Altered Protein Networks and Cellular Pathways in Severe West Nile Disease in Mice

PLoS ONE

Volumn 8, Issue 7, 2013, Pages

  Fraisier, Christophe ^a   Camoin, Luc ^b,c   Lim, Stéphanie ^d   Bakli, Mahfoud ^a   Belghazi, Maya ^e   Fourquet, Patrick ^b,c   Granjeaud, Samuel ^b,c   Osterhaus, Ab D M E ^d   Koraka, Penelope ^d   Martina, Byron ^d   Almeras, Lionel ^a,f  

^a INSTITUT DE RECHERCHE BIOMÉDICALE DES ARMÉES   (France)

^b AIX MARSEILLE UNIVERSITY   (France)

^c INSTITUT PAOLI CALMETTES   (France)

^d ERASMUS MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^e AIX MARSEILLE UNIVERSITY   (France)

^f AIX MARSEILLE UNIVERSITÉ   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

PROTEIN;

ANIMAL CELL; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; BIOINFORMATICS; BRAIN TISSUE; CHEMICAL LABELING; CONTROLLED STUDY; CYTOSKELETON; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE SEVERITY; FEMALE; FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS; HOST PATHOGEN INTERACTION; INFLAMMATION; INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING; ITRAQ LABELING; MASS SPECTROMETRY; MOUSE; NERVE CELL NECROSIS; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEOMICS; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; SYMPTOM; TWO DIMENSIONAL DIFFERENCE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS; UBIQUITINATION; VIRUS TRANSMISSION; WEST NILE FEVER; WESTERN BLOTTING;

ANIMALS; BRAIN; CERCOPITHECUS AETHIOPS; FEMALE; METABOLIC NETWORKS AND PATHWAYS; MICE; MICE, INBRED C57BL; RODENT DISEASES; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; TWO-DIMENSIONAL DIFFERENCE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS; VERO CELLS; WEST NILE FEVER; WEST NILE VIRUS;

MUS; WEST NILE VIRUS;

EID: 84880006997     PISSN: None     EISSN: 19326203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068318     Document Type: Article

References (130)

1. Campbell GL, Marfin AA, Lanciotti RS, Gubler DJ, (2002) West Nile virus. Lancet Infect Dis 2: 519-529.
2. Smithburn KCHT, Burke AW, Paul JH, (1940) A neurotropic virus isolated from the blood of a native of Uganda. Am J Trop Med Hyg 20: 471-492.
3. Kramer LD, Styer LM, Ebel GD, (2008) A global perspective on the epidemiology of West Nile virus. Annu Rev Entomol 53: 61-81.
4. Rossi SL, Ross TM, Evans JD, (2010) West Nile virus. Clin Lab Med 30: 47-65.
5. De Filette M, Ulbert S, Diamond M, Sanders NN, (2012) Recent progress in West Nile virus diagnosis and vaccination. Vet Res 43: 16.
6. Lim SM, Koraka P, Osterhaus AD, Martina BE, (2011) West Nile virus: immunity and pathogenesis. Viruses 3: 811-828.
7. Tsai TF, Popovici F, Cernescu C, Campbell GL, Nedelcu NI, (1998) West Nile encephalitis epidemic in southeastern Romania. Lancet 352: 767-771.
8. Lundstrom JO, (1999) Mosquito-borne viruses in western Europe: a review. J Vector Ecol 24: 1-39.
9. Murgue B, Murri S, Triki H, Deubel V, Zeller HG, (2001) West Nile in the Mediterranean basin: 1950-2000. Ann N Y Acad Sci 951: 117-126.
10. Bin H, Grossman Z, Pokamunski S, Malkinson M, Weiss L, et al. (2001) West Nile fever in Israel 1999-2000: from geese to humans. Ann N Y Acad Sci 951: 127-142.
11. Platonov AE, Shipulin GA, Shipulina OY, Tyutyunnik EN, Frolochkina TI, et al. (2001) Outbreak of West Nile virus infection, Volgograd Region, Russia, 1999. Emerg Infect Dis 7: 128-132.
12. Del Giudice P, Schuffenecker I, Vandenbos F, Counillon E, Zellet H, (2004) Human West Nile virus, France. Emerg Infect Dis 10: 1885-1886.
13. Murray KO, Mertens E, Despres P, (2010) West Nile virus and its emergence in the United States of America. Vet Res 41: 67.
14. Blitvich BJ, (2008) Transmission dynamics and changing epidemiology of West Nile virus. Anim Health Res Rev 9: 71-86.
15. Diamond MS, (2009) Virus and host determinants of West Nile virus pathogenesis. PLoS Pathog 5: e1000452.
16. Papa A, Danis K, Baka A, Bakas A, Dougas G, et al. (2010) Ongoing outbreak of West Nile virus infections in humans in Greece, July-August 2010. Euro Surveill 15.
17. Berthet FX, Zeller HG, Drouet MT, Rauzier J, Digoutte JP, et al. (1997) Extensive nucleotide changes and deletions within the envelope glycoprotein gene of Euro-African West Nile viruses. J Gen Virol 78 (Pt 9): 2293-2297.
18. Beasley DW, Li L, Suderman MT, Barrett AD, (2001) West Nile virus strains differ in mouse neurovirulence and binding to mouse or human brain membrane receptor preparations. Ann N Y Acad Sci 951: 332-335.
19. Maxwell KL, Frappier L, (2007) Viral proteomics. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 71: 398-411.
20. Zheng J, Sugrue RJ, Tang K, (2011) Mass spectrometry based proteomic studies on viruses and hosts-a review. Anal Chim Acta 702: 149-159.
21. Fredericksen BL, Smith M, Katze MG, Shi PY, Gale M Jr, (2004) The host response to West Nile Virus infection limits viral spread through the activation of the interferon regulatory factor 3 pathway. J Virol 78: 7737-7747.
22. Venter M, Myers TG, Wilson MA, Kindt TJ, Paweska JT, et al. (2005) Gene expression in mice infected with West Nile virus strains of different neurovirulence. Virology 342: 119-140.
23. Koh WL, Ng ML, (2005) Molecular mechanisms of West Nile virus pathogenesis in brain cell. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 629-632.
24. Bourgeois MA, Denslow ND, Seino KS, Barber DS, Long MT, (2011) Gene expression analysis in the thalamus and cerebrum of horses experimentally infected with West Nile virus. PLoS One 6: e24371.
25. Pastorino B, Boucomont-Chapeaublanc E, Peyrefitte CN, Belghazi M, Fusai T, et al. (2009) Identification of cellular proteome modifications in response to West Nile virus infection. Mol Cell Proteomics 8: 1623-1637.
26. Dhingra V, Li Q, Allison AB, Stallknecht DE, Fu ZF, (2005) Proteomic profiling and neurodegeneration in West-Nile-virus-infected neurons. J Biomed Biotechnol 2005: 271-279.
27. Spearman C, (1908) The method of 'right and wrong cases' (constant stimuli) without Gauss's formulae. British Journal of Psychology 2: 227-242.
28. Kärber G, (1931) Beitrag zur kollektiven Behandlung pharmakologischer Reihenversuche. Arch Exp Pathol Pharmakol 162: 480-483.
29. Lanford RE, Sureau C, Jacob JR, White R, Fuerst TR, (1994) Demonstration of in vitro infection of chimpanzee hepatocytes with hepatitis C virus using strand-specific RT/PCR. Virology 202: 606-614.
30. Almeras L, Fontaine A, Belghazi M, Bourdon S, Boucomont-Chapeaublanc E, et al. (2010) Salivary gland protein repertoire from Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 10: 391-402.
31. Torrentino-Madamet M, Almeras L, Desplans J, Le Priol Y, Belghazi M, et al. (2011) Global response of Plasmodium falciparum to hyperoxia: a combined transcriptomic and proteomic approach. Malar J 10: 4.
32. Briolant S, Almeras L, Belghazi M, Boucomont-Chapeaublanc E, Wurtz N, et al. (2010) Plasmodium falciparum proteome changes in response to doxycycline treatment. Malar J 9: 141.
33. Auer J, Camoin L, Guillonneau F, Rigourd V, Chelbi ST, et al. (2010) Serum profile in preeclampsia and intra-uterine growth restriction revealed by iTRAQ technology. J Proteomics 73: 1004-1017.
34. Fontaine A, Pophillat M, Bourdon S, Villard C, Belghazi M, et al. (2010) Specific antibody responses against membrane proteins of erythrocytes infected by Plasmodium falciparum of individuals briefly exposed to malaria. Malar J 9: 276.
35. Feart C, Helmer C, Fleury H, Bejot Y, Ritchie K, et al. (2011) Association between IgM anti-herpes simplex virus and plasma amyloid-beta levels. PLoS One 6: e29480.
36. Colombo G, Rusconi F, Rubino T, Cattaneo A, Martegani E, et al. (2009) Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of mouse cerebellum reveals alterations in RasGRF1 expression following in vivo chronic treatment with delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol. J Mol Neurosci 37: 111-122.
37. Imada K, Leonard WJ, (2000) The Jak-STAT pathway. Mol Immunol 37: 1-11.
38. Boja ES, Rodriguez H, (2012) Mass spectrometry-based targeted quantitative proteomics: achieving sensitive and reproducible detection of proteins. Proteomics 12: 1093-1110.
39. Diamond MS, Sitati EM, Friend LD, Higgs S, Shrestha B, et al. (2003) A critical role for induced IgM in the protection against West Nile virus infection. J Exp Med 198: 1853-1862.
40. Shrestha B, Diamond MS, (2004) Role of CD8+ T cells in control of West Nile virus infection. J Virol 78: 8312-8321.
41. Sitati EM, Diamond MS, (2006) CD4+ T-cell responses are required for clearance of West Nile virus from the central nervous system. J Virol 80: 12060-12069.
42. Rossman JS, Leser GP, Lamb RA, (2012) Filamentous Influenza Virus Enters Cells via Macropinocytosis. J Virol 86: 10950-10960.
43. Huang HC, Chen CC, Chang WC, Tao MH, Huang C, (2012) Entry of hepatitis B virus into immortalized human primary hepatocytes by clathrin-dependent endocytosis. J Virol 86: 9443-9453.
44. Hollidge BS, Nedelsky NB, Salzano MV, Fraser JW, Gonzalez-Scarano F, et al. (2012) Orthobunyavirus entry into neurons and other mammalian cells occurs via clathrin-mediated endocytosis and requires trafficking into early endosomes. J Virol 86: 7988-8001.
45. Chu JJ, Ng ML, (2004) Infectious entry of West Nile virus occurs through a clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway. J Virol 78: 10543-10555.
46. McMahon HT, Boucrot E, (2011) Molecular mechanism and physiological functions of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 12: 517-533.
47. Mooren OL, Galletta BJ, Cooper JA, (2012) Roles for actin assembly in endocytosis. Annu Rev Biochem 81: 661-686.
48. Skruzny M, Brach T, Ciuffa R, Rybina S, Wachsmuth M, et al. (2012) Molecular basis for coupling the plasma membrane to the actin cytoskeleton during clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109: E2533-2542.
49. Cureton DK, Massol RH, Saffarian S, Kirchhausen TL, Whelan SP, (2009) Vesicular stomatitis virus enters cells through vesicles incompletely coated with clathrin that depend upon actin for internalization. PLoS Pathog 5: e1000394.
50. Ang F, Wong AP, Ng MM, Chu JJ, (2010) Small interference RNA profiling reveals the essential role of human membrane trafficking genes in mediating the infectious entry of dengue virus. Virol J 7: 24.
51. Kolokoltsov AA, Deniger D, Fleming EH, Roberts NJ Jr, Karpilow JM, et al. (2007) Small interfering RNA profiling reveals key role of clathrin-mediated endocytosis and early endosome formation for infection by respiratory syncytial virus. J Virol 81: 7786-7800.
52. Alhoot MA, Wang SM, Sekaran SD, (2011) Inhibition of dengue virus entry and multiplication into monocytes using RNA interference. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 5: e1410.
53. Alhoot MA, Wang SM, Sekaran SD, (2012) RNA interference mediated inhibition of dengue virus multiplication and entry in HepG2 cells. PLoS One 7: e34060.
54. Grummer B, Grotha S, Greiser-Wilke I, (2004) Bovine viral diarrhoea virus is internalized by clathrin-dependent receptor-mediated endocytosis. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health 51: 427-432.
55. Nawa M, Takasaki T, Yamada K, Kurane I, Akatsuka T, (2003) Interference in Japanese encephalitis virus infection of Vero cells by a cationic amphiphilic drug, chlorpromazine. J Gen Virol 84: 1737-1741.
56. Bhattacharyya S, Warfield KL, Ruthel G, Bavari S, Aman MJ, et al. (2010) Ebola virus uses clathrin-mediated endocytosis as an entry pathway. Virology 401: 18-28.
57. Hussain KM, Leong KL, Ng MM, Chu JJ, (2011) The essential role of clathrin-mediated endocytosis in the infectious entry of human enterovirus 71. J Biol Chem 286: 309-321.
58. Taylor MP, Koyuncu OO, Enquist LW, (2011) Subversion of the actin cytoskeleton during viral infection. Nat Rev Microbiol 9: 427-439.
59. Watabe-Uchida M, Govek EE, Van Aelst L, (2006) Regulators of Rho GTPases in neuronal development. J Neurosci 26: 10633-10635.
60. Goley ED, Welch MD, (2006) The ARP2/3 complex: an actin nucleator comes of age. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 7: 713-726.
61. Higgs HN, Pollard TD, (2001) Regulation of actin filament network formation through ARP2/3 complex: activation by a diverse array of proteins. Annu Rev Biochem 70: 649-676.
62. Weaver AM, Young ME, Lee WL, Cooper JA, (2003) Integration of signals to the Arp2/3 complex. Curr Opin Cell Biol 15: 23-30.
63. Doherty GJ, McMahon HT, (2009) Mechanisms of endocytosis. Annu Rev Biochem 78: 857-902.
64. Van den Broeke C, Favoreel HW, (2011) Actin' up: herpesvirus interactions with Rho GTPase signaling. Viruses 3: 278-292.
65. Helfand BT, Chang L, Goldman RD, (2003) The dynamic and motile properties of intermediate filaments. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 19: 445-467.
66. Li S, Qu H, Hao J, Sun J, Guo H, et al. (2010) Proteomic analysis of primary porcine endothelial cells after infection by classical swine fever virus. Biochim Biophys Acta 1804: 1882-1888.
67. Colpitts TM, Cox J, Nguyen A, Feitosa F, Krishnan MN, et al. (2011) Use of a tandem affinity purification assay to detect interactions between West Nile and dengue viral proteins and proteins of the mosquito vector. Virology 417: 179-187.
68. Cheng HJ, Lin CF, Lei HY, Liu HS, Yeh TM, et al. (2009) Proteomic analysis of endothelial cell autoantigens recognized by anti-dengue virus nonstructural protein 1 antibodies. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 234: 63-73.
69. Kanlaya R, Pattanakitsakul SN, Sinchaikul S, Chen ST, Thongboonkerd V, (2010) Vimentin interacts with heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins and dengue nonstructural protein 1 and is important for viral replication and release. Mol Biosyst 6: 795-806.
70. Cepeda V, Fraile-Ramos A, (2011) A role for the SNARE protein syntaxin 3 in human cytomegalovirus morphogenesis. Cell Microbiol 13: 846-858.
71. Quetglas JI, Hernaez B, Galindo I, Munoz-Moreno R, Cuesta-Geijo MA, et al. (2012) Small rho GTPases and cholesterol biosynthetic pathway intermediates in African swine fever virus infection. J Virol 86: 1758-1767.
72. Gao G, Luo H, (2006) The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in viral infections. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 84: 5-14.
73. Nandi D, Tahiliani P, Kumar A, Chandu D, (2006) The ubiquitin-proteasome system. J Biosci 31: 137-155.
74. Vassilev LT, Vu BT, Graves B, Carvajal D, Podlaski F, et al. (2004) In vivo activation of the p53 pathway by small-molecule antagonists of MDM2. Science 303: 844-848.
75. Samuel MA, Diamond MS, (2005) Alpha/beta interferon protects against lethal West Nile virus infection by restricting cellular tropism and enhancing neuronal survival. J Virol 79: 13350-13361.
76. Goodbourn S, Didcock L, Randall RE, (2000) Interferons: cell signalling, immune modulation, antiviral response and virus countermeasures. J Gen Virol 81: 2341-2364.
77. Najjar I, Fagard R, (2010) STAT1 and pathogens, not a friendly relationship. Biochimie 92: 425-444.
78. Ulane CM, Horvath CM, (2002) Paramyxoviruses SV5 and HPIV2 assemble STAT protein ubiquitin ligase complexes from cellular components. Virology 304: 160-166.
79. Lin RJ, Liao CL, Lin E, Lin YL, (2004) Blocking of the alpha interferon-induced Jak-Stat signaling pathway by Japanese encephalitis virus infection. J Virol 78: 9285-9294.
80. Kong KF, Wang X, Anderson JF, Fikrig E, Montgomery RR, (2008) West nile virus attenuates activation of primary human macrophages. Viral Immunol 21: 78-82.
81. Guo JT, Hayashi J, Seeger C, (2005) West Nile virus inhibits the signal transduction pathway of alpha interferon. J Virol 79: 1343-1350.
82. Laurent-Rolle M, Boer EF, Lubick KJ, Wolfinbarger JB, Carmody AB, et al. (2010) The NS5 protein of the virulent West Nile virus NY99 strain is a potent antagonist of type I interferon-mediated JAK-STAT signaling. J Virol 84: 3503-3515.
83. Liu WJ, Wang XJ, Mokhonov VV, Shi PY, Randall R, et al. (2005) Inhibition of interferon signaling by the New York 99 strain and Kunjin subtype of West Nile virus involves blockage of STAT1 and STAT2 activation by nonstructural proteins. J Virol 79: 1934-1942.
84. Keller BC, Fredericksen BL, Samuel MA, Mock RE, Mason PW, et al. (2006) Resistance to alpha/beta interferon is a determinant of West Nile virus replication fitness and virulence. J Virol 80: 9424-9434.
85. Miyake Y, Yamasaki S, (2012) Sensing necrotic cells. Adv Exp Med Biol 738: 144-152.
86. Passali D, Kern E, Lei Chen R, Bellussi L, (2012) High mobility group box 1 (HMGB 1): a new protein in the pathogenesis of ENT inflammatory and infectious diseases. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital 32: 46-47.
87. Shichita T, Sakaguchi R, Suzuki M, Yoshimura A, (2012) Post-ischemic inflammation in the brain. Front Immunol 3: 132.
88. Kumar M, Verma S, Nerurkar VR, (2010) Pro-inflammatory cytokines derived from West Nile virus (WNV)-infected SK-N-SH cells mediate neuroinflammatory markers and neuronal death. J Neuroinflammation 7: 73.
89. Shichita T, Hasegawa E, Kimura A, Morita R, Sakaguchi R, et al. (2012) Peroxiredoxin family proteins are key initiators of post-ischemic inflammation in the brain. Nat Med 18: 911-917.
90. Wang KY, Yu GF, Zhang ZY, Huang Q, Dong XQ, (2012) Plasma high-mobility group box 1 levels and prediction of outcome in patients with traumatic brain injury. Clin Chim Acta 413: 1737-1741.
91. Allonso D, Belgrano FS, Calzada N, Guzman MG, Vazquez S, et al. (2012) Elevated serum levels of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein in dengue-infected patients are associated with disease symptoms and secondary infection. J Clin Virol 55: 214-219.
92. Chen LC, Yeh TM, Wu HN, Lin YY, Shyu HW, (2008) Dengue virus infection induces passive release of high mobility group box 1 protein by epithelial cells. J Infect 56: 143-150.
93. Zhang J, Takahashi HK, Liu K, Wake H, Liu R, et al. (2011) Anti-high mobility group box-1 monoclonal antibody protects the blood-brain barrier from ischemia-induced disruption in rats. Stroke 42: 1420-1428.
94. Okuma Y, Liu K, Wake H, Zhang J, Maruo T, et al. (2012) Anti-high mobility group box-1 antibody therapy for traumatic brain injury. Ann Neurol.
95. Kobayashi S, Orba Y, Yamaguchi H, Kimura T, Sawa H, (2012) Accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins is related to West Nile virus-induced neuronal apoptosis. Neuropathology 32: 398-405.
96. Kleinschmidt MC, Michaelis M, Ogbomo H, Doerr HW, Cinatl J Jr, (2007) Inhibition of apoptosis prevents West Nile virus induced cell death. BMC Microbiol 7: 49.
97. Yang JS, Ramanathan MP, Muthumani K, Choo AY, Jin SH, et al. (2002) Induction of inflammation by West Nile virus capsid through the caspase-9 apoptotic pathway. Emerg Infect Dis 8: 1379-1384.
98. Bok J, Wang Q, Huang J, Green SH, (2007) CaMKII and CaMKIV mediate distinct prosurvival signaling pathways in response to depolarization in neurons. Mol Cell Neurosci 36: 13-26.
99. Su SC, Tsai LH, (2011) Cyclin-dependent kinases in brain development and disease. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 27: 465-491.
100. Cheung ZH, Gong K, Ip NY, (2008) Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 supports neuronal survival through phosphorylation of Bcl-2. J Neurosci 28: 4872-4877.
101. Parquet MC, Kumatori A, Hasebe F, Morita K, Igarashi A, (2001) West Nile virus-induced bax-dependent apoptosis. FEBS Lett 500: 17-24.
102. Oltvai ZN, Milliman CL, Korsmeyer SJ, (1993) Bcl-2 heterodimerizes in vivo with a conserved homolog, Bax, that accelerates programmed cell death. Cell 74: 609-619.
103. See V, Boutillier AL, Bito H, Loeffler JP, (2001) Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type IV (CaMKIV) inhibits apoptosis induced by potassium deprivation in cerebellar granule neurons. FASEB J 15: 134-144.
104. McGinnis KM, Whitton MM, Gnegy ME, Wang KK, (1998) Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV is cleaved by caspase-3 and calpain in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells undergoing apoptosis. J Biol Chem 273: 19993-20000.
105. Chu JJ, Ng ML, (2003) The mechanism of cell death during West Nile virus infection is dependent on initial infectious dose. J Gen Virol 84: 3305-3314.
106. Togashi H, Sakisaka T, Takai Y, (2009) Cell adhesion molecules in the central nervous system. Cell Adh Migr 3: 29-35.
107. Gnanapavan S, Grant D, Illes-Toth E, Lakdawala N, Keir G, et al. (2010) Neural cell adhesion molecule-description of a CSF ELISA method and evidence of reduced levels in selected neurological disorders. J Neuroimmunol 225: 118-122.
108. Wang W, Wang L, Luo J, Xi Z, Wang X, et al. (2012) Role of a neural cell adhesion molecule found in cerebrospinal fluid as a potential biomarker for epilepsy. Neurochem Res 37: 819-825.
109. Thompson SN, Gibson TR, Thompson BM, Deng Y, Hall ED, (2006) Relationship of calpain-mediated proteolysis to the expression of axonal and synaptic plasticity markers following traumatic brain injury in mice. Exp Neurol 201: 253-265.
110. Zakharov VV, Mosevitsky MI, (2001) Site-specific calcium-dependent proteolysis of neuronal protein GAP-43. Neurosci Res 39: 447-453.
111. Hoe HS, Lee HK, Pak DT, (2012) The upside of APP at synapses. CNS Neurosci Ther 18: 47-56.
112. Wang P, Yang G, Mosier DR, Chang P, Zaidi T, et al. (2005) Defective neuromuscular synapses in mice lacking amyloid precursor protein (APP) and APP-Like protein 2. J Neurosci 25: 1219-1225.
113. Bretin S, Reibel S, Charrier E, Maus-Moatti M, Auvergnon N, et al. (2005) Differential expression of CRMP1, CRMP2A, CRMP2B, and CRMP5 in axons or dendrites of distinct neurons in the mouse brain. J Comp Neurol 486: 1-17.
114. Schmidt EF, Strittmatter SM, (2007) The CRMP family of proteins and their role in Sema3A signaling. Adv Exp Med Biol 600: 1-11.
115. Zhang Z, Ottens AK, Sadasivan S, Kobeissy FH, Fang T, et al. (2007) Calpain-mediated collapsin response mediator protein-1,-2, and-4 proteolysis after neurotoxic and traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 24: 460-472.
116. Kowara R, Chen Q, Milliken M, Chakravarthy B, (2005) Calpain-mediated truncation of dihydropyrimidinase-like 3 protein (DPYSL3) in response to NMDA and H2O2 toxicity. J Neurochem 95: 466-474.
117. Schiff L, Hadker N, Weiser S, Rausch C, (2012) A literature review of the feasibility of glial fibrillary acidic protein as a biomarker for stroke and traumatic brain injury. Mol Diagn Ther 16: 79-92.
118. Almeras L, Lefranc D, Drobecq H, de Seze J, Dubucquoi S, et al. (2004) New antigenic candidates in multiple sclerosis: identification by serological proteome analysis. Proteomics 4: 2184-2194.
119. He X, Ren J, Xu F, Ferguson MR, Li G, (2009) Localization of West Nile Virus in monkey brain: double staining antigens immunohistochemically of neurons, neuroglia cells and West Nile Virus. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 3: 156-161.
120. Petzold A, Groves M, Leis AA, Scaravilli F, Stokic DS, (2010) Neuronal and glial cerebrospinal fluid protein biomarkers are elevated after West Nile virus infection. Muscle Nerve 41: 42-49.
121. Giacoppo S, Bramanti P, Barresi M, Celi D, Foti Cuzzola V, et al. (2012) Predictive biomarkers of recovery in traumatic brain injury. Neurocrit Care 16: 470-477.
122. Jauch EC, Lindsell C, Broderick J, Fagan SC, Tilley BC, et al. (2006) Association of serial biochemical markers with acute ischemic stroke: the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke recombinant tissue plasminogen activator Stroke Study. Stroke 37: 2508-2513.
123. Tian ZJ, Zhao XX, Li ZH, Zhang F, Cao FT, et al. (2009) [Evaluation of myelin basic protein levels with receiver operating characteristic curves for diagnosis of multiple sclerosis]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 29: 250-252.
124. Whitaker JN, (1998) Myelin basic protein in cerebrospinal fluid and other body fluids. Mult Scler 4: 16-21.
125. Jordan I, Briese T, Fischer N, Lau JY, Lipkin WI, (2000) Ribavirin inhibits West Nile virus replication and cytopathic effect in neural cells. J Infect Dis 182: 1214-1217.
126. Shrestha B, Gottlieb D, Diamond MS, (2003) Infection and injury of neurons by West Nile encephalitis virus. J Virol 77: 13203-13213.
127. Stohlman SA, Hinton DR, (2001) Viral induced demyelination. Brain Pathol 11: 92-106.
128. McCarthy DP, Richards MH, Miller SD, (2012) Mouse Models of Multiple Sclerosis: Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis and Theiler's Virus-Induced Demyelinating Disease. Methods Mol Biol 900: 381-401.
129. Tseng YF, Wang CC, Liao SK, Chuang CK, Chen WJ, (2011) Autoimmunity-related demyelination in infection by Japanese encephalitis virus. J Biomed Sci 18: 20.
130. Sturn A, Quackenbush J, Trajanoski Z, (2002) Genesis: cluster analysis of microarray data. Bioinformatics 18: 207-208.