The interaction of light and graphene: Basics, devices, and applications

Proceedings of the IEEE

Volumn 101, Issue 7, 2013, Pages 1717-1731

  Xia, Fengnian ^a   Yan, Hugen ^a   Avouris, Phaedon ^a  

^a IBM T J WATSON RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Graphene optoelectronics; graphene photodetector; graphene plasmonics; graphene terahertz photonics; graphene silicon integration; light graphene interaction

Indexed keywords

ELECTROMAGNETIC SHIELDING; ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES; GRAPHENE DEVICES; LIGHT MODULATORS; NOTCH FILTERS; PHOTODETECTORS; PHOTONIC DEVICES; PHOTONS; PLASMONICS; POLARIZATION;

DIFFERENT LIGHTS; ELECTRICALLY TUNABLE; INTERACTION MECHANISMS; ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE; PHOTONIC APPLICATION; SILICON INTEGRATION; TERAHERTZ PHOTONICS; WAVELENGTH RANGES;

GRAPHENE;

EID: 84880042475     PISSN: 00189219     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/JPROC.2013.2250892     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov, D. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S. V. Dubonos, I. V. Grigorieva, and A. A. Firsov, "Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films," Science, vol. 306, pp. 666-669, 2004. (Pubitemid 39440910)
2. C. Berger, Z. Song, T. Li, X. Li, A. Y. Ogbazghi, R. Feng, Z. Dai, A. N. Marchenkov, E. H. Conrad, P. N. First, and D. H. W. A., "Ultrathin epitaxial graphite: 2D electron gas properties and a route toward graphene-based nanoelectronics," J. Phys. Chem. B, vol. 108, pp. 19912-19916, 2004. (Pubitemid 40079151)
3. K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov, D. Jiang, M. I. Katsnelson, I. V. Grigorieva, S. V. Dubonos, and A. A. Firsov, "Two-dimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions in graphene," Nature, vol. 438, pp. 197-200, 2005. (Pubitemid 41599867)
4. Y. Zhang, Y. Tan, H. L. Stormer, and P. Kim, "Experimental observation of the quantum Hall effect and Berry's phase in graphene," Nature, vol. 438, pp. 201-204, 2005. (Pubitemid 41599868)
5. A. K. Geim and K. S. Novoselov, "The rise of graphene," Nature Mater., vol. 6, pp. 183-191, 2007. (Pubitemid 46353764)
6. R. R. Nair, P. Blake, A. N. Grigorenko, K. S. Novoselov, T. J. Booth, T. Stauber, N. M. R. Peres, and A. K. Geim, "Fine structure constant defines visual transparency of graphene," Science, vol. 320, pp. 1308-1308, 2008.
7. V. V. Cheianov, V. Fal'ko, and B. L. Altshuler, "The focusing of electron flow and a Veselago lens in grpahene p-n junctions," Science, vol. 315, pp. 1252-1255, 2007. (Pubitemid 46364258)
8. B. Trauzettel, D. V. Bulaev, D. Loss, and G. Burkard, "Spin qubits in graphene quantum dots," Nature Phys., vol. 3, pp. 192-196, 2007.
9. A. F. Young and P. Kim, "Quantum interference and Klein tunneling in graphene heterojunctions," Nature Phys., vol. 5, pp. 222-226, 2009.
10. I. Meric, M. Y. Han, A. F. Young, B. Ozyilmaz, P. Kim, and K. L. Shepard, "Current saturation in zero-bandgap, top-gated graphene field-effect transistors," Nature Nanotechnol., vol. 3, pp. 654-659, 2008.
11. Y.-M. Lin, A. Valdes-Garcia, S.-J. Han, D. B. Farmer, I. Meric, Y. Sun, Y. Wu, C. Dimitrakopoulos, A. Grill, P. Avouris, and K. A. Jenkins, "Wafer-scale graphene integrated circuit," Science, vol. 332, pp. 1294-1297, 2011.
12. S. L. Chuang, Physics of Optoelectronic Devices. New York, NY, USA: Wiley, 1995.
13. H. Yan, X. Li, B. Chandra, G. Tulevski, Y. Wu, M. Freitag, W. Zhu, P. Avouris, and F. Xia, "Tunable infrared plasmonic devices using graphene/insulator stacks," Nature Nanotechnol., vol. 7, pp. 330-334, 2012.
14. Z. Q. Li, E. A. Henriksen, Z. Jiang, Z. Hao, M. C. Martin, P. Kim, H. L. Stormer, and D. N. Basov, "Dirac charge dynamics in graphene by infrared spectroscopy," Nature Phys., vol. 4, pp. 532-535, 2008.
15. F. Wang, Y. Zhang, C. Tian, C. Girit, A. Zettl, M. Crommie, and Y. R. Shen, "Gate-variable optical transitions in graphene," Science, vol. 320, pp. 206-209, 2008. (Pubitemid 351521411)
16. S. Y. Zhou, G.-H. Gweon, A. V. Fedorov, P. N. First, W. A. de Heer, D.-H. Lee, F. Guinea, A. H. Castro Neto, and A. Lanzara, "Substrate-induced bandgap opening in epitaxial graphene," Nature Mater., vol. 6, pp. 770-775, 2007. (Pubitemid 47511278)
17. Z. Chen, Y.-M. Lin, M. J. Rooks, and P. Avouris, "Graphene nano-ribbon electronics," Physica E, vol. 40, pp. 228-232, 2007. (Pubitemid 350102338)
18. M. Han, B. Ozyilmaz, Y. Zhang, and P. Kim, "Energy band-gap engineering of graphene nanoribbons," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 98, 2007, 206805.
19. E. McCann and V. I. Falko, "Landau-level degeneracy and quantum Hall effect in a graphite bilayer," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 96, 2006, 086805.
20. J. Martin, N. Akerman, G. Ulbricht, T. Lohmann, J. H. Smet, K. von Klitzing, and A. Yacoby, "Observation of electron-hole puddles in graphene using a scanning single-electron transistor," Nature Phys., vol. 4, pp. 144-148, 2008.
21. C. Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics, 8th ed. Hoboken, NJ, USA: Wiley, 2005.
22. K. Nomura and A. H. MacDonald, "Quantum transport of massless Dirac fermions," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 98, 2007, 076602.
23. L. A. Falkovsky and S. S. Pershoguba, "Optical far-infrared properties of a graphene monolayer and multilayer," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 76, 2007, 153410.
24. N. M. R. Peres, F. Guinea, and A. H. Castro Neto, "Electronic properties of disordered two-dimensional carbon," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 73, 2006, 125411.
25. K. F. Mak, M. Y. Sfeir, Y. Wu, C. H. Lui, J. A. Misewich, and T. F. Heinz, "Measurement of the optical conductivity of graphene," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 101, 2008, 196405.
26. M. Liu, X. Yin, E. Ulin-Avila, B. Geng, T. Zentgraf, L. Ju, F. Wang, and X. Zhang, "A graphene-based broadband optical modulator," Nature, vol. 474, pp. 64-67, 2011.
27. H. Choi, F. Borondics, D. A. Siegel, S. Y. Zhou, M. C. Martin, A. Lanzara, and R. A. Kaindl, "Broadband electromagnetic response and ultrafast dynamics of few-layer epitaxial graphene," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 94, 2009, 172102.
28. J. M. Dawlaty, S. Shivaraman, J. Strait, P. George, M. Chandrashekhar, F. Rana, M. G. Spencer, D. Veksler, and Y. Chen, "Measurement of the optical absorption spectra of epitaxial graphene from terahertz to visible," Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 93, 2008, 131905.
29. X. Li, W. Cai, J. An, S. Kim, J. Nah, D. Yang, R. Piner, A. Velamakanni, I. Jung, E. Tutuc, S. K. Banerjee, L. Colombo, and R. S. Ruoff, "Large-area synthesis of high-quality and uniform graphene films on copper foils," Science, vol. 324, pp. 1312-1314, 2009.
30. J. H. Davies, The Physics of Low-Dimensional Semiconductors: An Introduction. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998.
31. J. D. Joannopoulos, H. G. Johnson, J. N. Winn, and R. D. Meade, Photonic Crystals: Molding the Flow of Light, 2nd ed. Princeton, NJ, USA: Princeton Univ. Press, 2008.
32. S. J. Allen, D. C. Tsui, and R. A. Logan, "Observation of the two-dimensional plasmon in silicon inversion layers," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 38, pp. 980-983, 1977.
33. S. Das Sarma and J. J. Quinn, "Collective excitations in semiconductor super-lattices," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 25, pp. 7603-7618, 1982.
34. E. H. Hwang and S. Das Sarma, "Dielectric function, screening, and plasmons in two-dimensional graphene," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 75, 2007, 205418.
35. L. Ju, B. Geng, J. Horng, C. Girit, M. Martin, Z. Hao, H. A. Bechtel, X. Liang, A. Zettl, Y. R. Shen, and F. Wang, "Graphene plasmonics for tunable terahertz metamaterials," Nature Nanotechnol., vol. 6, pp. 630-634, 2011.
36. R. H. Ritchie, "Plasma losses by fast electrons in thin films," Phys. Rev., vol. 106, pp. 874-881, 1957.
37. S. Das Sarma and E. H. Hwang, "Collective modes of the massless Dirac plasma," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 102, 2009, 206412.
38. S. J. Allen, H. L. Stormer, and J. C. M. Hwang, "Dimensional resonance of the two-dimensional electron gas in selectively doped GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 28, pp. 4875-4877, 1983.
39. R. P. Leavitt and J. W. Little, "Absorption and emission of radiation by plasmons in two-dimensional electron-gas disks," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 34, pp. 2450-2457, 1986.
40. S. Maier, Plasmonics: Fundamentals and Applications, 1st ed. New York, NY, USA: Springer-Verlag, 2007.
41. H. Yan, Z. Li, X. Li, W. Zhu, P. Avouris, and F. Xia, "Infrared spectroscopy of tunable Dirac terahertz magneto-plasmons in graphene," Nano Lett., vol. 12, pp. 3766-3771, 2012.
42. I. Crassee, M. Orlita, M. Potemski, A. L. Walter, M. Ostler, T. Seyller, I. Gaponenko, J. Chen, and A. B. Kuzmenko, "Intrinsic terahertz plasmons and magnetoplasmons in large scale monolayer graphene," Nano Lett., vol. 12, pp. 2470-2474, 2012.
43. M. Buttiker, "Absence of backscattering in the quantum Hall effect in multiprobe conductors," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 38, pp. 9375-9389, 1988.
44. A. M. Witowski, M. Orlita, R. Stepniewski, A. Wysmolek, J. M. Baranowski, W. Strupinski, C. Faugeras, G. Martinez, and M. Potemski, "Quasiclassical cyclotron resonance of Dirac fermions in highly doped graphene," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 82, 2010, 165305.
45. E. J. H. Lee, K. Balasubramanian, R. T. Weitz, M. Burghard, and K. Kern, "Contact and edge effects in graphene devices," Nature Nanotechnol., vol. 3, pp. 486-490, 2008.
46. T. Mueller, F. Xia, M. Freitag, J. Tsang, and P. Avouris, "Role of contacts in graphene transistors: A scanning photocurrent study," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 79, 2009, 245430.
47. J. Park, Y. H. Ahn, and C. Ruiz-Vargas, "Imaging of photocurrent generation and collection in single-layer graphene," Nano Lett., vol. 9, pp. 1742-1746, 2009.
48. M. Z. Tidrow, W. A. Beck, W. W. Clark, H. K. Pollehn, J. W. Little, N. K. Dhar, R. P. Leavitt, S. W. Kennerly, D. W. Beekman, A. C. Goldberg, and W. R. Dyer, "Device physics and focal plane array applications of QWIP and MCT," Opto-electron. Rev., vol. 7, pp. 283-296, 1999.
49. N. M. Gabor, J. C. W. Song, Q.Ma, N. L. Nair, T. Taychatanapat, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, L. S. Levitov, and P. Jarillo-Herrero, "Hot carrier-assisted intrinsic photoresponse in graphene," Science, vol. 334, pp. 648-652, 2011.
50. D. Sun, G. Aivazian, A. M. Jones, J. S. Ross, W. Yao, D. Cobden, and X. Xu, "Ultrafast hot-carrier-dominated photocurrent in graphene," Nature Nanotechnol., vol. 7, pp. 114-118, 2012.
51. X. Xu, N. M. Gabor, J. S. Alden, A. M. van der Zande, and P. L. McEuen, "Photo-thermoelectric effect at a graphene interface junction," Nano Lett., vol. 10, pp. 562-566, 2009.
52. L. Prechtel, L. Song, D. Schuh, P. Ajayan, W. Wegscheider, and A. W. Holleitner, "Time-resolved ultrafast photocurrents and terahertz generation in freely suspended graphene," Nature Commun., vol. 3, 2012, article 646.
53. M. Freitag, T. Low, F. Xia, and P. Avouris, "Photoconductivity of biased graphene," Nature Photon., vol. 7, pp. 53-59, 2013.
54. F. Xia, T. Mueller, Y.-M. Lin, A. Valdes-Garcia, and P. Avouris, "Ultrafast graphene photodetector," Nature Nanotechnol., vol. 4, pp. 839-843, 2009.
55. T. Mueller, F. Xia, and P. Avouris, "Graphene photodetectors for high speed optical communications," Nature Photon., vol. 4, pp. 297-301, 2010.
56. F. Xia, J. K. Thomson, M. R. Gokhale, P. V. Studenkov, J. Wei, W. Lin, and S. R. Forrest, "An asymmetric twin-waveguide high-bandwidth photodiode using a lateral taper coupler," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 845-847, Aug. 2001. (Pubitemid 32720177)
57. Q. Bao, H. Zhang, B. Wang, Z. Ni, C. H. Y. X. Lim, Y. Wang, D. Y. Tang, and K. P. Loh, "Broadband graphene polarizer," Nature Photon., vol. 5, pp. 411-415, 2011.
58. F. Xia, L. Sekaric, and Y. A. Vlasov, "Ultracompact optical buffers on a silicon chip," Nature Photon., vol. 1, pp. 65-71, 2007.
59. S. H. Abedinpour, G. Vignale, A. Principi, M. Polini, W.-K. Tse, and A. H. MacDonald, "Drude weight, plasmon dispersion, and ac conductivity in doped graphene sheets," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 84, 2011, 045429.
60. F. Bonaccorso, Z. Sun, T. Hasan, and A. C. Ferrari, "Graphene photonics and optoelectronics," Nature Photon., vol. 4, pp. 611-622, 2010.
61. Z. Sun, T. Hasan, F. Torrisi, D. Popa, G. Privitera, F. Wang, F. Bonaccorso, D. M. Basko, and A. C. Ferrari, "Graphene mode-locked ultrafast laser," ACS Nano, vol. 4, pp. 803-810, 2010.
62. M. Furchi, A. Urich, A. Pospischil, G. Lilley, K. Unterrainer, H. Detz, P. Klang, A. M. Andrews, W. Schrenk, G. Strasser, and T. Mueller, "Microcavity-integrated graphene photodetector," Nano Lett., vol. 12, pp. 2773-2777, 2012.
63. Y. Liu, R. Cheng, L. Liao, H. Zhou, J. Bai, G. Liu, L. Liu, Y. Huang, and X. Duan, "Plasmon resonance enhanced multicolour photodetection by graphene," Nature Commun., vol. 2, 2011, article 579.
64. T. Echtermeyer, L. Britnell, P. Jasnos, A. Lombardo, R. Gorbachev, A. Grigorenko, A. Geim, A. Ferrari, and K. Novoselov, "Strong plasmonic enhancement of photovoltage in graphene," Nature Commun., vol. 2, 2011, article 458.
65. Z. Fang, Z. Liu, Y. Wang, P. Ajayan, P. Nordlander, and N. Halas, "Graphene-antenna sandwich photodetector," Nano Lett., vol. 12, pp. 3808-3813, 2012.
66. G. Konstantatos, M. Badioli, L. Gaudreau, J. Osmond, M. Bernechea, F. de Arquer, F. Gatti, and F. Koppens, "Hybrid graphene-quantum dot phototransistors with ultrahigh gain," Nature Nanotechnol., vol. 7, pp. 363-368, 2012.
67. I. Crassee, J. Levallois, A. L. Walter, M. Ostler, A. Bostwick, E. Rotenberg, T. Seyller, D. van der Marel, and A. B. Kuzmenko, "Giant Faraday rotation in single- and multilayer graphene," Nature Phys., vol. 7, pp. 48-51, 2010.
68. L. Falkovsky and S. Pershoguba, "Optical far-infrared properties of a graphene monolayer and multilayer," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 76, 2007, 153410.
69. V. Ryzhii, M. Ryzhii, V. Mitin, and T. Otsuji, "Terahertz and infrared photodetection using p-i-n multiple-graphene-layer structures," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 107, 2010, 054512.
70. F. Vasko and V. Ryzhii, "Voltage and temperature dependencies of conductivity in gated graphene," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 76, 2007, 233404.
71. J. Yan, M.-H. Kim, J. A. Elle, A. B. Sushkov, G. S. Jenkins, H. M. Milchberg, M. S. Fuhrer, and H. D. Drew, "Dual-gated bilayer graphene hot-electron bolometer," Nature Nanotechnol., vol. 7, pp. 472-478, 2012.
72. V. Ryzhii, T. Otsuji, M. Ryzhii, N. Ryabova, S. O. Yurchenko, V. Mitin, and M. S. Shur, "Graphene terahertz uncooled bolometers," J. Phys. D., vol. 46, p. 065102, 2013.
73. V. Popov, T. Yu, T. Otsuji, and V. Ryzhii, "Oblique terahertz plasmons in graphene nanoribbon arrays," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 81, 2010, 073404.
74. F. Rana, "Graphene terahertz plasmon laser," IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol., vol. 7, pp. 91-99, 2008.
75. F. Rana, "Electron-hole generation and recombination rates for Coulomb scattering in graphene," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 76, 2007, 155431.
76. V. Ryzhii, A. Satou, and T. Otsuji, "Plasma waves in two-dimensional electron-hole system in gated graphene heterostructures," J. Appl. Phys., vol. 101, 2007, 024509.
77. T. Li, L. Luo, M. Hupalo, J. Zhang, M. Tringides, J. Schmalian, and J. Wang, "Femto-second population inversion and stimulated emission of dense Dirac fermions in graphene," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 108, 2012, 167401.
78. B. Wunsch, T. Stauber, F. Sols, and F. Guinea, "Dynamical polarization of graphene at finite doping," New. J. Phys., vol. 8, p. 318, 2006.
79. V. Ryzhii, "Terahertz plasma waves in gated graphene heterostructures," Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., vol. 45, pp. L923-L925, 2006. (Pubitemid 44411445)
80. O. Vafek, "Thermoplasma polariton within scaling theory of single-layer graphene," Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 97, p. 266406, 2006.
81. L. Brey and H. A. Fertig, "Elementary electronic excitations in graphene nanoribbons," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 75, p. 125434, 2007.
82. Q. Bao and K. P. Loh, "Graphene photonics, plasmonics, and broadband optoelectronic devices," ACS Nano, vol. 6, pp. 3677-3694, 2012.
83. F. T. Vasko, V. V. Mitin, V. Ryzhii, and T. Otsuji, "Interplay of intra- and interband absorption in a disordered graphene," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 86, p. 235434, 2012.
84. J. Horng, C. Chen, B. Geng, C. Girit, Y. Zhang, Z. Hao, H. A. Bechtel, M. Martin, A. Zettl, M. F. Crommie, Y. R. Shen, and F. Wang, "Drude conductivity of Dirac fermions in graphene," Phys. Rev. B., vol. 83, p. 165113, 2011.
85. L. Ren, Q. Zhang, J. Yao, Z. Sun, R. Kaneko, Z. Yan, S. Nanot, Z. Jin, I. Kawayama, M. Tonouchi, J. M. Tour, and J. Kono, "Terahertz and infrared spectroscopy of gated large-area graphene," Nano Lett., vol. 12, pp. 3711-3715, 2012.