Cognitive bias modification and cognitive control training in addiction and related psychopathology: Mechanisms, clinical perspectives, and ways forward

Clinical Psychological Science

Volumn 1, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 192-212

  Wiers, Reinout W ^a   Gladwin, Thomas E ^a   Hofmann, Wilhelm ^b   Salemink, Elske ^a   Ridderinkhof, K Richard ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

Addiction; Cognitive bias; Cognitive control; Cognitive neuroscience; Dual process models; Intervention; Theory

Indexed keywords

EID: 84879923385     PISSN: 21677026     EISSN: 21677034     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/2167702612466547     Document Type: Article

References (248)

1. Alfonso, J. P., Caracuel, A., Delgado-Pastor, L. C., & Verdejo-Garcia, A. (2011). Combined goal management training and mindfulness meditation improve executive functions and decision-making performance in abstinent polysubstance abusers. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 117, 78-81.
2. Amir, N., Beard, C., Burns, M., & Bomyea, J. (2009). Attention modification program in individuals with generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, 28-33.
3. Amir, N., Bomyea, J., & Beard, C. (2010). The effect of singlesession interpretation modification on attention bias in socially anxious individuals. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 24, 178-182.
4. Amir, N., & Taylor, C. T. (2012). Combining computerized homebased treatments for generalized anxiety disorder: An attention modification program and cognitive behavioral therapy. Behavior Therapy, 43, 546-559.
5. Amir, N., Taylor, C. T., & Donohue, M. C. (2011). Predictors of response to an attention modification program in generalized social phobia. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 79, 533-541.
6. Ataya, A. F., Adams, S., Mullings, E., Cooper, R. M., Attwood, A. S., & Munafo, M. R. (2012). Internal reliability of measures of substance-related cognitive bias. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 121, 148-151.
7. Attwood, A. S., O'Sullivan, H., Leonards, U., Mackintosh, B., & Munafo, M. R. (2008). Attentional bias training and cue reactivity in cigarette smokers. Addiction, 103, 1875-1882.
8. Badiani, A., Belin, D., Epstein, D., Calu, D., & Shaham, Y. (2011). Opiate versus psychostimulant addiction: The differences do matter. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 12, 685-700.
9. Baker, T. B., Piper, M. E., McCarthy, D. E., Majeskie, M. R., & Fiore, M. C. (2004). Addiction motivation reformulated: An affective processing model of negative reinforcement. Psychological Review, 111, 33-51.
10. Baumeister, R. F. (2003). Ego depletion and self-regulation failure: A resource model of self-control. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 27, 281-284.
11. Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, M., Muraven, M., & Tice, D. M. (1998). Ego depletion: Is the active self a limited resource? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1252-1265.
12. Beard, C., Weisberg, R. B., & Primack, J. (2011). Socially anxious primary care patients' attitudes toward cognitive bias modification (CBM): A qualitative study. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 40, 618-633.
13. Bechara, A. (2005). Decision making, impulse control and loss of willpower to resist drugs: A neurocognitive perspective. Nature Neuroscience, 8, 1458-1463.
14. Belin, D., Mar, A. C., Dalley, J. W., Robbins, T. W., & Everitt, B. J. (2008). High impulsivity predicts the switch to compulsive cocaine-taking. Science, 320, 1352-1355.
15. Belsky, J., & Beaver, K. M. (2011). Cumulative-genetic plasticity, parenting and adolescent self-regulation. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52, 619-626.
16. Belsky, J., Jonassaint, C., Pluess, M., Stanton, M., Brummett, B., & Williams, R. (2009). Vulnerability genes or plasticity genes? Molecular Psychiatry, 14, 746-754.
17. Berridge, K. C., Robinson, T. E., & Aldridge, J. W. (2009). Dissecting components of reward: "Liking, " "wanting, " and learning. Current Opinion in Pharmacology, 9, 65-73.
18. Bickel, W. K., Yi, R., Landes, R. D., Hill, P. F., & Baxter, C. (2011). Remember the future: Working memory training decreases delay discounting among stimulant addicts. Biological Psychiatry, 69, 260-265.
19. Bijleveld, E., Custers, R., & Aarts, H. (2009). The unconscious eye opener: Pupil dilation reveals strategic recruitment of resources upon presentation of subliminal reward cues. Psychological Science, 20, 1313-1315.
20. Boggio, P. S., Liguori, P., Sultani, N., Rezende, L., Fecteau, S., & Fregni, F. (2009). Cumulative priming effects of cortical stimulation on smoking cue-induced craving. Neuroscience Letters, 463, 82-86.
21. Boggio, P. S., Sultani, N., Fecteau, S., Merabet, L., Mecca, T., Pascual-Leone, A.,. Fregni, F. (2008). Prefrontal cortex modulation using transcranial DC stimulation reduces alcohol craving: A double-blind, sham-controlled study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 92, 55-60.
22. Brevers, D., Cleeremans, A., Bechara, A., Laloyaux, C., Kornreich, C., Verbanck, P., & Noël, X. (2011). Time course of attentional bias for gambling information in problem gambling. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 25, 675-682.
23. Browning, M., Holmes, E. A., Murphy, S. E., Goodwin, G. M., & Harmer, C. J. (2010). Lateral prefrontal cortex mediates the cognitive modification of attentional bias. Biological Psychiatry, 67, 919-925.
24. Buitenweg, J. I., Murre, J. M., & Ridderinkhof, K. R. (2012). Brain training in progress: A review of trainability in healthy seniors. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6, 183.
25. Bunge, S. A., Burrows, B., & Wagner, A. D. (2004). Prefrontal and hippocampal contributions to visual associative recognition: Interactions between cognitive control and episodic retrieval. Brain and Cognition, 56, 141-152.
26. Carlbring, P., Apelstrand, M., Sehlin, H., Amir, N., Rousseau, A., Hofmann, S. G., & Andersson, G. (2012). Internet-delivered attention bias modification training in individuals with social anxiety disorder: A double blind randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry, 12, 66.
27. Childress, A. R., Ehrman, R. N., Wang, Z., Li, Y., Sciortino, N., Hakun, J.,. O'Brien, C. P. (2008). Prelude to passion: Limbic activation by "unseen" drug and sexual cues. PLoS One, 3, e1506.
28. Christiansen, P., Cole, J. C., Goudie, A. J., & Field, M. (2012). Components of behavioural impulsivity and automatic cue approach predict unique variance in hazardous drinking. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 219, 501-510.
29. Cohen, J. D., Braver, T. S., & O'Reilly, R. C. (1996). A computational approach to prefrontal cortex, cognitive control and schizophrenia: Recent developments and current challenges. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, 351, 1515-1527.
30. Conklin, C. A., & Tiffany, S. T. (2002). Applying extinction research and theory to cue-exposure addiction treatments. Addiction, 97, 155-167.
31. Conrey, F. R., Sherman, J. W., Gawronski, B., Hugenberg, K., & Groom, C. J. (2005). Separating multiple processes in implicit social cognition: The quad model of implicit task performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 469-487.
32. Cousijn, J., Goudriaan, A. E., Ridderinkhof, K. R., van den Brink, W., Veltman, D. J., & Wiers, R. W. (2012). Approach-bias predicts development of cannabis problem severity in heavy cannabis users: Results from a prospective FMRI study. PLoS One, 7, e42394.
33. Cousijn, J., Goudriaan, A. E., & Wiers, R. W. (2011). Reaching out towards cannabis: Approach-bias in heavy cannabis users predicts changes in cannabis use. Addiction, 106, 1667-1674.
34. Cox, W. M., Hogan, L. M., Kristian, M. R., & Race, J. H. (2002). Alcohol attentional bias as a predictor of alcohol abusers' treatment outcome. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 68, 237-243.
35. Crews, F. T., & Boettiger, C. A. (2009). Impulsivity, frontal lobes and risk for addiction. Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Behavior, 93, 237-247.
36. Cunningham, W. A., & Zelazo, P. D. (2007). Attitudes and evaluations: A social cognitive neuroscience perspective. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11, 97-104.
37. Dehaene, S., & Changeux, J. P. (2011). Experimental and theoretical approaches to conscious processing. Neuron, 70, 200-227.
38. De Houwer, J., & De Bruycker, E. (2007). The implicit association test outperforms the extrinsic affective Simon task as an implicit measure of inter-individual differences in attitudes. British Journal of Social Psychology, 46, 401-421.
39. De Houwer, J., Teige-Mocigemba, S., Spruyt, A., & Moors, A. (2009). Implicit measures: A normative analysis and review. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 347-368.
40. Deutsch, R., Gawronski, B., & Strack, F. (2006). At the boundaries of automaticity: Negation as reflective operation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 385-405.
41. Deutsch, R., & Strack, F. (2006). Reflective and impulsive determinants of addictive behaviors. In R. W. Wiers & A. W. Stacy (Eds.), Handbook of implicit cognition and addiction (pp. 45-57). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
42. de Wit, H. (2009). Impulsivity as a determinant and consequence of drug use: A review of underlying processes. Addiction Biology, 14, 22-31.
43. de Wit, S., & Dickinson, A. (2009). Associative theories of goaldirected behaviour: A case for animal-human translational models. Psychological Research, 73, 463-476.
44. de Wit, S., Watson, P., Harsay, H. A., Cohen, M. X., van de Vijver, I., & Ridderinkhof, K. R. (2012). Corticostriatal connectivity underlies individual differences in the balance between habitual and goal-directed action control. Journal of Neuroscience, 32, 12066-12075.
45. Dovis, S., Van der Oord, S., Wiers, R. W., & Prins, P. J. (2012). Can motivation normalize working memory and task persistence in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? The effects of money and computer-gaming. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40, 669-681.
46. Duka, T., Trick, L., Nikolaou, K., Gray, M. A., Kempton, M. J., Williams, H.,. Stephens, D. N. (2011). Unique brain areas associated with abstinence control are damaged in multiply detoxified alcoholics. Biological Psychiatry, 70, 545-552.
47. Eberl, C., Wiers, R. W., Pawelczack, S., Rinck, M., Becker, E., & Lindenmeyer, J. (in press). Improving relapse rates in alcohol dependent patients by alcohol approach bias modification: Who responds best to the training? Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience.
48. Edelman, G. (2001). Consciousness: The remembered present. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 929, 111-122.
49. Eldar, S., & Bar-Haim, Y. (2010). Neural plasticity in response to attention training in anxiety. Psychological Medicine, 40, 667-677.
50. Enock, P. M., Hofmann, S. G., & McNally, R. J. (2012). Attention bias modification treatment via iPhone and other handheld devices to reduce social anxiety and worry: A randomized controlled trial. Manuscript in preparation.
51. Evans, J. S. B. T. (2008). Dual-processing accounts of reasoning, judgment, and social cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 255-278.
52. Evans, J. S. B. T., & Coventry, K. (2006). A dual process approach to behavioural addiction: The case of gambling. In R. W. Wiers & A. W. Stacy (Eds.), Handbook of implicit cognition and addiction (pp. 29-43). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
53. Everaert, J., Koster, E. H., & Derakshan, N. (2012). The combined cognitive bias hypothesis in depression: A state-of-the-art. Clinical Psychological Review, 32, 413-424.
54. Everitt, B. J., Belin, D., Economidou, D., Pelloux, Y., Dalley, J. W., & Robbins, T. W. (2008). Review: Neural mechanisms underlying the vulnerability to develop compulsive drug-seeking habits and addiction. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 363, 3125-3135.
55. Everitt, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2005). Neural systems of reinforcement for drug addiction: From actions to habits to compulsion. Nature Neuroscience, 8, 1481-1489.
56. Fadardi, J. S., & Cox, W. M. (2009). Reversing the sequence: Reducing alcohol consumption by overcoming alcohol attentional bias. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 101, 137-145.
57. Fazio, R. H. (1990). Multiple processes by which attitudes guide behavior: The MODE model as an integrative framework. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 23, pp. 75-109). New York: Academic Press.
58. Fernandez-Serrano, M. J., Perez-Garcia, M., & Verdejo-Garcia, A. (2011). What are the specific vs. generalized effects of drugs of abuse on neuropsychological performance? Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35, 377-406.
59. Field, M., Caren, R., Fernie, G., & De Houwer, J. (2011). Alcohol approach tendencies in heavy drinkers: Comparison of effects in a relevant stimulus-response compatibility task and an approach/avoidance Simon task. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 25, 697-701.
60. Field, M., & Cox, W. M. (2008). Attentional bias in addictive behaviors: A review of its development, causes, and consequences. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 97, 1-20.
61. Field, M., Duka, T., Eastwood, B., Child, R., Santarcangelo, M., & Gayton, M. (2007). Experimental manipulation of attentional biases in heavy drinkers: Do the effects generalise? Psychopharmacology, 192, 593-608.
62. Field, M., Duka, T., Tyler, E., & Schoenmakers, T. (2009). Attentional bias modification in tobacco smokers. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 11, 812-822.
63. Field, M., & Eastwood, B. (2005). Experimental manipulation of attentional bias increases the motivation to drink alcohol. Psychopharmacology, 183, 350-357.
64. Field, M., Eastwood, B., Bradley, B. P., & Mogg, K. (2006). Selective processing of cannabis cues in regular cannabis users. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 85, 75-82.
65. Field, M., Kiernan, A., Eastwood, B., & Child, R. (2008). Rapid approach responses to alcohol cues in heavy drinkers. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 39, 209-218.
66. Field, M., Munafo, M. R., & Franken, I. H. (2009). A meta-analytic investigation of the relationship between attentional bias and subjective craving in substance abuse. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 589-607.
67. Field, M., & Powell, H. (2007). Stress increases attentional bias for alcohol cues in social drinkers who drink to cope. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 42, 560-566.
68. Field, M., & Quigley, M. (2009). Mild stress increases attentional bias in social drinkers who drink to cope: A replication and extension. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 17, 312-319.
69. Field, M., Wiers, R. W., Christiansen, P., Fillmore, M. T., & Verster, J. C. (2010). Acute alcohol effects on inhibitory control and implicit cognition: Implications for loss of control over drinking. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 34, 1346-1352.
70. Fillmore, M. T., & Vogel-Sprott, M. (2006). Acute effects of alcohol and other drugs on automatic and intentional control. In R. W. Wiers & A. W. Stacy (Eds.), Handbook on implicit cognition and addiction (pp. 293-306). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
71. Fox, E., Zougkou, K., Ridgewell, A., & Garner, K. (2011). The serotonin transporter gene alters sensitivity to attention bias modification: Evidence for a plasticity gene. Biological Psychiatry, 70, 1049-1054.
72. Frank, M. J., & Badre, D. (2012). Mechanisms of hierarchical reinforcement learning in corticostriatal circuits 1: Computational analysis. Cerebral Cortex, 22, 509-526.
73. Fregni, F., Boggio, P. S., Nitsche, M., Bermpohl, F., Antal, A., Feredoes, E.,. Pascual-Leone, A. (2005). Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation of prefrontal cortex enhances working memory. Experimental Brain Research, 166, 23-30.
74. Friese, M., Bargas-Avila, J., Hofmann, W., & Wiers, R. W. (2010). Here's looking at you, bud: Alcohol-related memory structures predict eye movements for social drinkers with low executive control. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1, 143-151.
75. Friese, M., & Hofmann, W. (2009). Control me or I will control you: Impulses, trait self-control, and the guidance of behavior. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 795-805.
76. Friese, M., Hofmann, W., & Wanke, M. (2008). When impulses take over: Moderated predictive validity of explicit and implicit attitude measures in predicting food choice and consumption behaviour. British Journal of Social Psychology, 47, 397-419.
77. Friese, M., Hofmann, W., & Wiers, R. W. (2011). On taming horses and strengthening riders: Recent developments in research on interventions to improve self-control in health behaviors. Self and Identity, 10, 336-351.
78. Frijda, N. H. (Ed.). (1986). The emotions. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
79. Fuster, J. M. (2004). Upper processing stages of the perception-action cycle. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8, 143-145.
80. Gailliot, M. T., Plant, E. A., Butz, D. A., & Baumeister, R. F. (2007). Increasing self-regulatory strength can reduce the depleting effect of suppressing stereotypes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33, 281-294.
81. Gawronski, B., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2006). Associative and propositional processes in evaluation: An integrative review of implicit and explicit attitude change. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 692-731.
82. Gawronski, B., Deutsch, R., Mbirkou, S., Seibt, B., & Strack, F. (2008). When "just say no" is not enough: Affirmation versus negation training and the reduction of automatic stereotype activation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 370-377.
83. Gladwin, T. E., den Uyl, T. E., Fregni, F. F., & Wiers, R. W. (2012). Enhancement of selective attention by tDCS: Interaction with interference in a Sternberg task. Neuroscience Letters, 512, 33-37.
84. Gladwin, T. E., den Uyl, T. E., & Wiers, R. W. (2012). Anodal tDCS of dorsolateral prefontal cortex during an Implicit Association Test. Neuroscience Letters, 517, 82-86.
85. Gladwin, T. E., Figner, B., Crone, E. A., & Wiers, R. W. (2011). Addiction, adolescence, and the integration of control and motivation. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 1, 364-376.
86. Gladwin, T. E., & Wiers, R. W. (2012). How do alcohol cues affect working memory? Persistent slowing due to alcohol-related distracters in an alcohol version of the Sternberg task. Addiction Research and Theory, 20, 284-290.
87. Gohar, A., Adams, A., Gertner, E., Sackett-Lundeen, L., Heitz, R., Engle, R.,. Bijwadia, J. (2009). Working memory capacity is decreased in sleep-deprived internal medicine residents. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 5, 191-197.
88. Goldstein, R. Z., Craig, A. D., Bechara, A., Garavan, H., Childress, A. R., Paulus, M. P., & Volkow, N. D. (2009). The neurocircuitry of impaired insight in drug addiction. Trends Cogn Sci, 13, 372-380.
89. Goudriaan, A. E., Grekin, E. R., & Sher, K. J. (2007). Decision making and binge drinking: A longitudinal study. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 31, 928-938.
90. Goudriaan, A. E., Grekin, E. R., & Sher, K. J. (2011). Decision making and response inhibition as predictors of heavy alcohol use: A prospective study. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 35, 1050-1057.
91. Gray, N. S., Brown, A. S., MacCulloch, M. J., Smith, J., & Snowden, R. J. (2005). An implicit test of the associations between children and sex in pedophiles. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 304-308.
92. Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464-1480.
93. Grenard, J. L., Ames, S. L., Wiers, R. W., Thush, C., Sussman, S., & Stacy, A. W. (2008). Working memory capacity moderates the predictive effects of drug-related associations on substance use. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 22, 426-432.
94. Hallion, L. S., & Ruscio, A. M. (2011). A meta-analysis of the effect of cognitive bias modification on anxiety and depression. Psychological Bulletin, 137, 940-958.
95. Harsay, H. A., Cohen, M. X., Oosterhof, N. N., Forstmann, B. U., Mars, R. B., & Ridderinkhof, K. R. (2011). Functional connectivity of the striatum links motivation to action control in humans. Journal of Neuroscience, 31, 10701-10711.
96. Havermans, R. C., & Jansen, A. T. (2003). Increasing the efficacy of cue exposure treatment in preventing relapse of addictive behavior. Addictive Behaviors, 28, 989-994.
97. Hazy, T. E., Frank, M. J., & O'Reilly, R. C. (2006). Banishing the homunculus: Making working memory work. Neuroscience, 139, 105-118.
98. Hazy, T. E., Frank, M. J., & O'Reilly, R. C. (2007). Towards an executive without a homunculus: Computational models of the prefrontal cortex/basal ganglia system. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, 362, 1601-1613.
99. Heatherton, T. F., & Wagner, D. D. (2011). Cognitive neuroscience of self-regulation failure. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15, 132-139.
100. Hertel, P. T., & Mathews, A. (2011). Cognitive bias modification: Past perspectives, current findings, and future applications. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 521-536.
101. Heyman, G. E. (2009). Addiction: A disorder of choice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
102. Hobbs, M., Remington, B., & Glautier, S. (2005). Dissociation of wanting and liking for alcohol in humans: A test of the incentivesensitisation theory. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 178, 493-499.
103. Hofmann, W., De Houwer, J., Perugini, M., Baeyens, F., & Crombez, G. (2010). Evaluative conditioning in humans: A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 390-421.
104. Hofmann, W., & Friese, M. (2008). Impulses got the better of me: Alcohol moderates the influence of implicit attitudes toward food cues on eating behavior. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 420-427.
105. Hofmann, W., Friese, M., & Roefs, A. (2009). Three ways to resist temptation: The independent contributions of executive attention, inhibitory control, and affect regulation to the impulse control of eating behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 431-435.
106. Hofmann, W., Friese, M., & Strack, F. (2009). Impulse and self-control from a dual-systems perspective. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4, 162-176.
107. Hofmann, W., Friese, M., & Wiers, R. W. (2008). Impulsive versus reflective influences on health behavior: A theoretical framework and empirical review. Health Psychology Review, 2, 111-137.
108. Hofmann, W., Gschwendner, T., Friese, M., Wiers, R. W., & Schmitt, M. (2008). Working memory capacity and self-regulatory behavior: Toward an individual differences perspective on behavior determination by automatic versus controlled processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 962-977.
109. Hofmann, W., Rauch, W., & Gawronski, B. (2007). And deplete us not into temptation: Automatic attitudes, dietary restraint, and self-regulatory resources as determinants of eating behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 497-504.
110. Hofmann, W., van Koningsbruggen, G. M., Stroebe, W., Ramanathan, S., & Aarts, H. (2010). As pleasure unfolds: Hedonic responses to tempting food. Psychological Science, 21, 1863-1870.
111. Hogarth, L., Attwood, A. S., Bate, H. A., & Munafo, M. R. (2012). Acute alcohol impairs human goal-directed action. Biological Psychology, 90, 154-160.
112. Holmes, J., Gathercole, S. E., & Dunning, D. L. (2009). Adaptive training leads to sustained enhancement of poor working memory in children. Developmental Science, 12, F9-F15.
113. Houben, K., Havermans, R. C., Nederkoorn, C., & Jansen, A. (2012). Beer a no-go: Learning to stop responding to alcohol cues reduces alcohol intake via reduced affective associations rather than increased response inhibition. Addiction, 107, 1280-1287.
114. Houben, K., Havermans, R. C., & Wiers, R. W. (2010). Learning to dislike alcohol: Conditioning negative implicit attitudes toward alcohol and its effect on drinking behavior. Psychopharmacology, 211, 79-86.
115. Houben, K., Nederkoorn, C., Wiers, R. W., & Jansen, A. (2011). Resisting temptation: Decreasing alcohol-related affect and drinking behavior by training response inhibition. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 116, 132-136.
116. Houben, K., Schoenmakers, T. M., & Wiers, R. W. (2010). I didn't feel like drinking but I don't know why: The effects of evaluative conditioning on alcohol-related attitudes, craving and behavior. Addictive Behaviors, 35, 1161-1163.
117. Houben, K., & Wiers, R. W. (2006). Assessing implicit alcohol associations with the Implicit Association Test: Fact or artifact? Addictive Behaviors, 31, 1346-1362.
118. Houben, K., & Wiers, R. W. (2009). Response inhibition moderates the relationship between implicit associations and drinking behavior. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 33, 626-633.
119. Houben, K., Wiers, R. W., & Jansen, A. (2011). Getting a grip on drinking behavior: Training working memory to reduce alcohol abuse. Psychological Science, 22, 968-975.
120. Jaeggi, S. M., Buschkuehl, M., Jonides, J., & Shah, P. (2011). Shortand long-term benefits of cognitive training. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 108, 10081-10086.
121. Jentsch, J. D., & Taylor, J. R. (1999). Impulsivity resulting from frontstriatal dysfunction in drug abuse: Implications for the control of behavior by reward-related stimuli. Psychopharmacology (Berl), 146, 373-390.
122. Jones, A., Guerrieri, R., Fernie, G., Cole, J., Goudie, A., & Field, M. (2011). The effects of priming restrained versus disinhibited behaviour on alcohol-seeking in social drinkers. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 113, 55-61.
123. Kavanagh, D. J., Andrade, J., & May, J. (2005). Imaginary relish and exquisite torture: The elaborated intrusion theory of desire. Psychological Review, 112, 446-467.
124. Keren, G., & Schul, Y. (2009). Two is not always better than one: A critical evaluation of two-system theories. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4, 533-550.
125. Klingberg, T. (2010). Training and plasticity of working memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14, 317-324.
126. Klingberg, T., Fernell, E., Olesen, P. J., Johnson, M., Gustafsson, P., Dahlstrom, K.,. Westerberg, H. (2005). Computerized training of working memory in children with ADHD: A randomized, controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 44, 177-186.
127. Klumpp, H., & Amir, N. (2010). Preliminary study of attention training to threat and neutral faces on anxious reactivity to a social stressor in social anxiety. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34, 263-271.
128. Koob, G. F., & Le Moal, M. (2008). Addiction and the brain antireward system. Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 29-53.
129. Koob, G. F., & Volkow, N. D. (2010). Neurocircuitry of addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35, 217-238.
130. Kopetz, C. E., Lejuez, C. W., Wiers, R. W., & Kruglanski, A. W. (in press). Motivation and self-regulation in addiction: A call for convergence. Perspectives on Psychological Science.
131. Kouneiher, F., Charron, S., & Koechlin, E. (2009). Motivation and cognitive control in the human prefrontal cortex. Nature Neuroscience, 12, 939-945.
132. Krank, M. D., Ames, S. L., Grenard, J. L., Schoenfeld, T., & Stacy, A. W. (2010). Paradoxical effects of alcohol information on alcohol outcome expectancies. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 34, 1193-1200.
133. Kruglanski, A. W., & Gigerenzer, G. (2011). Intuitive and deliberate judgments are based on common principles. Psychological Review, 118, 97-109.
134. Leshner, A. I. (1997). Addiction is a brain disease, and it matters. Science, 278, 45-47.
135. Lewis, M. D. (2011). Dopamine and the neural "now": Essay and review of addiction-a disorder of choice. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 150-155.
136. Leyton, M. (2007). Conditioned and sensitized responses to stimulant drugs in humans. Progress in Neuropsychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 31, 1601-1613.
137. Littlefield, A. K., Verges, A., McCarthy, D. M., & Sher, K. J. (2011). Interactions between self-reported alcohol outcome expectancies and cognitive functioning in the prediction of alcohol use and associated problems: A further examination. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 25, 542-546.
138. Loeber, S., Duka, T., Welzel Marquez, H., Nakovics, H., Heinz, A., Mann, K., & Flor, H. (2010). Effects of repeated withdrawal from alcohol on recovery of cognitive impairment under abstinence and rate of relapse. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 45, 541-547.
139. Loeber, S., Vollstadt-Klein, S., von der Goltz, C., Flor, H., Mann, K., & Kiefer, F. (2009). Attentional bias in alcohol-dependent patients: The role of chronicity and executive functioning. Addiction Biology, 14, 194-203.
140. MacLeod, C., Rutherford, E., Campbell, L., Ebsworthy, C., & Holker, L. (2002). Selective attention and emotional vulnerability: Assessing the causal basis of their association through the experimental manipulation of attentional bias. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 107-123.
141. Marissen, M. A., Franken, I. H., Blanken, P., van den Brink, W., & Hendriks, V. M. (2007). Cue exposure therapy for the treatment of opiate addiction: Results of a randomized controlled clinical trial. Psychother Psychosom, 76, 97-105.
142. Mathews, A., & MacLeod, C. (2005). Cognitive vulnerability to emotional disorders. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 1, 167-195.
143. Meier, M. H., Caspi, A., Ambler, A., Harrington, H., Houts, R., Keefe, R. S.,. Moffitt, T. E. (2012). Persistent cannabis users show neuropsychological decline from childhood to midlife. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 109, E2657-E2664.
144. Miller, W. R. (1998). Why do people change addictive behavior? Addiction, 93, 163-172.
145. Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., Field, M., & De Houwer, J. (2003). Eye movements to smoking-related pictures in smokers: Relationship between attentional biases and implicit and explicit measures of stimulus valence. Addiction, 98, 825-836.
146. Monti, P. M., & MacKillop, J. (2007). Advances in the treatment of craving for alcohol and tobacco. In P. M. Miller & D. J. Kavanagh (Eds.), Translation of addictions science into practice (pp. 211-237). New York: Elsevier Science.
147. Moors, A., & De Houwer, J. (2006). Automaticity: A theoretical and conceptual analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 297-326.
148. Muraven, M. (2010). Practicing self-control lowers the risk of smoking lapse. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 24, 446-452.
149. Muraven, M., Baumeister, R. F., & Tice, D. M. (1999). Longitudinal improvement of self-regulation through practice: Building selfcontrol strength through repeated exercise. Journal of Social Psychology, 139, 446-457.
150. Muraven, M., Collins, R. L., & Nienhaus, K. (2002). Self-control and alcohol restraint: An initial application of the self-control strength model. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 16, 113-120.
151. Muraven, M., & Shmueli, D. (2006). The self-control costs of fighting the temptation to drink. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 20, 154-160.
152. Nasrallah, N. A., Yang, T. W., & Bernstein, I. L. (2009). Long-term risk preference and suboptimal decision making following adolescent alcohol use. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 106, 17600-17604.
153. Nesse, R. M., & Berridge, K. C. (1997). Psychoactive drug use in evolutionary perspective. Science, 278, 63-66.
154. Neumann, R., & Strack, F. (2000). Approach and avoidance: The influence of proprioceptive and exteroceptive cues on encoding of affective information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 39-48.
155. Nigg, J. T., Glass, J. M., Wong, M. M., Poon, E., Jester, J. M., Fitzgerald, H. E.,. Zucker, R. A. (2004). Neuropsychological executive functioning in children at elevated risk for alcoholism: Findings in early adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 302-314.
156. Nitsche, M. A., Schauenburg, A., Lang, N., Liebetanz, D., Exner, C., Paulus, W., & Tergau, F. (2003). Facilitation of implicit motor learning by weak transcranial direct current stimulation of the primary motor cortex in the human. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15, 619-626.
157. Noel, X., Colmant, M., Van Der Linden, M., Bechara, A., Bullens, Q., Hanak, C., & Verbanck, P. (2006). Time course of attention for alcohol cues in abstinent alcoholic patients: The role of initial orienting. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 30, 1871-1877.
158. Oaten, M., & Cheng, K. (2006). Longitudinal gains in self-regulation from regular physical exercise. British Journal of Health Psychology, 11, 717-733.
159. Oei, N. Y., Rombouts, S. A., Soeter, R. P., van Gerven, J. M., & Both, S. (2012). Dopamine modulates reward system activity during subconscious processing of sexual stimuli. Neuropsychopharmacology.
160. Olesen, P. J., Westerberg, H., & Klingberg, T. (2004). Increased prefrontal and parietal activity after training of working memory. Nature Neuroscience, 7, 75-79.
161. O'Reilly, R. C., Noelle, D. C., Braver, T. S., & Cohen, J. D. (2002). Prefrontal cortex and dynamic categorization tasks: Representational organization and neuromodulatory control. Cerebral Cortex, 12, 246-257.
162. Ostafin, B. D., Bauer, C., & Myxter, P. (2012). Mindfulness decouples the relation between automatic alcohol motivation and heavy drinking. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 31, 729-745.
163. Ostafin, B. D., Marlatt, G. A., & Greenwald, A. G. (2008). Drinking without thinking: An implicit measure of alcohol motivation predicts failure to control alcohol use. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 1210-1219.
164. Ostafin, B. D., Marlatt, G. A., & Troop-Gordon, W. (2010). Testing the incentive-sensitization theory with at-risk drinkers: Wanting, liking, and alcohol consumption. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 24, 157-162.
165. Ostafin, B. D., & Palfai, T. P. (2006). Compelled to consume: The Implicit Association Test and automatic alcohol motivation. Psychology of Adddictive Behaviors, 20, 322-327.
166. Palfai, T. P., & Ostafin, B. D. (2003). Alcohol-related motivational tendencies in hazardous drinkers: Assessing implicit response tendencies using the modified-IAT. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 41, 1149-1162.
167. Paulus, W. (2003). Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). In W. Paulus, F. Tergau, M. A. Nitsche, J. G. Rothwell, U. Ziemann, & M. Hallett (Eds.), Supplements to clinical neurophysiology, transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation: Proceedings of the 2nd International Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) Symposium (Vol. 56, pp. 249-254). Amsterdam, Netherland: Elsevier.
168. Peeters, M., Monshouwer, K., Van de Schoot, R., Janssen, T., Wiers, R. W., & Vollebergh, W. A. M. (2012). Alcohol use and automatic processes: Predicting future drinking behavior of young at-risk adolescents. Manuscript submitted for publication.
169. Peeters, M., Wiers, R. W., Monshouwer, K., Van de Schoot, R., Janssen, T., & Vollebergh, W. A. (in press). Automatic processes in at-risk adolescents: The role of alcohol-approach tendencies and response inhibition in drinking behavior. Addiction.
170. Pleyers, G., Corneille, O., Luminet, O., & Yzerbyt, V. (2007). Aware and (dis)liking: Item-based analyses reveal that valence acquisition via evaluative conditioning emerges only when there is contingency awareness. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory Cognition, 33, 130-144.
171. Reich, R. R., Below, M. C., & Goldman, M. S. (2010). Explicit and implicit measures of expectancy and related alcohol cognitions: A meta-analytic comparison. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 24, 13-25.
172. Ridderinkhof, K. R., Cohen, M. X., & Forstmann, B. U. (2012). Motivational modulation of action control: How individual variability may shed light on the motivation-control interface and its neurocognitive mechanisms. In R. B. Mars, J. Sallet, M. F. S. Rushworth, & N. Yeung (Eds.), Neural basis of motivational and cognitive control (pp. 243-259). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
173. Ridderinkhof, K. R., de Vlugt, Y., Bramlage, A., Spaan, M., Elton, M., Snel, J., & Band, G. P. (2002). Alcohol consumption impairs detection of performance errors in mediofrontal cortex. Science, 298, 2209-2211.
174. Ridderinkhof, K.R., Forstmann, B.U., Wylie, S.A., Burle, B., & van den Wildenberg, W. P. M. (2011). Neurocognitive mechanisms of action control: Resisting the call of the Sirens. Wylie Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 2, 174-192.
175. Rinck, M., & Becker, E. S. (2007). Approach and avoidance in fear of spiders. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 38, 105-120.
176. Riper, H., Kramer, J., Smit, F., Conijn, B., Schippers, G., & Cuijpers, P. (2008). Web-based self-help for problem drinkers: A pragmatic randomized trial. Addiction, 103, 218-227.
177. Riper, H., Spek, V., Boon, B., Conijn, B., Kramer, J., Martin-Abello, K., & Smit, F. (2011). Effectiveness of e-self-help interventions for curbing adult problem drinking: A meta-analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 13, e42.
178. Robinson, T. E., & Berridge, K. C. (1993). The neural basis of drug craving: An incentive-sensitization theory of addiction. Brain Research Reviews, 18, 247-291.
179. Robinson, T. E., & Berridge, K. C. (2003). Addiction. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 25-53.
180. Robinson, T. E., & Berridge, K. C. (2008). Review: The incentive sensitization theory of addiction-some current issues. Philosophical Transactions: Biological Sciences, 363, 3137-3146.
181. Roefs, A., Huijding, J., Smulders, F. T., Macleod, C. M., de Jong, P. J., Wiers, R. W., & Jansen, A. T. (2011). Implicit measures of association in psychopathology research. Psychological Bulletin, 137, 149-193.
182. Rooke, S. E., Hine, D. W., & Thorsteinsson, E. B. (2008). Implicit cognition and substance use: A meta-analysis. Addictive Behaviors, 33, 1314-1328.
183. Rozenman, M., Weersing, V. R., & Amir, N. (2012). A case series of attention modification in clinically anxious youths. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49, 324-330.
184. Salemink, E., & Wiers, R. W. (2011). Modifying threat-related interpretive bias in adolescents. Journal of Abnorm Child Psychology, 39, 967-976.
185. Salemink, E., & Wiers, R. W. (2012). Adolescent threat-related interpretive bias and its modification: The moderating role of regulatory control. Behavioral Research and Therapy, 50, 40-46.
186. Satpute, A. B., & Lieberman, M. D. (2006). Integrating automatic and controlled processes into neurocognitive models of social cognition. Brain Research, 1079, 86-97.
187. Schacter, D. L. (1987). Implicit memory: History and current status. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory & Cognition, 13, 501-518.
188. Schmaal, L., Joos, L., Koeleman, M., Veltman, D. J., van den Brink, W., & Goudriaan, A. E. (in press). Effects of modafinil on neural correlates of response inhibition in alcohol dependent patients. Biological Psychiatry.
189. Schmidt, N. B., Richey, J. A., Buckner, J. D., & Timpano, K. R. (2009). Attention training for generalized social anxiety disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, 5-14.
190. Schoenmakers, T., de Bruin, M., Lux, I.F., Goertz, A.G., Van Kerkhof, D. H., & Wiers, R. W. (2010). Clinical effectiveness of attentional bias modification training in abstinent alcoholic patients. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 109, 30-36.
191. Schoenmakers, T., Wiers, R. W., & Field, M. (2008). Effects of a low dose of alcohol on cognitive biases and craving in heavy drinkers. Psychopharmacology, 197, 169-178.
192. Schoenmakers, T., Wiers, R. W., Jones, B. T., Bruce, G., & Jansen, A. T. M. (2007). Attentional re-training decreases attentional bias in heavy drinkers without generalization. Addiction, 102, 399-405.
193. See, J., MacLeod, C., & Bridle, R. (2009). The reduction of anxiety vulnerability through the modification of attentional bias: A realworld study using a home-based cognitive bias modification procedure. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118, 65-75.
194. Seger, C. A. (2008). How do the basal ganglia contribute to categorization? Their roles in generalization, response selection, and learning via feedback. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 32, 265-278.
195. Sharbanee, J. S., Stritzke, W. G. K., Wiers, R. W., Young, P., Rinck, M., & MacLeod, C. (in press). The interaction of approach-alcohol action tendencies, working memory capacity, and current task goals predicts the inability to regulate drinking behaviour. Psychology of Adddictive Behaviors.
196. Sher, K. J. (1991). Children of alcoholics: A critical appraisal of theory and research. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
197. Sherman, J. W., Gawronski, B., Gonsalkorale, K., Hugenberg, K., Allen, T. J., & Groom, C. J. (2008). The self-regulation of automatic associations and behavioral impulses. Psychological Review, 115, 314-335.
198. Shipstead, Z., Redick, T. S., & Engle, R. W. (2012). Is working memory training effective? Psychological Bulletin, 138, 628-654.
199. Siegel, S. (1999). Drug anticipation and drug addiction: The 1998 H. David Archibald Lecture. Addiction, 94, 1113-1124.
200. Sinha, R., Fox, H. C., Hong, K. A., Bergquist, K., Bhagwagar, Z., & Siedlarz, K. M. (2009). Enhanced negative emotion and alcohol craving, and altered physiological responses following stress and cue exposure in alcohol dependent individuals. Neuropsychopharmacology, 34, 1198-1208.
201. Slovic, P., Peters, E., Finucane, M. L., & Macgregor, D. G. (2005). Affect, risk, and decision making. Health Psychology, 24, S35-S40.
202. Smith, E. C., & DeCoster, J. (2000). Dual-process models in social and cognitive psychology: Conceptual integration and links to underlying memory systems. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4, 108-131.
203. Sokhadze, T. M., Cannon, R. L., & Trudeau, D. L. (2008). EEG biofeedback as a treatment for substance use disorders: Review, rating of efficacy, and recommendations for further research. Applied Psychophysiological Biofeedback, 33, 1-28.
204. Solomon, R. L., & Corbit, J. D. (1974). An opponent-process theory of motivation: I. Temporal dynamics of affect. Psychological Review, 81, 119-145.
205. Spruyt, A., De Houwer, J., Tibboel, H., Verschuere, B., Crombez, G., Verbanck, P.,. Noël, X. (in press). On the predictive validity of automatically activated approach/avoidance tendencies in abstaining alcohol-dependent patients. Drug and Alcohol Dependence.
206. Squeglia, L. M., Spadoni, A. D., Infante, M. A., Myers, M. G., & Tapert, S. F. (2009). Initiating moderate to heavy alcohol use predicts changes in neuropsychological functioning for adolescent girls and boys. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 23, 715-722.
207. Stacy, A. W., Ames, S. L., & Grenard, J. (2006). Word association tests of associative memory and implicit processes: Theoretical and assessment issues. In R. W. Wiers & A. W. Stacy (Eds.), Handbook of implicit cognition and addiction (pp. 75-90). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
208. Stacy, A. W., Ames, S. L., & Knowlton, B. (2004). Neurologically plausible distinctions in cognition relevant to drug use etiology and prevention. Substance Use and Misuse, 39, 1571-1623.
209. Stacy, A. W., & Wiers, R. W. (2010). Implicit cognition and addiction: A tool for explaining paradoxical behavior. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6, 551-575.
210. Stephens, D. N., & Duka, T. (2008). Review: Cognitive and emotional consequences of binge drinking. Role of amygdala and prefrontal cortex. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 363, 3169-3179.
211. Strack, F., & Deutsch, R. (2004). Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8, 220-247.
212. Tapert, S. F., Schweinsburg, A. D., Barlett, V. C., Brown, S. A., Frank, L. R., Brown, G. G., & Meloy, M. J. (2004). Blood oxygen level dependent response and spatial working memory in adolescents with alcohol use disorders. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 28, 1577-1586.
213. Tapert, S. F., Schweinsburg, A. D., Drummond, S. P., Paulus, M. P., Brown, S. A., Yang, T. T., & Frank, L. R. (2007). Functional MRI of inhibitory processing in abstinent adolescent marijuana users. Psychopharmacology, 194, 173-183.
214. Taylor, C. T., & Amir, N. (2012). Modifying automatic approach action tendencies in individuals with elevated social anxiety symptoms. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50, 529-536.
215. Teachman, B. A., Cody, M. W., & Clerkin, E. M. (2010). Clinical applications of implicit social cognition theories and methods. In B. Gawronski & B. K. Payne (Eds.), Handbook of implicit social cognition (pp. 489-521). New York: Guilford.
216. Teachman, B. A., Marker, C. D., & Smith-Janik, S. B. (2008). Automatic associations and panic disorder: Trajectories of change over the course of treatment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 76, 988-1002.
217. Therapist-free therapy: Cognitive-bias modification may put the psychiatrist's couch out of business. (2011, March 3). The Economist. Retrieved from http://www. economist. com/node/18276234? story_id=18276234&fsrc=nlw{pipe}hig{pipe}03-03-2011{pipe}editors_highlights.
218. Thush, C., Wiers, R. W., Ames, S. L., Grenard, J. L., Sussman, S., & Stacy, A. W. (2008). Interactions between implicit and explicit cognition and working memory capacity in the prediction of alcohol use in at-risk adolescents. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 94, 116-124.
219. Thush, C., Wiers, R. W., Moerbeek, M., Ames, S. L., Grenard, J. L., Sussman, S., & Stacy, A. W. (2009). Influence of motivational interviewing on explicit and implicit alcohol-related cognition and alcohol use in at-risk adolescents. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 23, 146-151.
220. Tiffany, S. T. (1990). A cognitive model of drug urges and drug-use behavior: Role of automatic and nonautomatic processes. Psychological Review, 97, 147-168.
221. Vanderschuren, L. J., & Everitt, B. J. (2004). Drug seeking becomes compulsive after prolonged cocaine self-administration. Science, 305, 1017-1019.
222. Van Gucht, D., Baeyens, F., Vansteenwegen, D., Hermans, D., & Beckers, T. (2010). Counterconditioning reduces cue-induced craving and actual cue-elicited consumption. Emotion, 10, 688-695.
223. Van Gucht, D., Vansteenwegen, D., Van den Bergh, O., & Beckers, T. (2008). Conditioned craving cues elicit an automatic approach tendency. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46, 1160-1169.
224. van Hemel-Ruiter, M. E., de Jong, P. J., & Wiers, R. W. (2011). Appetitive and regulatory processes in young adolescent drinkers. Addictive Behaviors, 36, 18-26.
225. Van Rensburg, K. J., Taylor, A., & Hodgson, T. (2009). The effects of acute exercise on attentional bias towards smoking-related stimuli during temporary abstinence from smoking. Addiction, 104, 1910-1917.
226. Veling, H., Holland, R. W., & van Knippenberg, A. (2008). When approach motivation and behavioral inhibition collide: Behavior regulation through stimulus devaluation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 1013-1019.
227. Verbruggen, F., & Logan, G. D. (2009). Automaticity of cognitive control: Goal priming in response-inhibition paradigms. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory Cognition, 35, 1381-1388.
228. Verdejo-Garcia, A., Lawrence, A. J., & Clark, L. (2008). Impulsivity as a vulnerability marker for substance-use disorders: Review of findings from high-risk research, problem gamblers and genetic association studies. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 32, 777-810.
229. Volkow, N. D., Fowler, J. S., & Wang, G.-J. (2004). The addicted human brain viewed in the light of imaging studies: Brain circuits and treatment strategies. Neuropharmacology, 47(Suppl. 1), 3-13.
230. Vollstadt-Klein, S., Loeber, S., Richter, A., Kirsch, M., Bach, P., von der Goltz, C.,. Kiefer, F. (2012). Validating incentive salience with functional magnetic resonance imaging: Association between mesolimbic cue reactivity and attentional bias in alcohol-dependent patients. Addiction Biology, 17, 807-816.
231. Vollstadt-Klein, S., Wichert, S., Rabinstein, J., Buhler, M., Klein, O., Ende, G.,. Mann, K. (2010). Initial, habitual and compulsive alcohol use is characterized by a shift of cue processing from ventral to dorsal striatum. Addiction, 105, 1741-1749.
232. Wenzlaff, R. M., & Wegner, D. M. (2000). Thought suppression. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 59-91.
233. Wiers, R. W., Ames, S. L., Hofmann, W., Krank, M., & Stacy, A. W. (2010). Impulsivity, impulsive and reflective processes and the development of alcohol use and misuse in adolescents and young adults. Frontiers in Psychology, 1, 1-12.
234. Wiers, R. W., Bartholow, B. D., van den Wildenberg, E., Thush, C., Engels, R. C., Sher, K. J.,. Stacy, A. W. (2007). Automatic and controlled processes and the development of addictive behaviors in adolescents: A review and a model. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 86, 263-283.
235. Wiers, R. W., Beckers, L., Houben, K., & Hofmann, W. (2009). A short fuse after alcohol: Implicit power associations predict aggressiveness after alcohol consumption in young heavy drinkers with limited executive control. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 93, 300-305.
236. Wiers, R. W., Eberl, C., Rinck, M., Becker, E., & Lindenmeyer, J. (2011). Re-training automatic action tendencies changes alcoholic patients' approach bias for alcohol and improves treatment outcome. Psychological Science, 22, 490-497.
237. Wiers, R. W., Field, M., & Stacy, A. W. (in press). Passion's slave? Cognitive processes in alcohol and drug abuse. In K. J. Sher (Ed.), Oxford handbook of substance use disorders (pp. 463-488). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
238. Wiers, R. W., Houben, K., Smulders, F. T. Y., Conrod, P. J., & Jones, B. T. (2006). To drink or not to drink: The role of automatic and controlled cognitive processes in the etiology of alcohol-related problems. In R. W. Wiers & A. W. Stacy (Eds.), Handbook of implicit cognition and addiction (pp. 339-361). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
239. Wiers, R. W., Rinck, M., Dictus, M., & van den Wildenberg, E. (2009). Relatively strong automatic appetitive action-tendencies in male carriers of the OPRM1 G-allele. Genes, Brain, and Behavior, 8, 101-106.
240. Wiers, R. W., Rinck, M., Kordts, R., Houben, K., & Strack, F. (2010). Retraining automatic action-tendencies to approach alcohol in hazardous drinkers. Addiction, 105, 279-287.
241. Wiers, R. W., & Stacy, A. W. (2006). Implicit cognition and addiction. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 15, 292-296.
242. Wiers, R. W., & Stacy, A. W. (2010). Are alcohol expectancies associations?.
243. Comment on Moss and Albery (2009). Psychological Bulletin, 136, 12-16.
244. Wiers, R. W., van de Luitgaarden, J., van den Wildenberg, E., & Smulders, F. T. Y. (2005). Challenging implicit and explicit alcohol-related cognitions in young heavy drinkers. Addiction, 100, 806-819.
245. Wiers, R. W., van Woerden, N., Smulders, F. T. Y., & de Jong, P. J. (2002). Implicit and explicit alcohol-related cognitions in heavy and light drinkers. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 648-658.
246. Wilson, T. D. (2002). Strangers to ourselves: Discovering the adaptive unconscious. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
247. Woud, M. L., Fitzgerald, D., Wiers, R. W., Rinck, M., & Becker, E. (2012). Getting into the spirit: Alcohol-related interpretation bias in heavy drinking students. Psychology of Adddictive Behaviors, 26, 627-632.
248. Zack, M., & Poulos, C. X. (2009). Effects of the atypical stimulant modafinil on a brief gambling episode in pathological gamblers with high vs. low impulsivity. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 23, 660-671.