The Dynamic and Motile Properties of Intermediate Filaments

Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology

Volumn 19, Issue , 2003, Pages 445-467

  Helfand, Brian T ^a   Chang, Lynne ^a   Goldman, Robert D ^a  

^a NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Dynein; Kinesin; Motility; Neurofilaments; Vimentin

Indexed keywords

ACTIN; DYNEIN ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE; KINESIN;

CELL MOTILITY; CONFERENCE PAPER; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; HEALTH STATUS; HUMAN; INTERMEDIATE FILAMENT; MICROTUBULE; MOLECULAR DYNAMICS; MOTOR ACTIVITY; MOTOR COORDINATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; REGULATORY MECHANISM;

ANIMALS; CELL MOVEMENT; CYTOPLASM; CYTOPLASMIC STREAMING; CYTOSKELETON; HUMANS; INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS; MOLECULAR MOTOR PROTEINS; PROTEIN STRUCTURE, TERTIARY; PROTEIN TRANSPORT;

EID: 0344393065     PISSN: 10810706     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.19.111401.092306     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (145)

1. Albers K, Fuchs E. 1989. Expression of mutant keratin cDNAs in epithelial cells reveals possible mechanisms for initiation and assembly of intermediate filaments. J. Cell Biol. 108: 1477-93
2. Allan V. 2000. Dynactin. Curr. Biol. 10:R432
3. Ando S, Tokui T, Yamauchi T, Sugiura H, Tanabe K, Inagaki M. 1991. Evidence that Ser-82 is a unique phosphorylation site on vimentin for Ca2(+)-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 175:955-62
4. Avsyuk A, Minin AA, Gyoeva FK. 1995. Kinesin associated with vimentin intermediate filaments contains a specific light chain. Doklady Biol. Sci. 345:644-46
5. Bellin RM, Sernett SW, Becker B, Ip W, Huiatt TW, Robson RM. 1999. Molecular characteristics and interactions of the intermediate filament protein synemin. Interactions with alpha-actinin may anchor synemin-containing heterofilaments. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 29493-99
6. Bloom GS, Valle RB. 1983. Association of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP 2) with microtubules and intermediate filaments in cultured brain cells. J. Cell Biol. 96:1523-31
7. Bousquet O, Basseville M, Vila-Porcile E, Billette de Villemeur T, Hauw JJ, et al. 1996. Aggregation of a subpopulation of vimentin filaments in cultured human skin fibroblasts derived from patients with giant axonal neuropathy. Cell Motil. Cytoskelet. 33:115-29
8. Brenner M, Johnson AB, Boespflug-Tanguy O, Rodriguez D, Goldman JE, Messing A. 2001. Mutations in GFAP, encoding glial fibrillary acidic protein, are associated with Alexander disease. Nat. Genet. 27:117-20
9. Breuer AC, Atkinson MB. 1988. Fast axonal transport alterations in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and in parathyroid hormone (PTH)-treated axons. Cell Motil. Cytoskelet. 10:321-30
10. Breuer AC, Lynn MP, Atkinson MB, Chou SM, Wilbourn AJ, et al. 1987. Fast axonal transport in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: an intraaxonal organelle traffic analysis. Neurology 37:738-48
11. Brown A. 2000. Slow axonal transport: stop and go traffic in the axon. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 1:153-56
12. Brown A, Bernier G, Mathieu M, Rossant J, Kothary R. 1995. The mouse dystonia musculorum gene is a neural isoform of bullous pemphigoid antigen 1. Nat. Genet. 10:301-6
13. Brownlees J, Ackerley S, Grierson AJ, Jacobsen NJ, Shea K, et al. 2002. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease neurofilament mutations disrupt neurofilament assembly and axonal transport. Hum. Mol. Genet. 11:2837-44
14. Bulinski JC, McGraw TE, Gruber D, Nguyen HL, Sheetz MP. 1997. Overexpression of MAP4 inhibits organelle motility and trafficking in vivo. J. Cell Sci. 110:3055-64
15. Burkhardt JK, Echeverri CJ, Nilsson T, Vallee RB. 1997. Overexpression of the dynamitin (p50) subunit of the dynactin complex disrupts dynein-dependent maintenance of membrane organelle distribution. J. Cell Biol. 139:469-84
16. Carlsson L, Thornell LE. 2001. Desmin-related myopathies in mice and man. Acta. Physiol. Scand. 171:341-48
17. Chen J, Nakata T, Zhang Z, Hirokawa N. 2000. The C-terminal tail domain of neurofilament protein-H (NF-H) forms the crossbridges and regulates neurofilament bundle formation. J. Cell Sci. 113(Pt 21):3861-69
18. Chou YH, Bischoff JR, Beach D, Goldman RD. 1990. Intermediate filament reorganization during mitosis is mediated by p34cdc2 phosphorylation of vimentin. Cell 62:1063-71
19. Chou YH, Helfand BT, Goldman RD. 2001. New horizons in cytoskeletal dynamics: transport of intermediate filaments along microtubule tracks. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 13: 106-9
20. Chou YH, Khuon S, Herrmann H, Goldman RD. 2003. Nestin promotes the phosphorylation-dependent disassembly of vimentin intermediate filaments during mitosis. Mol. Biol. Cell 14:1468-78
21. Chou YH, Opal P, Quinlan RA, Goldman RD. 1996. The relative roles of specific N-and C-terminal phosphorylation sites in the disassembly of intermediate filament in mitotic BHK-21 cells. J. Cell Sci. 109:817-26
22. Cleveland DW. 1999. From Charcot to SOD1: mechanisms of selective motor neuron death in ALS. Neuron 24:515-20
23. Collier NC, Sheetz MP, Schlesinger MJ. 1993. Concomitant changes in mitochondria and intermediate filaments during heat shock and recovery of chicken embryo fibroblasts. J. Cell. Biochem. 52:297-307
24. Cudkowicz ME, McKenna-Yasek D, Sapp PE, Chin W, Geller B, et al. 1997. Epidemiology of mutations in superoxide dismutase in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Ann. Neurol. 41: 210-21
25. Djabali K, de Nechaud B, Landon F, Portier MM. 1997. AlphaB-crystallin interacts with intermediate filaments in response to stress. J. Cell Sci. 110:2759-69
26. Durham HD, Pena SD, Carpenter S. 1983. The neurotoxins 2,5-hexanedione and acrylamide promote aggregation of intermediate filaments in cultured fibroblasts. Muscle Nerve 6:631-37
27. Ebneth A, Godemann R, Stamer K, Illenberger S, Trinczek B, Mandelkow E. 1998. Overexpression of tau protein inhibits kinesin-dependent trafficking of vesicles, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum: implications for Alzheimer's disease. J. Cell Biol. 143:777-94
28. Echeverri CJ, Paschal BM, Vaughan KT, Vallee RB. 1996. Molecular characterization of the 50-kD subunit of dynactin reveals function for the complex in chromosome alignment and spindle organization during mitosis. J. Cell Biol. 132:617-33
29. Eckes B, Colucci-Guyon E, Smola H, Nodder S, Babinet C, et al. 2000. Impaired wound healing in embryonic and adult mice lacking vimentin. J. Cell Sci. 113:2455-62
30. Eckes B, Dogic D, Colucci-Guyon E, Wang N, Maniotis A, et al. 1998. Impaired mechanical stability, migration and contractile capacity in vimentin-deficient fibroblasts. J. Cell Sci. 111:1897-907
31. Eyer J, Leterrier JF. 1988. Influence of the phosphorylation state of neurofilament proteins on the interactions between purified filaments in vitro. Biochem. J. 252:655-60
32. Franke WW, Schmid E, Grund C, Geiger B. 1982. Intermediate filament proteins in nonfilamentous structures: transient disintegration and inclusion of subunit proteins in granular aggregates. Cell 30:103-13
33. Galloway PG, Mulvihill P, Perry G. 1992. Filaments of Lewy bodies contain insoluble cytoskeletal elements. Am. J. Pathol. 140:809-22
34. Galou M, Gao J, Humbert J, Mericskay M, Li Z, et al. 1997. The importance of intermediate filaments in the adaptation of tissues to mechanical stress: evidence from gene knockout studies. Biol. Cell 89:85-97
35. Geisler N, Hatzfeld M, Weber K. 1989. Phosphorylation in vitro of vimentin by protein kinases A and C is restricted to the head domain. Identification of the phosphoserine sites and their influence on filament formation. Eur. J. Biochem. 183:441-47
36. Gilles C, Polette M, Zahm JM, Tournier JM, Volders L, et al. 1999. Vimentin contributes to human mammary epithelial cell migration. J. Cell Sci. 112:4615-25
37. Goldman RD. 1971. The role of three cytoplasmic fibers in BHK-21 cell motility. I. Microtubules and the effects of colchicine. J. Cell Biol. 51:752-62
38. Goldman RD, Khuon S, Chou YH, Opal P, Steinert PM. 1996. The function of intermediate filaments in cell shape and cytoskeletal integrity. J Cell Biol. 134:971-83
39. Gorbsky GJ, Borisy GG. 1989. Microtubule dynamics and the movement of chromosomes. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 318:159-69
40. Gordon WE III, Bushnell A, Burridge K. 1978. Characterization of the intermediate (10 nm) filaments of cultured cells using an autoimmune rabbit antiserum. Cell 13:249-61
41. Goto H, Tanabe K, Manser E, Lim L, Yasui Y, Inagaki M. 2002. Phosphorylation and reorganization of vimentin by p21-activated kinase (PAK). Genes Cells 7:91-97
42. Gotow T, Tanaka J. 1994. Phosphorylation of neurofilament H subunit as related to arrangement of neurofilaments. J. Neurosci. Res. 37:691-713
43. Gotow T, Tanaka T, Nakamura Y, Takeda M. 1994. Dephosphorylation of the largest neurofilament subunit protein influences the structure of crossbridges in reassembled neurofilaments. J. Cell Sci. 107:1949-57
44. Green KJ, Geiger B, Jones JC, Talian JC, Goldman RD. 1987. The relationship between intermediate filaments and microfilaments before and during the formation of desmosomes and adherens-type junctions in mouse epidermal keratinocytes. J. Cell Biol. 104:1389-402
45. Green KJ, Talian JC, Goldman RD. 1986. Relationship between intermediate filaments and microfilaments in cultured fibroblasts: evidence for common foci during cell spreading. Cell Motil. Cytoskelet. 6:406-18
46. Gross SP, Tuma MC, Deacon SW, Serpinskaya AS, Reilein AR, Gelfand VI. 2002a. Interactions and regulation of molecular motors in Xenopus melanophores. J. Cell Biol. 156:855-65
47. Gross SP, Welte MA, Block SM, Wieschaus EF. 2002b. Coordination of opposite-polarity microtubule motors. J. Cell Biol. 156:715-24
48. Guo L, Degenstein L, Dowling J, Yu QC, Wollmann R, et al. 1995. Gene targeting of BPAG1: abnormalities in mechanical strength and cell migration in stratified epithelia and neurologic degeneration. Cell 81: 233-43
49. Gurland G, Gundersen GG. 1995. Stable, detyrosinated microtubules function to localize vimentin intermediate filaments in fibroblasts. J. Cell Biol. 131:1275-90
50. Gyoeva FK, Gelfand VI. 1991. Coalignment of vimentin intermediate filaments with microtubules depends on kinesin. Nature 353:445-48
51. Hafezparast M, Klocke R, Ruhrberg C, Marquardt A, Ahman-Annuar A, et al. 2003. Mutations in dynein link motor neuron degeneration to defects in retrograde transport. Science 300:808-12
52. Hammerschlag R. 1994. Is the intrasomal phase of fast axonal transport driven by oscillations of intracellular calcium? Neurochem. Res. 19:1431-37
53. Heikinheimo K, Sandberg M, Happonen RP, Virtanen I, Bosch FX. 1991. Cytoskeletal gene expression in normal and neoplastic human odontogenic epithelia. Lab. Invest. 65:688-701
54. Helfand BT, Mikami A, Vallee RB, Goldman RD. 2002. A requirement for cytoplasmic dynein and dynactin in intermediate filament network assembly and organization. J. Cell Biol. 157:795-806
55. Helmke BP, Goldman RD, Davies PF. 2000. Rapid displacement of vimentin intermediate filaments in living endothelial cells exposed to flow. Circ. Res. 86:745-52
56. Helmke BP, Thakker DB, Goldman RD, Davies PF. 2001. Spatiotemporal analysis of flow-induced intermediate filament displacement in living endothelial cells. Biophys. J. 80: 184-94
57. Hemken PM, Bellin RM, Sernett SW, Becker B, Huiatt TW, Robson RM. 1997. Molecular characteristics of the novel intermediate filament protein paranemin. Sequence reveals EAP-300 and IFAPa-400 are highly homologous to paranemin. J. Biol. Chem. 272:32489-99
58. Hendrix MJ, Seftor EA, Chu YW, Seftor RE, Nagle RB, et al. 1992. Coexpression of vimentin and keratins by human melanoma tumor cells: correlation with invasive and metastatic potential. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 84: 165-74
59. Hendrix MJ, Seftor EA, Chu YW, Trevor KT, Seftor RE. 1996. Role of intermediate filaments in migration, invasion and metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 15:507-25
60. Hendrix MJ, Seftor EA, Seftor RE, Gardner LM, Boldt HC, et al. 1998. Biologic determinants of uveal melanoma metastatic phenotype: role of intermediate filaments as predictive markers. Lab. Invest. 78:153-63
61. Hendrix MJ, Seftor EA, Seftor RE, Trevor KT. 1997. Experimental co-expression of vimentin and keratin intermediate filaments in human breast cancer cells results in phenotypic interconversion and increased invasive behavior. Am. J. Pathol 150:483-95
62. Hesse M, Magin TM, Weber K. 2001. Genes for intermediate filament proteins and the draft sequence of the human genome: novel keratin genes and a surprisingly high number of pseudogenes related to keratin genes 8 and 18. J. Cell Sci. 114:2569-75
63. Hisanaga S, Hirokawa N. 1988. Structure of the peripheral domains of neurofilaments revealed by low angle rotary shadowing. J. Mol. Biol. 202:297-305
64. Ho CL, Martys JL, Mikhailov A, Gundersen GG, Liem RK. 1998. Novel features of intermediate filament dynamics revealed by green fluorescent protein chimeras. J. Cell Sci. 111:1767-78
65. Hoffman PN, Cleveland DW, Griffin JW, Landes PW, Cowan NJ, Price DL. 1987. Neurofilament gene expression: a major determinant of axonal caliber. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:3472-76
66. Hoffman PN, Griffin JW, Price DL. 1984. Control of axonal caliber by neurofilament transport. J. Cell Biol. 99:705-14
67. Hoffman PN, Lasek RJ. 1975. The slow component of axonal transport. Identification of major structural polypeptides of the axon and their generality among mammalian neurons. J. Cell Biol. 66:351-66
68. Hoffman PN, Lasek RJ. 1980. Axonal transport of the cytoskeleton in regenerating motor neurons: constancy and change. Brain Res. 202:317-33
69. Hoogenraad CC, Akhmanova A, Howell SA, Dortland BR, De Zeeuw CI, et al. 2001. Mammalian Golgi-associated Bicaudal-D2 functions in the dynein-dynactin pathway by interacting with these complexes. EMBO J. 20:4041-54
70. Hunt AJ, Gittes F, Howard J. 1994. The force exerted by a single kinesin molecule against a viscous load. Biophys. J. 67:766-81
71. Huszar M, Halkin H, Herczeg E, Bubis J, Geiger B. 1983. Use of antibodies to intermediate filaments in the diagnosis of metastatic amelanotic malignant melanoma. Hum. Pathol. 14:1006-8
72. Hwang TL, Borit A. 1982. Rosenthal fibers in glioblastoma multiforme. Acta. Neuropathol. 57:230-32
73. Inagaki M, Nishi Y, Nishizawa K, Matsuyama M, Sato C. 1987. Site-specific phosphorylation induces disassembly of vimentin filaments in vitro. Nature 328:649-52
74. Irvine AD, McLean WH. 1999. Human keratin diseases: the increasing spectrum of disease and subtlety of the phenotype-genotype correlation. Br. J. Dermatol. 140:815-28
75. Janmey PA, Euteneuer U, Traub P, Schliwa M. 1991. Viscoelastic properties of vimentin compared with other filamentous biopolymer networks. J Cell Biol. 113:155-60
76. Janmey PA, Shah JV, Janssen KP, Schliwa M. 1998. Viscoelasticity of intermediate filament networks. Subcell. Biochem. 31:381-97
77. Jensen K, Gluud C. 1994. The Mallory body: morphological, clinical and experimental studies (Part 1 of a literature survey). Hepotology 20:1061-77
78. Jones JC, Goldman AE, Yang HY, Goldman RD. 1985. The organizational fate of intermediate filament networks in two epithelial cell types during mitosis. J. Cell Biol. 100: 93-102
79. Julien JP. 2001. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Unfolding the toxicity of the misfolded. Cell 104:581-91
80. King SM. 2000. The dynein microtubule motor. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1496:60-75
81. Kreitzer G, Liao G, Gundersen GG. 1999. Detyrosination of tubulin regulates the interaction of intermediate filaments with microtubules in vivo via a kinesin-dependent mechanism. Mol. Biol. Cell 10:1105-18
82. LaMonte BH, Wallace KE, Holloway BA, Shelly SS, Ascano J, et al. 2002. Disruption of dynein/dynactin inhibits axonal transport in motor neurons causing late-onset progressive degeneration. Neuron 34:715-27
83. Lang SH, Hyde C, Reid IN, Hitchcock IS, Hart CA, et al. 2002. Enhanced expression of vimentin in motile prostate cell lines and in poorly differentiated and metastatic prostate carcinoma. Prostate 52:253-63
84. Lasek RJ, Paggi P, Katz MJ. 1993. The maximum rate of neurofilament transport in axons: a view of molecular transport mechanisms continuously engaged. Brain Res. 616: 58-64
85. Leterrier JF, Kas J, Hartwig J, Vegners R, Janmey PA. 1996. Mechanical effects of neurofilament cross-bridges. Modulation by phosphorylation, lipids, and interactions with F-actin. J. Biol. Chem. 271:15687-94
86. Leung CL, Green KJ, Liem RK. 2002. Plakins: a family of versatile cytolinker proteins. Trends Cell Biol. 12:37-45
87. Liao G, Gundersen GG. 1998. Kinesin is a candidate for cross-bridging microtubules and intermediate filaments. Selective binding of kinesin to detyrosinated tubulin and vimentin. J. Biol. Chem. 273:9797-803
88. Marszalek JR, Williamson TL, Lee MK, Xu Z, Hoffman PN, et al. 1996. Neurofilament subunit NF-H modulates axonal diameter by selectively slowing neurofilament transport. J. Cell Biol. 135:711-24
89. McKenna NM, Wang YL. 1986. Possible translocation of actin and alpha-actinin along stress fibers. Exp. Cell Res. 167:95-105
90. Miller RK, Khuon S, Goldman RD. 1993. Dynamics of keratin assembly: exogenous type I keratin rapidly associates with type II keratin in vivo. J. Cell Biol. 122:123-35
91. Miller RK, Vikstrom K, Goldman RD. 1991. Keratin incorporation into intermediate filament networks is a rapid process. J. Cell Biol. 113:843-55
92. Mittal B, Sanger JM, Sanger JW. 1989. Visualization of intermediate filaments in living cells using fluorescently labeled desmin. Cell Motil. Cytoskelet. 12:127-38
93. Miyasaka H, Okabe S, Ishiguro K, Uchida T, Hirokawa N. 1993. Interaction of the tail domain of high molecular weight subunits of neurofilaments with the COOH-terminal region of tubulin and its regulation by tau protein kinase II. J. Biol. Chem. 268:22695-702
94. Navone F, Niclas J, Hom-Booher N, Sparks L, Bernstein HD, et al. 1992. Cloning and expression of a human kinesin heavy chain gene: interaction of the COOH-terminal domain with cytoplasmic microtubules in transfected CV-1 cells. J. Cell Biol. 117:1263-75
95. Newey SE, Howman EV, Ponting CP, Benson MA, Nawrotzki R, et al. 2001. Syncoilin, a novel member of the intermediate filament superfamily that interacts with alpha-dystrobrevin in skeletal muscle. J. Biol. Chem. 276:6645-55
96. Ngai J, Coleman TR, Lazarides E. 1990. Localization of newly synthesized vimentin subunits reveals a novel mechanism of intermediate filament assembly. Cell 60:415-27
97. Osborn M, Franke W, Weber K. 1980. Direct demonstration of the presence of two immunologically distinct intermediate-sized filament systems in the same cell by double immunofluorescence microscopy. Vimentin and cytokeratin fibers in cultured epithelial cells. Exp. Cell Res. 125:37-46
98. Pant HC, Veeranna Grant P. 2000. Regulation of axonal neurofilament phosphorylation. Curr. Top. Cell Regul. 36:133-50
99. Pena SD. 1982. Giant axonal neuropathy: an inborn error of organization of intermediate filaments. Muscle Nerve 5:166-72
100. Perez-Olle R, Leung CL, Liem RK. 2002. Effects of Charcot-Marie-Tooth- linked mutations of the neurofilament light subunit on intermediate filament formation. J. Cell Sci. 115:4937-46
101. Perng MD, Cairns L, van den IP, Prescott A, Hutcheson AM, Quinlan RA. 1999. Intermediate filament interactions can be altered by HSP27 and alphaB-crystallin. J. Cell Sci. 112:2099-112
102. Prahlad V, Helfand BT, Langford GM, Vale RD, Goldman RD. 2000. Fast transport of neurofilament protein along microtubules in squid axoplasm. J. Cell Sci. 113:3939-46
103. Prahlad V, Yoon M, Moir RD, Vale RD, Goldman RD. 1998. Rapid movements of vimentin on microtubule tracks: kinesin-dependent assembly of intermediate filament networks. J. Cell Biol. 143:159-70
104. Puls I, Jonnakuty C, LaMonte BH, Holzbaur EL, Tokito M, et al. 2003. Mutant dynactin in motor neuron disease. Nat. Genet. 33:455-56
105. Rao MV, Engle LJ, Mohan PS, Yuan A, Qiu D, et al. 2002. Myosin Va binding to neurofilaments is essential for correct myosin Va distribution and transport and neurofilament density. J Cell Biol. 159:279-90
106. Rosen DR, Siddique T, Patterson D, Figlewicz DA, Sapp P, et al. 1993. Mutations in Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase gene are associated with familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nature 362:59-62
107. Rosevear ER, McReynolds M, Goldman RD. 1990. Dynamic properties of intermediate filaments: disassembly and reassembly during mitosis in baby hamster kidney cells. Cell Motil. Cytoskelet. 17:150-66
108. Roy S, Coffee P, Smith G, Liem RK, Brady ST, Black MM. 2000. Neurofilaments are transported rapidly but intermittently in axons: implications for slow axonal transport. J. Neurosci. 20:6849-61
109. Saez R, Burgal M, Renau-Piqueras J, Marques A, Guerri C. 1991. Evolution of several cytoskeletal proteins of astrocytes in primary culture: effect of prenatal alcohol exposure. Neurochem. Res. 16:737-47
110. Sanchez I, Hassinger L, Sihag RK, Cleveland DW, Mohan P, Nixon RA. 2000. Local control of neurofilament accumulation during radial growth of myelinating axons in vivo. Selective role of site-specific phosphorylation. J. Cell Biol. 151:1013-24
111. Schweitzer SC, Klymkowsky MW, Bellin RM, Robson RM, Capetanaki Y, Evans RM. 2001. Paranemin and the organization of desmin filament networks. J. Cell Sci. 114:1079-89
112. Seitz A, Kojima H, Oiwa K, Mandelkow EM, Song YH, Mandelkow E. 2002. Single-molecule investigation of the interference between kinesin, tau and MAP2c. EMBO J. 21: 4896-905
113. Shah JV, Flanagan LA, Janmey PA, Leterrier JF. 2000. Bidirectional translocation of neurofilaments along microtubules mediated in part by dynein/dynactin. Mol. Biol. Cell 11:3495-508
114. Shuster S, Huszar M, Geiger B. 1985. Immunofluorescent localization of intermediate filament subunits for the differential diagnosis of malignant melanoma. Am. J. Dermatopathol. 7:79-86
115. Singh S, Gupta PD. 1994. Tampering with cytokeratin expression results in cell dysfunction. Epithel. Cell Biol. 3:79-83
116. Sommers CL, Heckford SE, Skerker JM, Worland P, Torri JA, et al. 1992. Loss of epithelial markers and acquisition of vimentin expression in adriamycin-and vinblastine-resistant human breast cancer cell lines. Cancer Res. 52:5190-97
117. Stamer K, Vogel R, Thies E, Mandelkow E, Mandelkow EM. 2002. Tau blocks traffic of organelles, neurofilaments, and APP vesicles in neurons and enhances oxidative stress. J. Cell Biol. 156:1051-63
118. Starr DA, Williams BC, Hays TS, Goldberg ML. 1998. ZW10 helps recruit dynactin and dynein to the kinetochore. J. Cell Biol. 142: 763-74
119. Steinert PM, Chou YH, Prahlad V, Parry DA, Marekov LN, et al. 1999. A high molecular weight intermediate filament-associated protein in BHK-21 cells is nestin, a type VI intermediate filament protein. Limited co-assembly in vitro to form heteropolymers with type III vimentin and type IV alpha-internexin. J. Biol. Chem. 274:9881-90
120. Thomas PA, Kirschmann DA, Cerhan JR, Folberg R, Seftor EA, et al. 1999. Association between keratin and vimentin expression, malignant phenotype, and survival in postmenopausal breast cancer patients. Clin. Cancer Res. 5:2698-703
121. Thompson EW, Paik S, Brunner N, Sommers CL, Zugmaier G, et al. 1992. Association of increased basement membrane invasiveness with absence of estrogen receptor and expression of vimentin in human breast cancer cell lines. J. Cell Physiol. 150:534-44
122. Tokui T, Yamauchi T, Yano T, Nishi Y, Kusagawa M, et al. 1990. Ca2(+)-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II phosphorylates various types of non-epithelial intermediate filament proteins. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 169:896-904
123. Toyoshima I, Yamamoto A, Masamune O, Satake M. 1989. Phosphorylation of neurofilament proteins and localization of axonal swellings in motor neuron disease. J. Neurol. Sci. 89:269-77
124. Trinczek B, Ebneth A, Mandelkow EM, Mandelkow E. 1999. Tau regulates the attachment/detachment but not the speed of motors in microtubule-dependent transport of single vesicles and organelles. J. Cell Sci. 112: 2355-67
125. Tsujimura K, Ogawara M, Takeuchi Y, Imajoh-Ohmi S, Ha MH, Inagaki M. 1994. Visualization and function of vimentin phosphorylation by cdc2 kinase during mitosis. J. Biol. Chem. 269:31097-106
126. Tzivion G, Luo ZJ, Avruch J. 2000. Calyculin A-induced vimentin phosphorylation sequesters 14-3-3 and displaces other 14-3-3 partners in vivo. J. Biol. Chem. 275:29772-78
127. Vikstrom KL, Borisy GG, Goldman RD. 1989. Dynamic aspects of intermediate filament networks in BHK-21 cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:549-53
128. Vikstrom KL, Lim SS, Goldman RD, Borisy GG. 1992. Steady state dynamics of intermediate filament networks. J. Cell Biol. 118: 121-29
129. Wang L, Brown A. 2001. Rapid intermittent movement of axonal neurofilaments observed by fluorescence photobleaching. Mol. Biol. Cell 12:3257-67
130. Wang L, Ho CL, Sun D, Liem RK, Brown A. 2000. Rapid movement of axonal neurofilaments interrupted by prolonged pauses. Nat. Cell Biol. 2:137-41
131. Waterman-Storer CM, Salmon ED. 1998. How microtubules get fluorescent speckles. Biophys. J. 75:2059-69
132. Weber KL, Bement WM. 2002. F-actin serves as a template for cytokeratin organization in cell free extracts. J. Cell Sci. 115:1373-82
133. Wiegers W, Honer B, Traub P. 1991. Microinjection of intermediate filament proteins into living cells with and without preexisting intermediate filament network. Cell Biol. Int. Rep. 15:287-96
134. Williamson TL, Cleveland DW. 1999. Slowing of axonal transport is a very early event in the toxicity of ALS-linked SOD1 mutants to motor neurons. Nat. Neurosci. 2:50-56
135. Windoffer R, Leube RE. 1999. Detection of cytokeratin dynamics by time-lapse fluorescence microscopy in living cells. J. Cell Sci. 112:4521-34
136. Windoffer R, Leube RE. 2001. De novo formation of cytokeratin filament networks originates from the cell cortex in A-431 cells. Cell Motil. Cytoskelet. 50:33-44
137. Xia CH, Roberts EA, Her LS, Liu X, Williams DS, et al. 2003. Abnormal neurofilament transport caused by targeted disruption of neuronal kinesin heavy chains. KIF5A. J. Cell Biol. 161:55-66
138. Yabe JT, Chan WK, Chylinski TM, Lee S, Pimenta AF, Shea TB. 2001. The predominant form in which neurofilament subunits undergo axonal transport varies during axonal initiation, elongation, and maturation. Cell Motil. Cytoskelet. 48:61-83
139. Yabe JT, Jung C, Chan WK, Shea TB. 2000. Phospho-dependent association of neurofilament proteins with kinesin in situ. Cell Motil. Cytoskelet. 45:249-62
140. Yabe JT, Pimenta A, Shea TB. 1999. Kinesin-mediated transport of neurofilament protein oligomers in growing axons. J. Cell Sci. 112: 3799-814
141. Yang Y, Bauer C, Strasser G, Wollman R, Julien JP, Fuchs E. 1999. Integrators of the cytoskeleton that stabilize microtubules. Cell 98:229-38
142. Yano T, Tokui T, Nishi Y, Nishizawa K, Shibata M, et al. 1991. Phosphorylation of keratin intermediate filaments by protein kinase C, by calmodulin-dependent protein kinase and by cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Eur. J. Biochem. 197:281-90
143. Yoon KH, Yoon M, Moir RD, Khuon S, Goldman RD. 2001. The motility and assembly of keratin tonofibrils in living epithelial cells. J. Cell Biol. 153:503-16
144. Yoon M, Moir RD, Prahlad V, Goldman RD. 1998. Motile properties of vimentin intermediate filament networks in living cells. J. Cell Biol. 143:147-57
145. Zackroff RV, Goldman RD. 1979. In vitro assembly of intermediate filaments from baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76:6226-30