Do people care about social context? Framing effects in dictator games

Experimental Economics

Volumn 16, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 349-371

  Dreber, Anna ^a   Ellingsen, Tore ^a   Johannesson, Magnus ^a   Rand, David G ^b  

^a STOCKHOLM SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS   (Sweden)

^b HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Dictator game; Framing; Social preferences

Indexed keywords

EID: 84881263055     PISSN: 13864157     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10683-012-9341-9     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. Amir, O., Rand, D. G., & Gal, Y. K. (2012). Economic games on the internet: the effect of $1 stakes. PLoS ONE, 7, e31461.
2. Andreoni, J. (1995). Warm-glow versus cold-prickle: the effects of positive and negative framing on cooperation in experiments. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110, 1-21.
3. Andreoni, J., & Bernheim, B. D. (2009). Social image and the 50-50 norm: A theoretical and experimental analysis of audience effects. Econometrica, 77, 1607-1636.
4. Andreoni, J., & Miller, J. (2002). Giving according to GARP: an experimental test of the consistency of preferences for altruism. Econometrica, 70, 737-753.
5. Andreoni, J., & Rao, J. (2011). The power of asking: how communication affects selfishness, empathy, and altruism. Journal of Public Economics, 95, 513-520.
6. Armantier, O., & Treich, N. (2010). Eliciting beliefs: proper scoring rules, incentives, stakes and hedging. Manuscript.
7. Bacharach, M. (1993). Variable universe games. In K. Binmore, A. Kirmanand, & P. Tani (Eds.), Frontiers of game theory (pp. 255-276). Cambridge: MIT Press.
8. Bacharach, M. (1999). Interactive team reasoning: A contribution to the theory of co-operation. Research in Economics, 53, 117-147.
9. Bardsley, N. (2008). Dictator game giving: altruism or artifact. Experimental Economics, 11, 122-133.
10. Becker, G. S. (1974). A theory of social interactions. Journal of Political Economy, 82, 1063-1093.
11. Becker, G. S., & Stigler, G. J. (1977). De gustibus non est disputandum. American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, 67, 76-90.
12. Bicchieri, C., & Xiao, E. (2009). Do the right thing: but only if others do so. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 22, 191-208.
13. Blanco, M., Engelmann, D., Koch, A., & Normann, H.-T. (2010). Belief elicitation in experiments: is there a hedging problem? Experimental Economics, 13, 412-438.
14. Bohnet, I., & Frey, B. (1999). Social distance and other-regarding behavior: comment. American Economic Review, 89, 335-340.
15. Brandts, J., & Schwieren, C. (2009). Frames and economic behavior: an experimental study. Manuscript, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona.
16. Brewer, M. B., & Kramer, R. M. (1986). Choice behavior in social dilemmas: effects of social identity, group size, and decision framing. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 543-549.
17. Broberg, T., Ellingsen, T., & Johannesson, M. (2007). Is generosity involuntary? Economics Letters, 94, 32-37.
18. Camerer, C. F. (2003). Behavioral game theory: experiments in strategic interaction. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
19. Cappelen, A., Hole, A. D., Sørensen, E.Ø., & Tungodden, B. (2007). The pluralism of fairness ideals: an experimental approach. American Economic Review, 97, 818-827.
20. Charness, G., & Gneezy, U. (2008). What's in a name? Anonymity and social distance in dictator and ultimatum games. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 68, 29-35.
21. Cherry, T. L., Frykblom, P., & Shogren, J. F. (2002). Hardnose the dictator. American Economic Review, 92, 1218-1221.
22. Cookson, R. (2000). Framing effects in public goods experiments. Experimental Economics, 3, 55-79.
23. Cubitt, R. P., Drouvelis, M., & Gächter, S. (2011). Framing and free riding: emotional responses and punishment in social dilemma games. Experimental Economics, 14, 254-272.
24. Dana, J., Cain, D. M., & Dawes, R. M. (2006). What you don't know won't hurt me: costly but quiet exit in dictator games. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 100, 193-201.
25. Deutsch, M. (1958). Trust and suspicion. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 2, 265-279.
26. Deutsch, M. (1960). The effect of motivational disposition on trust and suspicion. Human Relations, 13, 123-139.
27. Dufwenberg, M., Gächter, S., & Hennig-Schmidt, H. (2011). The framing of games and the psychology of play. Games and Economic Behavior, 73, 459-478.
28. Ellingsen, T., & Johannesson, M. (2008). Anticipated verbal feedback induces altruistic behavior. Evolution and Human Behavior, 29, 100-105.
29. Ellingsen, T., Johannesson, M., Mollerstrom, J., & Munkhammar, S. (2012). Social framing effects: preferences or beliefs? Games and Economic Behavior, 76, 117-130.
30. Ellingsen, T., Johannesson, M., Torsvik, G., & Tjøtta, S. (2010). Testing guilt aversion. Games and Economic Behavior, 68, 95-107.
31. Engel, C. (2011). Dictator games: A meta study. Experimental Economics, 14, 583-610.
32. Fehr, E., & Schmidt, K. (2006). The economics of fairness, reciprocity and altruism-experimental evidence and new theories. In S.-C. Kolm & J. M. Ythier (Eds.), Handbook of the economics of giving, altruism and reciprocity (Vol. 1). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
33. Gintis, H. (2007). The evolution of private property. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 64, 1-16.
34. Haley, K. J., & Fessler, D. M. T. (2005). Nobody's watching? Subtle cues affect generosity in an anonymous economic game. Evolution and Human Behavior, 26, 245-256.
35. Handgraaf, M. J. J., van Dijk, E., Vermunt, R. C., Wilke, H. A. M., & De Dreu, C. K. W. (2008). Less power or powerless? Egocentric empathy gaps and the irony of having little or no power in social decision making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 1136-1149.
36. Hoffman, E., McCabe, K. A., Shachat, K., & Smith, V. L. (1994). Preferences, property rights, and anonymity in bargaining games. Games and Economic Behavior, 7, 346-380.
37. Horton, J. J., Rand, D. G., & Zeckhauser, R. J. (2011). The online laboratory: conducting experiments in a real labor market. Experimental Economics, 14, 399-425.
38. Houser, D., & Xiao, E. (2009). Avoiding the sharp tongue: anticipated written messages promote fair economic exchange. Journal of Economic Psychology, 30, 393-404.
39. Kay, A. C., & Ross, L. (2003). The perceptual push: the interplay of implicit cues and explicit situational construals on behavioral intentions in the Prisoner's dilemma. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39, 634-643.
40. Keysar, B., Converse, B. A., Wang, J., & Epley, N. (2008). Reciprocity is not give and take: asymmetric reciprocity to positive and negative acts. Psychological Science, 19, 1280-1286.
41. Koch, A., & Norman, H.-T. (2008). Giving in dictator games: regard for others or regard by others? Southern Economic Journal, 75, 223-231.
42. Konow, J. (2010). Mixed feelings: theories and evidence on giving. Journal of Public Economics, 94, 279-297.
43. Kritikos, A., & Bolle, F. (2005). Utility based altruism: experimental evidence. In B. Agarwal & A. Vericelli (Eds.), Psychology, rationality and economic behaviour, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
44. Krupka, E., & Weber, R. A. (2009). The focusing and informational effects of norms on pro-social behavior. The Journal of Economic Psychology, 30, 307-320.
45. Krupka, E., & Weber, R. A. (2010). Identifying social norms using coordination games: why does dictator game sharing vary? Manuscript, Carnegie Mellon University.
46. Lazear, E. P., Malmendier, U., & Weber, R. A. (2012). Sorting, prices, and social preferences. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 4(1), 136-163.
47. Leliveld, M. C., van Dijk, E., & van Beest, I. (2008). Ownership in bargaining: introducing the giving, splitting, and taking ultimatum bargaining game. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34, 1214-1225.
48. Levin, I. P., Schneider, S. L., & Gaeth, G. J. (1998). All frames are not created equal: A typology and critical analysis of framing effects. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 76(2), 149-188.
49. Levitt, S., & List, J. (2007). What do laboratory experiments measuring social preferences reveal about the real world? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 21(2), 151-174.
50. Liberman, V., Samuels, S. M., & Ross, L. (2004). The name of the game: predictive power of reputations versus situational labels in determining prisoner's dilemma game moves. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1175-1185.
51. List, J. (2007). On the interpretation of giving in dictator games. Journal of Political Economy, 115, 482-493.
52. Loewenstein, G. (1999). Experimental economics from the vantage point of behavioural economics. Economic Journal, 109, F25-F34.
53. March, J. (1994). A primer on decision-making: how decisions happen. New York: Free Press.
54. McCusker, C., & Carnevale, P. J. (1995). Framing in resource dilemmas: loss aversion and the moderating effects on sanctions. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 61, 190-201.
55. McDaniel, W. C., & Sistrunk, F. (1991). Management dilemmas and decisions: impact of framing and anticipated responses. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 35, 21-42.
56. Mitzkewitz, M., & Nagel, R. (1993). Experimental results on ultimatum games with incomplete information. International Journal of Game Theory, 22, 171-198.
57. Mohlin, E., & Johannesson, M. (2008). Communication: content or relationship? Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 65, 409-419.
58. Montgomery, J. D. (1998). Toward a role-theoretic conception of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology, 104, 92-125.
59. Paolacci, G., Chandler, J., & Ipeirotis, P. G. (2010). Running experiments on Amazon Mechanical Turk. Judgment and Decision Making, 5, 411-419.
60. Pillutla, M. M., & Chen, X. (1999). Social norms and cooperation in social dilemmas: the effects of context and feedback. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 78(2), 81-103.
61. Rabin, M. (1998). Psychology and economics. Journal of Economic Literature, 36, 11-46.
62. Rand, D. G. (2012). The promise of Mechanical Turk: how online labor markets can help theorists run behavioral experiments. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 299, 172-179.
63. Rege, M., & Telle, K. (2004). The impact of social approval and framing on cooperation in public good situations. Journal of Public Economics, 88, 1625-1644.
64. Rigdon, M., Ishii, K., Watabe, M., & Kitayama, S. (2009). Minimal social cues in the dictator game. Journal of Economic Psychology, 30, 358-367.
65. Salant, Y., & Rubinstein, A. (2008). (A, f): choice with frames. Review of Economic Studies, 75, 1287-1296.
66. Sell, J., & Son, Y. (1997). Comparing public goods and common pool resources: three experiments. Social Psychology Quarterly, 60, 118-137.
67. Sobel, J. (2005). Interdependent preferences and reciprocity. Journal of Economic Literature, 43, 392-436.
68. Sonnemans, J., Schram, A., & Offerman, T. (1998). Public good provision and public bad prevention: the effect of framing. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, 34, 143-161.
69. Suleiman, R. (1996). Expectations and fairness in a modified ultimatum game. Journal of Economic Psychology, 17, 531-554.
70. Stake, J. E. (2004). The property 'instinct'. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B, 359, 1763-1774.
71. Sugden, R. (1993). Thinking as a team: towards an explanation of nonselfish behavior. Social Philosophy and Policy, 10, 69-89.
72. Suri, S., & Watts, D. J. (2011). Cooperation and contagion in networked public goods experiments. PLoS ONE, 6, e16836.
73. Suvoy, R. (2003). The effects of give and take framing in a dictator game. Unpublished Honors Thesis, University of Oregon.
74. Tadelis, S. (2008). The power of shame and the rationality of trust. Manuscript, University of California, Berkeley, Haas School of Business.
75. Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. (1981). The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science, 211, 453-458.
76. van Dijk, E., & Wilke, H. (2000). Decision-induced focusing in social dilemmas: Give-some, keep-some, take-some, and leave-some dilemmas. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 92-104.
77. Weber, J. M., et al. (2004). A conceptual review of decision making in social dilemmas: applying a logic of appropriateness. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8, 281-307.
78. Xiao, E., & Houser, D. (2005). Emotion expression in human punishment behavior. PNAS, 102, 7398-7401.
79. Zhong, C.-B., Loewenstein, J., & Murnighan, J. K. (2007). Speaking the same language: the cooperative effects of μ in the prisoners' dilemma. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 51, 431-456.