrimination of Listeria monocytogenes strains by random amplified polymorphic DNA polymorphisms. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 59 304-308.
29. M.P. De Baar, E.C. Timmermans, M. Bakker, E. de Rooij, B. van Gemen and J. Goudsmit (2001) One-tube real-time isothermal amplification assay to identify and distinguish human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtypes A, B, and C and circulating recombinant forms AE and AG. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 39 1895-1902.
30. W. Doerfler (2000) Foreign DNA in Mammalian Systems. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH
31. J.L. Domingo (2007) Toxicity studies of genetically modified plants: a review of the published literature. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 47 721-733.
32. W. Dong, L. Yang, K. Shen, B. Kim, G.A. Kleter, H.J.P. Marvin, R. Guo, W. Liang and D. Zhang (2008) BMC Bioinformatics 9 260.
33. W.F. Doolittle and N.R. Pace (1971) Transcriptional organization of the ribosomal RNA cistrons in Escherichia coli. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. USA 68 1786-1790.
34. EC Regulation 2003. Regulation (EC) No 1830/2003 of 22/09/2003 concerning the traceability and labelling of genetically modified organisms and the traceability of food and feed products produced from genetically modified organisms and amending directive 2001/18/EC.
35. R.L. Edelstein, C.R. Tamanaha, P.E. Sheehan, M.M. Miller, D.R. Baselt, L.J. Whitman and R.J. Colton (2000) The BARC biosensor applied to the detection of biological warfare agents. Biosensors and Bioelectronics 14 805-813.
36. K. Edwards, J. Logan and N. Saunders (2004) Real-Time PCR: An Essential Guide. UK: Horizon Bioscience
37. H. Emons (2010) GMO analysis – a complex and challenging undertaking. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 396(6), 1949-1950.
38. H.A. Erlich, D. Gelfand and J.J. Sninsky (1991) Recent advances in the polymerase chain reaction. Science 252 1643-1650.
39. S.W. Ewen and A. Pusztai (1999) Effect of diets containing genetically modified potatoes expressing Galanthus nivalis lectin on rat small intestine. Lancet 354 1353-1354.
40. N.H. Fares and A.K. El-Sayed (1998) Fine structural changes in the ileum of mice fed on delta-endotoxin-treated potatoes and transgenic potatoes. Natural Toxins 6 219-233.
41. W.G. Feero, J. Wang, F. Barany, J. Zhou, S.M. Todorovic, R. Conwit, G. Galloway, I. Hausmanowa- Petrusewicz, A. Fidzianska, K. Arahata, H.B. Wessel, C. Wadelius, H.G. Marks, P. Hartlage, H. Hayakawa and E.P. Hoffman (1993) Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis: rapid molecular diagnosis and relationship of genotype to phenotype in 12 families. Neurology 43 668-673.
42. E.J. Feil and B.G. Spratt (2001) Recombination and the population structures of bacterial pathogens. Annual Review of Microbiology 55 561-590.
43. G.E. Fox, E. Stackebrandt, R.B. Hespell, J. Gibson, J. Maniloff, T.A. Dyer, R.S. Wolfe, W.E. Balch, R.S. Tanner, L.J. Magrum, L.B. Zablen, R. Blakemore, R. Gupta, L. Bonen, B.J. Lewis, D.A. Stahl, K.R. Luehrsen, K.N. Chen and C.R. Woese (1980) The phylogeny of prokaryotes. Science 209 457-463.
44. V.P. Gannon, R.K. King, J.Y. Kim and E.J. Gotsteyn Thomas (1992) Rapid and sensitive method for the detection of Shiga-like toxin producing bacteria in ground beef using the polymerase chain reaction. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 58(12), 3809-3815.
45. V. García-Cañas, R. Gonzalez and A. Cifuentes (2002) Detection of genetically modified organisms in foods by DNA amplification techniques. Journal of Separation Science 25
46. V. Garcıa-Canas, R. Gonzalez and A. Cifuentes (2004) The combined use of molecular techniques and capillary electrophoresis in food analysis. Trends in Analytical Chemistry 23(9), 637-642.
47. A. Germini, S. Rossi, A. Zanetti, R. Corradini, C. Fogher and R. Marchelli (2005) Development of a peptide nucleic acid array platform for the detection of genetically modified organisms in food. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry 53 3958-3962.
48. R.A. Gibbs, J.S. Chamberlain and C.T. Caskey (1989) Diagnosis of new mutation diseases using the polymerase chain reaction. The Polymerase Chain Reaction: Principles and Applications New York: Stockton Press 171-192.
49. U.E. Gibson, C.A. Heid and P.M. Williams (1996) A novel method for real time quantitative RT-PCR. Genome Research 6 995-1001.
50. M. Gilgen, B. Wegmuller, P. Burkhalter, H.P. Buhler, U. Muller, J. Luthy and U. Candrian (1995) Reverse transcription PCR to detect enteroviruses in surface water. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 61 1226.
51. G. Giraffa and D. Carminati (2008) Molecular techniques in food fermentation: principles and applications. Food Microbiology and Food Safety 1-30.
52. GM FOOD (2010) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_food Genetically modified food. Accessed on December 06, 2010
53. GMO database (2002) Agriculture and Biotechnology Strategies Canada inc. http://www.agbios.com
54. F. Grimont and P.A. Grimont (1986) Ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene restriction patterns as potential taxonomic tools. Annales de l'Institut Pasteur/Microbiologie 137B 165-175.
55. J. Guo, L. Yang, X. Liu, H. Zhang, B. Qian and D. Zhang (2009) Applicability of the chymopapain gene used as endogenous reference gene for transgenic huanong no. 1papaya detection. Journal of Agricultural Food Chem. 57(15), 6502-6509.
56. V. Gürtler and H.D. Barrie (1995) Typing of Staphylococcus aureus strains by PCR-amplification of variable-length 16S–23S rDNA spacer regions: characterization of spacer sequences. Microbiology 141(pt 5), 1255-1265.
57. A. Heim, I.M. Grumbach, S. Zeuke and B. Top (1998) Highly sensitive detection of gene expression of an intronless gene: amplification of mRNA, but not genomic DNA by nucleic acid sequence based amplification (NASBA). Nucleic Acids Research 26 2250-2251.
58. M. Hernández, D. Rodríguez-Lázaro, T. Esteve, S. Prat and M. Pla (2003) Development of melting temperature–based SYBR Green I polymerase chain reaction methods for multiplex genetically modified organism detection. Analytical Biochemistry 323 164-170.
59. J. Hewitt and G.E. Greening (2006) Evaluation of murine norovirus as a surrogate for human norovirus and hepatitis A virus in heat inactivation studies. Journal of Food Protection 69 2217.
60. S. Hibbitts, A. Rahman, R. John, D. Westmoreland and J.D. Fox (2003) Development and evaluation of nuclisens basic kit NASBA for diagnosis of parainfluenza virus infection with ‘end-point’ and ‘real-time’ detection. Journal of Virological Methods 108 145-155.
61. R. Higuchi, C. Fockler, G. Dollinger and R. Watson (1993) Kinetic PCR analysis: real-time monitoring of DNA amplification reactions. Bio-Technology 11 1026-1030.
62. R.M. Holingworth, L.F. Bjeldanes, M. Bolger, I.K. Syngenta, B.J. Meade, S.L. Taylor and K.B. Wallace (2003) The safety of genetically modified foods produced through biotechnology. Toxicological Sciences 71 2-8.
63. B. Holmes (2010) Altered animals: creatures with bonus features. New Scientist http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20727680.300-altered-animals-creatures-with bonus-features.html
64. A. Holst-Jensen, S.B. Rønning, A. Løvseth and K.G. Berdal (2003) PCR technology for screening and quantification of genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 375 985-993.
65. J. Hoofer, B. Malorny, A. Abdulmawjood, N. Cook, M. Wagner and P. Fach (2004) Practical considerations in design of internal amplification controls for diagnostic PCR assays. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 42(5), 1863-1868.
66. J. Hoorfar (1999) EU seeking to validate and standardize PCR testing of food pathogens. ASM News 65 799.
67. A. Houde, E. Guevremont, E. Poitras, D. Leblanc, P. Ward, C. Simard and Y.L. Trottier (2007) Comparative evaluation of new TaqMan real-time assays for the detection of hepatitis A virus. Journal of Virological Methods 140 80.
68. M. Hunt (2006) Real Time PCR Tutorial - Copyright 2006. The Board of Trustees of the University of South Carolina
69. M. Imai, A. Ninomiya, H. Minekawa, T. Notomi, T. Ischzaki, P. VanTu, N. Tien, M. Tashiro and T. Odagiri (2007) Rapid diagnosis of H5N1 avian influenza virus infection by newly developed influenza H5 hemagglutinin gene-specific loop-mediated isothermal amplification method. Journal of Virological Methods 141 173-180.
70. ISAAA (2010) (International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Application) Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: Brief 42.
71. M. Iwasaki, T. Yonekawa, K. Otuska, W. Suzuki, K. Nagamine, K. Hase, T. Horigome, T. Notomi and H. Kanda (2003) Validation of the loop-mediated isothermal amplification method for single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping with whole blood. Genome Letters 2 119-126.
72. B.M. Jayarao, J.J. Dore Jr., G.A. Baumbach, K.R. Matthews and S.P. Oliver (1991) Differentiation of Streptococcus uberis from Streptococcus parauberis by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 29 2774-2778.
73. I. Kälin, S. Shephard and U. Candrian (1992) Evaluation of the ligase chain reaction (LCR) for the detection of point mutations. Mutation Research 283 119-123.
74. D.P. Kalogianni, D.S. Elenis, T.K. Christopoulos and P.C. Ioannou (2007) Multiplex quantitative competitive polymerase chain reaction based on a multianalyte hybridization assay performed on spectrally encoded microspheres. Analytical Chemistry 79 6655-6661.
75. B. Kaltenboek, K.G. Kansoulas and J. Storz (1992) Two-step polymerase chain reactions and restriction endonuclease analyses detect and differentiate ompA DNA of the Chlamydia spp. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 30 1098-1104.
76. F. Karleson, H. Steen and J. Nesland (1995) SYBR Green I DNA staining increases the detection sensitivity of viruses by polymerase chain reaction. Journal of Virological Methods 55 153-156.
77. T. Kievits (1991) NASBA. Isothermal enzymatic in vitro nucleic acid amplification optimized for the diagnosis of HIV-1 infection. Journal of Virological Methods 35 273-286.
78. D. Kim, S.R. Kim, K.S. Kwon, J.W. Lee and M.J. Oh (2008) Detection of hepatitis a virus from oyster by nested PCR using efficient extraction and concentration method. Journal of Microbiology 46 436.
79. P.G. Klein and V.J. Kuneja (1997) Sensitive detection of viable Listeria monocytogenes by reverse trascription-PCR. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 63 4441-4448.
80. S.S. Klemsdal and O. Elen (2006) Development of a highly sensitive nested-PCR method using a single closed tube for detection of Fusarium culmorum in cereal samples. Letters in Applied Microbiology 42 544.
81. E.J. Kok and H.A. Kuiper (2003) Comparative safety assessment for biotech crops. Trends in Biotechnology 21(10), 439-444.
82. C.P. Kolbert and D.H. Persing (1999) Ribosomal DNA sequencing as a tool for identification of bacterial pathogens. Current Opinion in Microbiology 2 299-305.
83. J.R. Kostman, T.D. Edlind, J.J. LiPuma and T.L. Stull (1992) Molecular epidemiology of Pseudomonas cepacia determined by polymerase chain reaction ribotyping. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 30 2084-2087.
84. J.R. Kostman, M.B. Alden, M. Mair, T.D. Edlind, J.J. LiPuma, Bouchet and T.L. Stull (1995) A universal approach to bacterial molecular epidemiology by polymerase chain reaction ribotyping. Journal of Infectious Diseases 171 204-208.
85. S.T. Lambertz, C. Nilsson and S. Hallanvuo (2008) TaqMan-based real-time PCR method for detection of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis in Food. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 74 6465.
86. E.S. Lander (1999) Advantages and limitations of microarray technology in human cancer. Nature Genetics 21 3-4.
87. L. Lawrence and A. Gilmour (1995) Characterization of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from poultry products and from poultry-processing environment by random amplification of polymorphic DNA and multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 61 2139-2144.
88. L. Lawrence, J. Harvey and A. Gilmour (1993) Development of a random amplification of polymorphic DNA typing method for Listeria monocytogenes. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 59(9), 3117-3119.
89. S. Leimanis, M. Hernandez, S. Fernandez, F. Boyer, M. Burns, S. Bruderer, T. Glouden, N. Harris, O. Kaeppeli, P. Philip, M. Pla, P. Puigdomenech, M. Vaitilingom, Y. Bertheau and J. Remacle (2006) A microarray-based detection system for genetically modified (GM) food ingredients. Plant Molecular Biology 61 123-139.
90. P. Leonard (2003) Advances in biosensors for detection of pathogens in food and water. Enzyme Microbial Technology 32 3.
91. G. Leone, H. van Schijndel, B. van Gemen, F.R. Kramer and C.D. Schoen (1998) Molecular beacon probes combined with amplification by NASBA enable homogeneous, real-time detection of RNA. Nucleic Acids Research 26 2150-2155.
92. A. Lim, et al. (2001) Shotgun optical maps of the whole Escherichia coli O157:H7 genome. Genome Research 11 1584-1593.
93. B.L. Maidak, G.J. Olsen, N. Larsen, R. Overbeek, M.J. McCaughey and C.R. Woese (1997) The RDP (ribosomal database project). Nucleic Acids Research 25 109-111.
94. M.C. Maiden, J.A. Bygraves, E. Feil, G. Morelli, J.E. Russell, R. Urwin, Q. Zhang, J. Zhou, K. Zurth, D.A. Caugant, I.M. Feavers, M. Achtman and B.G. Spratt (1998) Multilocus sequence typing: a portable approach to the identification of clones within populations of pathogenic microorganisms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 95 3140-3145.
95. N. Marmiroli, E. Maestri, M. Gullì, A. Malcevschi, C. Peano, C. Bordoni and G. Bellis (2008) Methods for detection of GMOs in food and feed. Analytic and Bioanalytic Chemistry 392 369-384.
96. A.K. Marvropoulou, T. Koraki, P.C. Ioannou and T.K. Christopoulos (2005) High-throughput double quantitative competitive polymerase chain reaction for determination of genetically modified organisms. Analytical Chemistry 77 4785-4791.
97. P. Modrich, Y. Anraku and I.R. Lehman (1973) Deoxyribonucleic acid ligase: isolation and physical characterization of the homogeneous enzyme from Escherichia coli. Journal of Biological Chemistry 248 7495-7501.
98. C. Moore, S. Hibbitts, N. Owen, S.A. Corden, G. Harrison, J. Fox, C. Gelder and D. Westmoreland (2004) Development and evaluation of a real-time nucleic acid sequence based amplification assay for rapid detection of influenza A. Journal of Medical Virolology 74 619-628.
99. Y. Mori, K. Nagamine, N. Tomita and T. Notomi (2001) Detection of loop-mediated isothermal amplification by turbidity derived from magnesium pyrophosphate formation. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 289 150-154.
100. K.B. Mullis (1990) The unusual origin of the polymerase chain reaction. Scientific American 262 56–61, 64–65
101. R.M. Myers, T. Maniatis and L.S. Lerman (1987) Detection and localization of single base pair changes by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Methods in Enzymology 155 501.
102. A. Nadal, A. Coll, J.L. La Paz, T. Esteve and M. Pla (2006) A new PCR-CGE (size and color) method for simultaneous detection of genetically modified maize events. Electrophoresis 27 3879-3888.
103. K. Nagamine, K. Watanabe, K. Ohtsuka, T. Hase and T. Notomi (2001) Loop-mediated isothermal amplification reaction using a non denatured template. Clinical Chemistry. 47 1742-1743.
104. K. Nagamine, Y. Kuzuhara and T. Notomi (2002) Isolation of single-stranded DNA from loop-mediated isothermal amplification products. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 290 1250±4 to 1195–1198.
105. H.M. Nam, V. Srinivasan, S.E. Murinda and S.P. Oliver (2005) Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance genes in Listeria monocytogenes isolated from dairy farms. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 2 160. http://www.nanogen.com/technologies/microarray/ Nanogen system
106. H. Nesvold, A.B. Kristoffersen, A. Holst-Jensen and K.G. Berdal (2005) Design of a DNA chip for detection of unknown genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Bioinfo. 21(9), 1917-1926.
107. J.P. Nolan and L.A. Sklar (2002) Suspension array technology: evolution of the flat-array paradigm. Trends in Biotechnology 20 9-12.
108. T. Notomi, H. Okayama, H. Masubuchi, T. Yonekawa, K. Watanabe, N. Amino and T. Hase (2000) Loop-mediated isothermal amplification of DNA. Nucleic Acids Research 28 e63. http://www.nugeninc.com/nugen/index.cfm/products/ Nugen's Ovation™ RNA Amplification and Labeling Systems
109. OECD (1993) Safety Evaluation of Foods Derived by Modern Biotechnology: Concepts and Principles. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development http://www.oecd.org/pdf/ M00034000/M00034525
110. M. Onishi, T. Matsuoka, T. Kodama, K. Kashiwaba, S. Futo, H. Akiyama, T. Maitani, S. Furui, T. Oguchi and A. Hino (2005) Development of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction method for simultaneous detection of eight events of genetically modified maize. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry 53 9713-9721.
111. M.J. Orbach, D. Vollrath, R.W. Davis and C. Yanofsky (1988) An electrophoretic karyotype of Neurospora crassa. Molecular and Cellular Biology 8 1469-1473.
112. N.R. Pace, G.J. Olsen and C.R. Woese (1986) Ribosomal RNA phylogeny and the primary lines of evolutionary descent. Cell 45 325-326.
113. R. Patel, R.J. Torres and P. Rosset (2005) Genetic engineering in agriculture and corporate engineering in public debate: risk, public relations, and public debate over genetically modified crops. International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health 11 428-436.
114. Paul D. Fey, PhD, Associate Director, NPHL Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE): The Molecular Epidemiologists Tool.
115. M.M. Pavlic and W. Griffiths (2009) Principles, applications, and limitations of automated ribotyping as a rapid method in food safety. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease 6(9), 1047-1055.
116. C. Peano, R. Bordoni, M. Gulli, A. Mezzelani, M.C. Samson, G. De Bellis and N. Marmiroli (2005) Multiplex polymerase chain reaction and ligation detection reaction/universal array technology for the traceability of genetically modified organisms in foods. Analytic Biochemistry 346 90-100.
117. B.M. Pearson and R.A. McKee (1992) Rapid identification of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Zygosaccharomyces bailii and Zygosaccharomyces rouxii. International Journal of Food Microbiology 16 63-67.
118. G.J. Rensen, W.L. Smith, C.V. Jaravata, B. Osburn and J.S. Cullor (2006) Development and evaluation of a real-time FRET probe based multiplex PCR assay for the detection of prohibited meat and bone meal in cattle feed and feed ingredients. Foodborne Pathogens and Diseases 3 337.
119. R. Repp, S. Rhiel, K.H. Heermann, S. Schaefer, C. Keller, P. Ndumbe, F. Lambert and W.H. Gerlich (1993) Genotyping by multiplex polymerase chain reaction for detection of endemic hepatitis B virus transmission. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 31 1095-1102.
120. K. Rudi, I. Rud and A. Holck (2003) A novel multiplex quantitative DNA array based PCR (MQDA-PCR) for quantification of transgenic maize in food and feed. Nucleic Acid Research 31 e62.
121. H.C. Ryley, L. Millar-Jones, A. Paull and J. Weeks (1995) Characterisation of Burkholderia cepacia from cystic fibrosis patients living in Wales by PCR ribotyping. Journal of Medical Microbiology 43 436-441.
122. S. Sandhya, W. Chen and A. Mulchandani (2008) Molecular beacons: a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for detecting Escherichia coli from fresh produce and water. Analytica Chimica Acta 614 208.
123. S.D. Saroj, R. Shashidhar, M. Karani and J.R. Bandekar (2008) Molecular and Cellular Probes 22 201.
124. D. Schoder, A. Schmalwieser, G. Schauberger, M. Kuhn, J. Hoorfar and M. Wagner (2003) Physical characteristics of six new thermocyclers. Clinical Chemistry 49 960-963.
125. D.C. Schwartz and C.R. Cantor (1984) Separation of yeast chromosome-sized DNAs by pulsed field gradient gel electrophoresis. Cell 37(1), 67-75.
126. P. Severino, A.L. Darini and V.D. Magalhaes (1999) The discriminatory power of ribo-PCR compared to conventional ribotyping for epidemiological purposes. APMIS 107 1079-1084.
127. V.K. Sharma (2006) Real-time reverse transcription-multiplex PCR for simultaneous and specific detection of rfbE and eae genes of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Molecular and Cellular Probes 20 298-306.
128. M.R. Shreve, S.J. Johnson, C.E. Milla, C.L. Wielinski and W.E. Regelmann (1997) PCR ribotyping and endonuclease subtyping in the epidemiology of Burkholderia cepacia infection. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 155 984-989.
129. H.C. Smith-Vaughan, K.S. Sriprakash, J.D. Mathews and D.J. Kemp (1995) Long PCR-ribotyping of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 33 1192-1195.
130. J.Y. Song, H.G. Park, S.O. Jung and J.C. Park (2005) Optical technologies for the readout and quality control of DNA and protein microarrays. Nucleic Acid Research 33 e19.
131. E.M. Southern (1975) Detection of specific sequences among DNA fragments separated by gel electrophoresis. Journal of Molecular Biology 98 503-517.
132. E.A. Szabo and B.M. Mackey (1999) Detection of Salmonella enteritidis by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). International Journal of Food Microbiology 5 113-122.
133. T. Tengs, A.B. Kristoffersen, K.G. Berdal, T. Thorstensen, M.A. Butenko, H. Nesvold and A. Holst Jensen (2007) Microarray based method for detection of unknown genetic modifications. BMC Biotechnology 7 91.
134. S. Trapmann and H. Emons (2005) Reliable GMO analysis. Analytic and Bioanalytic Chemistry 2005(381), 72-74.
135. S. Tyagi and F.R. Kramer (1996) Molecular beacons: probes that fluoresce upon hybridization. Nature Biotechnology 14 303-308.
136. S. Tyagi, D.P. Bratu and F.R. Kramer (1998) Multicolor molecular beacons for allele discrimination. Nature Biotechnology 16 49-53.
137. P. Vos, R. Hogers, M. Bleeker, M. Reijans, T. van de Lee, M. Hornes, A. Frijters, J. Pot, J. Peleman and M. Kuiper (1995) AFLP: a new technique for DNA fingerprinting. Nucleic Acids Research 23(21), 4407-4414.
138. H.U. Waiblinger, B. Ernst, A. Anderson and K. Pietsch (2008) Validation and collaborative study of a P35S and T-nos duplex real-time PCR screening method to detect genetically modified organisms in food products. European Food Research and Technology 226 1221-1228.
139. D. Wang, Q. Wu, L. Yao, M. Wei, X. Kou and J. Zhang (2008) New target tissue for food-borne virus detection in oysters. Letters in Applied Microbiology 47 405.
140. J.S. Way, K.L. Josephson, S.D. Pillai, M. Abbaszadegan, C.P. Gerba and I.L. Pepper (1993) Specific detection of Salmonella spp. by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 59 1473-1479.
141. N.M. Whiteley, M.W. Hunkapiller and A.N. Glazer (1989) Detection of specific sequences in nucleic acids. U.S. patent no 4(883), 750.
142. M. Wiedmann, F. Barany and C.A. Bart (1993) Detection of Listeria monocytogenes with a nonisotopic polymerase chain reaction-coupled ligase chain reaction assay. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 59 2743-2745.
143. S. Wilton and D. Cousins (1992) Detection and identification of multiple mycobacterial pathogens by DNA amplification in a single tube. PCR Methods Application. 1 269-273.
144. E.S. Winn-Deen and D.M. Lovannisci (1991) Sensitive fluorescence method for detecting DNA ligation amplification products. Clinical Chemistry 37 1522-1523.
145. A. Winnicka, E. Sawosz, W. Klucinski, I. Kosieradzka, J. Szopa, S. Malepszy and Pastuszewska (2001) A note on the effect of feeding genetically modified potatoes on selected indices of nonspecific resistance in rats. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences 10 13-18.
146. C.R. Woese (1987) Bacterial evolution. Microbiological Reviews 51 221-271.
147. C.R. Woese (1996) The world of ribosomal RNA. R.A. Zimmermann, A.E. Dahlberg (Eds) Ribosomal RNA: Structure, Evolution, Processing, and Function in Protein Biosynthesis Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press 23-48.
148. D.Y. Wu and R.B. Wallace (1989) The ligation amplification reaction (LAR)-Amplification of specific DNA sequences using sequential rounds of template dependent ligation. Genomics 4 560-569.
149. T. Yoda, Y. Suzuki, K. Yamazaki, N. Sakon, I. Aoyama and T. Tsukamoto (2007) Evaluation and application of reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification for detection of noroviruses. Journal of Medical Virology 79 326-334.
150. M. Zazzi, L. Romano, A. Brasini and P.E. Valensin (1993) Simultaneous amplification of multiple HIV-1 DNA sequences from clinical specimens by using nested-prime polymerase chain reaction. AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses 9 315-320.
151. J.A. Zebala and F. Barany (1993) Detection of leber's hereditary optic neuropathy by non radioactive-LCR. D.H. Gelfand, J.J. Sninsky, M.A. Innis (Eds) PCR Strategies San Diego, CA: Academic Press
152. S. Zhou, Z. Hou, N. Li and Q. Qin (2007) Development of a SYBR green I real-time PCR for quantitative detection of Vibrio alginolyticus in seawater and seafood. Journal of Applied Microbiology 103 1897.
153. Q. Zhuo, X. Chen, J. Piao, L. Gu, W. Sheng and Y. Jiu (2004) Study on food safety of genetically modified rice which expressed cowpea trypsin inhibitor by 90 day feeding test on rats 33 176-179.