Neuropsychological Executive Functioning in Children at Elevated Risk for Alcoholism: Findings in Early Adolescence

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

Volumn 113, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 302-314

  Nigg, Joel T ^a   Poon, Edwin ^a   Fitzgerald, Hiram E ^a   Glass, Jennifer M ^b   Wong, Maria M ^b   Jester, Jennifer M ^b   Puttler, Leon I ^b   Adams, Kenneth M ^b   Zucker, Robert A ^b  

^a MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENCE; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; ALCOHOLISM; ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR; ARTICLE; CHILD; COGNITION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COMORBIDITY; FAMILIAL DISEASE; GENETIC RISK; HUMAN; INTELLIGENCE; INTELLIGENCE QUOTIENT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; NEUROCOGNITIVE FUNCTION; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; REWARD; RISK FACTOR;

EID: 2142645896     PISSN: 0021843X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/0021-843X.113.2.302     Document Type: Article

References (129)

1. Achenbach, T. (1991a). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/4-18 and 1991 profile. Burlington: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
2. Achenbach, T. (1991b). Manual for the Teacher's Report Form and 1991 profile. Burlington: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
3. Alterman, A. I., Bridges, K. R., & Tarter, R. E. (1986). The influence of both drinking and familial risk statuses on cognitive functioning of social drinkers. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 10, 448-451.
4. American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed., rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
5. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
6. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
7. Aron, A. R., Fletcher, P. C., Bullmore, E. T., et al. (2003). Stop signal inhibition disrupted by damage to right inferior frontal gyrus in humans. Nature Neuroscience, 6, 115-116.
8. Babor, T. F. (1996). The classification of alcoholics: Typology theories from the 19th century to the present. Alcohol, Health, and Research World, 20, 6-17.
9. Babor, T. F., & Dolinsky, Z. S. (1988). Alcoholic typologies: Historical evolution and empirical evaluation of some common classification schemes. In R. M. Rose & J. Barrett (Eds.), Alcoholism: Origins and outcome (pp. 245-266). New York: Raven Press.
10. Babor, T. F., Hofmann, M., DelBoca, F. K., Hesselbrock, V., Meyer, R. E., Dolinsky, Z. S., & Rousaville, B. (1992). Types of alcoholics: I. Evidence for an empirically derived typology based on indicators of vulnerability and severity. Archives of General Psychiatry, 49, 599-608.
11. Band, G. P., van der Molen, M. W., & Logan, G. D. (2003). Horse-race model simulations of the stop-signal procedure. Acta Psychologica, 112, 165-142.
12. Barkley, R. A. (1997). Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive function: Constructing a unified theory of ADHD. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 65-94.
13. Bauer, L. O., & Hesselbrock, V. M. (1999). Subtypes of family history and conduct disorder: Effects on P300 during the Stroop Test. Neuropsychopharmacology, 21, 51-62.
14. Benton, A. L., & Hamsher, K. de S. (1978). Multilingual Aphasia Examination-Revised manual. Iowa City: University of Iowa.
15. Botvinick, M. M., Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., Carter, C. S., & Cohen, J. D. (2001). Conflict monitoring and cognitive control. Psychological Review, 108, 624-652.
16. Cabeza, R., & Nyberg, L. (1997). Imaging cognition: An empirical review of PET studies with normal subjects. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9, 1-26.
17. Carpenter, J. A., & Lester, D. (1980). The etiology of alcoholism: A longitudinal study. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Center for Alcohol Studies.
18. Casey, B. J., Trainor, R. J., Orendi, J. L., Schubert, A. B., Nystrom, L. E., Gieddd, J. N., et al. (1997). A developmental functional MRI study of prefrontal activation during performance of the go-no-go task. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9, 835-847.
19. Caspi, A., Elder, G. H., & Bem, D. J. (1987). Moving against the world: Life-course patterns of explosive children. Developmental Psychology, 23, 308-313.
20. Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
21. Corral, M. M., Holguin, S. R., & Cadaveira, F. (1999). Neuropsychological characteristics in children of alcoholics: Familial density. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 60, 509-513.
22. Corral, M. M., Holguin, S. R., & Cadaveira, F. (2003). Neuropsychological characteristics of young children from high-density alcoholism families: A three year follow-up. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 64, 1995-1999.
23. Courtney, S., Petit, L., Maisog, J., Ungerleider, L. G., & Haxby, J. (1998, February 27). An area specialized for spatial working memory in the human frontal cortex. Science, 279, 1347-1349.
24. Dawson, D. A., Harford, T. C., & Grant, B. F. (1992). Family history as a predictor of alcohol dependence. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 16, 572-575.
25. Deckel, A. W., Bauer, L., & Hesselbrock, V. (1995). Anterior brain dysfunctioning as a risk factor in alcoholic behaviors. Addiction, 90, 1323-1334.
26. Drejer, K., Theilgaard, A., Teasdale, T. W., Schulsinger, F., & Goodwin, D. W. (1985). A prospective study of young men at high risk for alcoholism: Neuropsychological assessment. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 9, 498-502.
27. Feighner, J. P., Robins, E., Guze, S. B., Woodruff, R. A., Winokur, G., & Munoz, R. (1972). Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research. Archives of General Psychiatry, 26, 57-63.
28. Finn, P. R., Justus, A., Mazas, C., & Steinmetz, J. E. (1999). Working memory, executive processes and the effects of alcohol on go/no-go learning: Testing a model of behavioral regulation and impulsivity. Psychopharmacology, 146, 465-472.
29. Finn, P. R., Mazas, C. A., Justus, A. N., & Steinmetz, J. (2002). Early-onset alcoholism with conduct disorder: Go/no go learning deficits, working memory capacity, and personality. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 26, 186-206.
30. Fitzgerald, H. E., Mun, E. Y., Zucker, R. A., Puttler, L. I., & Wong, M. M. (2002). Origins of addictive behavior: Structuring pathways to alcoholism during infancy and early childhood. In H. E. Fitzgerald, K. Karraker, & T. Luster (Eds.). Infant development: Ecological perspectives (pp. 221-252). New York: Routledge Falmer Press.
31. Fitzgerald, H. E., Sullivan, L. A., Ham, H. P., Zucker, R. A., Bruckel, S., Schneider, A. M., & Noll, R. B. (1993). Predictors of behavior problems in three-year-old sons of alcoholics: Early evidence of onset of risk. Child Development, 64, 110-123.
32. Frith, C. D., Friston, K. J., Liddle, P. F., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1991). A PET study of word finding. Neuropsychologia, 29, 1137-1148.
33. Funder, D. C., Block, J. H., & Block, J. (1983). Delay of gratification: Some longitudinal personality correlates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 1198-1213.
34. Fuster, J. M. (1997). The prefrontal cortex: Anatomy, physiology, and neuropsychology of the frontal lobe (3rd ed.). New York: Lippincott-Raven.
35. Giancola, P. R., Martin, C., Tarter, R., Pelham, W., & Moss, H. (1996). Executive cognitive functioning and aggressive behavior in preadolescent boys at high risk for substance abuse/dependence. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 57, 352-359.
36. Giancola, P. R., & Mezzich, A. C. (2000). Neuropsychological deficits in female adolescents with a substance use disorder: Better accounted for by conduct disorder? Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 61, 809-817.
37. Giancola, P. R., & Moss, H. B. (1998). Executive cognitive functioning in alcohol use disorders. Recent Developments in Alcoholism, 14, 227-251.
38. Giancola, P. R., & Parker, A. M. (2001). A six-year prospective study of pathways towards drug use in adolescent boys with and without a family history of a substance use disorder. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 62, 166-178.
39. Giancola, P. R., Shaol, G., & Mezzich, A. (2001). Constructive thinking, executive functioning, antisocial behavior, and drug use involvement in adolescent females with a substance abuse disorder. Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, 9, 215-227.
40. Giancola, P. R., & Tarter, R. E. (1999). Executive cognitive functioning and risk for substance abuse. Psychological Science, 10, 203-205.
41. Gillen, R., & Hesselbrock, (1992). Cognitive functioning, ASP, and family history of alcoholism in young men at risk for alcoholism. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 16, 206-214.
42. Goel, V., & Grafman, J. (1995). Are the frontal lobes implicated in "planning" functions? Interpreting data from the Tower of Hanoi. Neuropsychologia, 33, 623-642.
43. Golden, C. J. (1978). Stroop Color and Word Test: A manual for clinical and experimental issues. Wood Dale, IL: Stoelting Company.
44. Goodwin, D. (1979). Alcoholism and heredity: A review and a hypothesis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 36, 57-62.
45. Grunbaum, J. A., Kann, L., Kinchenl, S. A., Williams, B., Ross, J. G., Lowry, R., & Kolbe, L. (2002, June 21). Youth risk behavior surveillance-United States, 2001. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 51(SS04), 1-64.
46. Harden, P. W., & Pihl, R. O. (1995). Cognitive function, cardiovascular reactivity, and behavior in boys at high risk for alcoholism. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 94-103.
47. Heaton, R. K., Chelune, G. J., Talley, J. L., Kay, G. G., & Curtiss, G. (1993). Wisconsin Card Sorting Test-Revised Manual. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
48. Helzer, J. E., Burnam, A., & McEvoy, L. T. (1991). Alcohol abuse and dependence. In L. N. Robins & D. A. Regier (Eds.), Psychiatric disorders in America: The Epidemiologic Catchment Area studies (pp. 81-115). New York: Free Press.
49. Helzer, J. E., & Pryzbeck, T. R. (1988). The co-occurrence of alcoholism and other psychiatric disorders in the general population and its impact on treatment. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 49, 219-224.
50. Hesselbrock, M. N., Hesselbrock, V. M., Babor, T. F., Meyer, R. E., Stabenau, J. R., & Weidenman, M. A. (1984). Antisocial behavior, psychopathology and problem drinking in the natural history of alcoholism. In D. W. Goodwin, K. T. Van Dusen, & S. A. Mednick (Eds.), Longitudinal research in alcoholism (pp. 197-214). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.
51. Hosmer, D. W., & Lemeshow, S. (2000). Applied logistic regression (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley.
52. Huang-Pollock, C., Carr, T., & Nigg, J. T. (2002). Development of selective attention. Developmental Psychology, 38, 363-375.
53. Jansen, R. E., Fitzgerald, H. E., Ham, H. P., & Zucker, R. A. (1995). Pathways into risk: Temperament and behavior problems in 3- to 5-year-old sons of alcoholics. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 19, 501-509.
54. Jastak, S., & Wilkinson, G. S. (1984). WRAT-R: Wide Range Achievement Test administration manual. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
55. Jester, J. M., Zucker, R. A., Wong, M. M., & Fitzgerald, H. E. (2000). Marital assortment in high-risk population [abstract]. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 24, 36A.
56. Johnston, L. D., O'Malley, P. M., & Bachman, J. G. (1996). National survey results on drug use from the monitoring the future study, 1975-1994: Vol. II. College students and young adults (NIH Publication No. 96-4027). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
57. Kessler, R. C., Crum, R. M., Warner, L. A., Nelson, C. B., Schulenberg, J., & Anthony, J. C. (1997). Lifetime co-occurrence of DSM-III-R alcohol abuse and dependence with other psychiatry disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 54, 313-321.
58. Krasnegor, N. A., Lyon, G. R., & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (Eds.). (1997). Development of the prefrontal cortex: Evolution, neurobiology, and behavior. Baltimore, MD: P.H. Brookes.
59. Krueger, R. F., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., & Silva, P. A. (1998). The structure and stability of common mental disorders (DSM-III-R): A longitudinal-epidemiological study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 216-227.
60. Kuperman, S., Schlosser, S. S., Lidrai, J., & Reich, W. (1999). Relationship of child psychopathology to parental alcoholism and antisocial personality disorder. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 38, 686-692.
61. Lezak, M. D. (1995). Neuropsychological assessment (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
62. Loeber, R., Farrington, D., Stouthamer-Loeber, M., Moffitt, T., & Caspi, A. (1998). The development of male offending: Key findings from the first decade of the Pittsburgh Youth Study. Studies on Crime and Prevention, 7, 141-171.
63. Logan, G. D. (1994). A users guide to the stop signal paradigm. In D. Dagenbach & T. H. Carr (Eds.), Inhibitory processes in attention, memory, and language (pp. 189-239). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
64. Logan, G. D., & Cowan, W. B. (1984). On the ability to inhibit thought and action: A theory of an act of control. Psychological Review, 91, 295-327.
65. Logan, G. D., Schachar, R. J., & Tannock, R. (1997). Impulisivity and inhibitory control. Psychological Science, 8, 60-64.
66. Loukas, A., Fitzgerald, H. E., Zucker, R. A., & von Eye, A. (2001). Alcohol problems and antisocial behavior: Relations to externalizing behavior problems among young sons. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 29, 91-106.
67. Loukas, A., Krull, J. L., Chassin, L., & Carle, A. C. (2000). The relation of personality to alcohol abuse/dependence in a high-risk sample. Journal of Personality, 68, 1153-1175.
68. Lyon, G. R., & Krasnegor, N. A. (1996). Attention, memory and executive function. Baltimore: Brookes Publishing.
69. MacLeod, C. M. (1991). Fifty years of the Stroop effect: An integrative review and reinterpretation of effects. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 376-390.
70. McGue, M., Slutske, W., & Iacono, W. G. (1999). Personality and substance use disorders: II. Alcoholism versus drug use disorders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 394-404.
71. Middleton, F. A., & Strick, P. L. (2001). A revised neuroanatomy of frontal-subcortical circuits. In D. G. Lichter & J. L. Cummings (Eds.), Frontal-subcortical circuits in psychiatric and neurological disorders (pp. 44-58). New York: Guilford Press.
72. Miller, E. K. (2000). The prefrontal cortex and cognitive control. Nature Reviews: Neuroscience, 1, 59-65.
73. Miller, G. M., & Chapman, J. P. (2001). Misunderstanding analysis of covariance. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 40-48.
74. Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., & Howerter, A. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex "frontal lobe" tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41, 49-100.
75. Moffitt, T. (1990). Juvenile delinquency and attention deficit disorder: Boys' developmental trajectories from age 3 to age 15. Child Development, 61, 893-910.
76. Morganstern, J., Langenbucher, J., Labouvie, E., & Miller, K. J. (1997). The comorbidity of alcoholism and personality disorders in a clinical population: Prevalence rates and relation to alcohol typology variables. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106, 74-84.
77. Nigg, J. T. (2000). On inhibition/disinhibition in developmental psychopathology: View from cognitive and personality psychology and a working inhibition taxonomy. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 220-246.
78. Nigg, J. T. (2001). Is ADHD an inhibitory disorder? Psychological Bulletin, 127, 571-598.
79. Nigg, J. T., & Huang-Pollock, C. L. (2003). An early onset model of the role of executive functions and intelligence in conduct disorder/delinquency. In B. B. Lahey, T. Moffitt, & A. Caspi (Eds.), The causes of conduct disorder and serious juvenile delinquency (pp. 227-253). New York: Guilford.
80. Nixon, S. J., & Tivis, L. J. (1997). Neuropsychological response in COA's. Alcohol Health and Research World, 21, 232-235.
81. Noll, R. B., Zucker, R. A., Fitzgerald, H. E., & Curtis W. J. (1992). Cognitive and motoric functioning of sons of alcoholic fathers and controls: The early childhood years. Developmental Psychology, 28, 665-675.
82. Ozkaragoz, T. Z., & Noble, E. P. (1995). Neuropsychological differences between sons of active alcoholic and non-alcoholic fathers. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 30, 115-123.
83. Parsons, O. A., & Leber, W. R. (1981). The relationship between cognitive dysfunction and brain damage in alcoholics: Causal, interactive, or epiphenomenal? Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 5, 326-343.
84. Pennington, B. (1997). Dimensions of executive functions in normal and abnormal development. In N. A. Krasnegor, G. R. Lyon, & P. S. Goldman-Rakic (Eds.), Development of the prefrontal cortex: Evolution, neurobiology, and behavior (pp. 265-281). Baltimore: Paul H. Brooks.
85. Pennington, B., & Ozonoff, S. (1996). Executive functions and developmental psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 37, 51-87.
86. Perret, E. (1974). The left frontal lobe of man and the suppression of habitual responses in verbal categorical behavior. Neuropsychologia, 12, 323-330.
87. Peterson, J. B., Finn, P. R., & Pihl, R. O. (1992). Cognitive dysfunction and the inherited predisposition to alcoholism. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 53, 154-160.
88. Pihl, R. O., Peterson, J., & Finn, P. (1990). Inherited predisposition to alcoholism: Characteristics of sons of male alcoholics. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 99, 291-301.
89. Poon, E., Ellis, D. A., Fitzgerald, H. E., & Zucker, R. A. (2000). Intellectual, cognitive, and academic performance among sons of alcoholics during the early school years: Differences related to subtypes of familial alcoholism. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 24, 1020-1027.
90. Posner, M. I., & DiGirolamo, G. J. (1998). Executive attention: Conflict, target detection, and cognitive control. In R. Parasuraman (Ed.), The attentive brain (pp. 401-423). Cambridge, MA: MIT.
91. Posner, M. I., & Peterson, S. E. (1990). The attention system of the human brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 13, 25-42.
92. Puttler, L. I., Zucker, R. A., Fitzgerald, H. E., & Bingham, C. R. (1998). Behavioral outcomes among children of alcoholics during the early and middle childhood years: Familial subtype variations. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 22, 1962-1972.
93. Quay, H. C. (1997). Inhibition and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 25, 7-13.
94. Reitan, R. M., & Wolfson, D. (1992). Neuropsychological evaluation of older children. Tucson, AZ: Neuropsychology.
95. Robins, L., Helzer, J., Croughan, J., & Ratcliff, K. S. (1980). The NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule: Its history, characteristics and validity. St. Louis, MO: Washington University.
96. Rovine, M. J., & Delaney, M. (1990). Missing data estimation in developmental research. In A. von Eye (Ed.), Statistical methods in longitudinal research (pp. 35-79). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
97. Russel, M. (1990). Prevalence of alcoholism among children of alcoholics. In M. Windle & J. S. Searles (Eds.), Children of alcoholics: Critical perspectives (pp. 9-38). New York: Guilford.
98. Schandler, S. L., Thomas, C. S., & Cohen, M. J. (1995). Spatial learning deficits in preschool children of alcoholics. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 19, 1067-1072.
99. Selzer, M. L., Vinokur, A., & Van Rooijen, L. (1975). A self-administered Short Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (SMAST). Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 36, 117-126.
100. Sergeant, J. A., van der Meere, J., & Oosterlaan, J. (1999). Information processing and energetic factors in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. In H. C. Quay & A. E. Hogan (Eds.), Handbook of disruptive behavior disorder (pp. 75-104). New York: Kluwer/Plenum.
101. Shafer, J. L., & Graham, J. W. (2002). Missing data: Our view of the state of the art. Psychological Methods, 7, 147-177.
102. Sher, K. J., Walitzer, K. S., Wood, P. K., & Brent, E. E. (1991). Characteristics of children of alcoholics: Putative risk factors, substance use and abuse, and psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 427-448.
103. Shuckit, M. A., Butters, N., Lyn, L., & Irwin, M. (1987). Neuropsychological deficits and the risk for alcoholism. Neuropsychopharmacology, 1, 45-53.
104. Smith, A. (1982). The Symbol Digit Modalities Test manual-Revised. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
105. Smith, A. (1991). The Symbol Digit Modalities Test: Manual. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services.
106. Stuss, D., & Knight, R. (Eds.). (2002). Principles of frontal lobe function. New York: Oxford University Press.
107. Tarter, R. E. (1975). Brain damage associated with chronic alcoholism. Diseases of the Nervous System, 36, 185-187.
108. Tarter, R. E. (1991). Developmental behavioral-genetic perspective of alcohol etiology. Recent Developments in Alcoholism, 9, 69-85.
109. Tarter, R. E., Jacob, T., & Bremer, D. A. (1989). Specific cognitive impairment in sons of early onset alcoholics. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 13, 786-789.
110. Tarter, R. E., Kirisci, L., & Mezzich, A. (1997). Multivariate typology of adolescents with alcohol use disorder. American Journal on Addictions, 6, 150-158.
111. Tarter, R. E., & Vanyukov, M. (1997). Alcoholism: A developmental disorder. In G. A. Marlatt & G. R. VandenBos (Eds.), Addictive behaviors: Readings on etiology, prevention, and treatment (pp. 43-67). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
112. Tarter, R. E., Vanyukov, M., Giancola, P., Dawes, M., Blackson, T., Mezzich, A., & Clark, D. B. (1999). Etiology of early onset substance use disorder: A maturational perspective. Development and Psychopathology, 11, 657-683.
113. Terman, L. M., & Merrill, M. A. (1973). Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale: Manual for the third revision, Form L-M. Chicago: The Riverside Publishing Company.
114. Thurstone, I. L., & Thurstone, T. (1949). Examiner manual for the SRA primary mental abilities. Chicago: Scientific Resources Associates.
115. Tuck, R. R., & Jackson, M. (1991). Social, neurological and cognitive disorders in alcoholics. Medical Journal of Australia, 155, 225-229.
116. Victor, M., Adams, R. D., & Collins, G. H. (1971). The Wenicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Philadelphia: F. A. Davis.
117. von Eye, A. (1990). Introduction to configural frequency analysis: The search for types and antitypes in cross classifications. New York: Cambridge University Press.
118. Wechsler, D. (1974). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
119. Weinberger, D. R., Berman, K. F., Gold, J., & Goldberg, T. (1994). Neural mechanisms of future-oriented processes: In vivo physiological studies of humans. In M. M. Haith, J. B. Benson, R. J. Roberts, & B. F. Pennington (Eds.), The development of future-oriented processes (pp. 221-242). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
120. West, M. O., & Prinz, R. J. (1987). Parental alcoholism and childhood psychopathology. Psychological Bulletin, 102, 204-218.
121. Wilcox R. R., Keselman H. J., & Kowalchuk R. K. (1998). Can tests for treatment group equality be improved?: The bootstrap and trimmed means conjecture. British Journal of Math and Statistical Psychology, 51, 123-34.
122. Zucker, R. A. (1994). Pathways to alcohol problems and alcoholism: A developmental account of the evidence for multiple alcoholisms and for contextual contributions to risk. In R. A. Zucker, G. Boyd, & J. Howard (Eds.), The development of alcohol problems: Exploring the biopsychosocial matrix of risk (NIAAA Research Monograph 26; NIH Publication No. 94-3495; pp. 255-289). Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
123. Zucker, R. A., Chermack, S. T., & Curran, G. M. (2000). Alcoholism: A lifespan perspective on etiology and course. In A. J. Sameroff, M. Lewis & S. M. Miller (Eds.), Handbook of developmental psychopathology (2nd ed., pp. 569-587). New York: Plenum.
124. Zucker, R. A., Ellis, D. A., Bingham, C. R., Fitzgerald, H. E., & Sanford, K. P. (1996). Other evidence for at least two alcoholisms: II. Life course variation in antisociality and heterogeneity of alcoholic outcome. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 831-848.
125. Zucker, R. A., Ellis, D. A., & Fitzgerald, H. E. (1994). Developmental evidence for at least two alcoholisms: I. Biopsychosocial variation among pathways into symptomatic difficulty. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 708, 134-146.
126. Zucker, R. A., & Fitzgerald, H. E. (1991). Early developmental factors and risk for alcohol problems. Alcohol Health and Research World, 15, 18-24.
127. Zucker, R. A., Fitzgerald, H. E., & Moses, H. D. (1995). Emergence of alcohol problems and the several alcoholisms: A developmental perspective on etiologic theory and life course trajectory. In D. Cicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Manual of development and psychopathology: Volume 2. Risk, disorder, and adaptation (pp. 677-711). New York: Wiley.
128. Zucker, R. A., Fitzgerald, H. E., & Noll, R. B. (1990). Drinking and drug history (Rev. ed., Version 4). Unpublished instrument, Michigan State University, East Lansing.
129. Zucker, R. A., Noll, R. B., Ham, H. P., Fitzgerald, H. E., & Sullivan, L. S. (1994). Assessing antisociality with the Antisocial Behavior Checklist: Reliability and validity studies. Unpublished manuscript, Michigan State University, Department of Psychology.