Violent video games and the supreme court: Lessons for the scientific community in the wake of brown v. entertainment merchants association

American Psychologist

Volumn 68, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 57-74

  Ferguson, Christopher J ^a  

^a TEXAS A AND M INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Aggression; Child development; Public policy; Violence; Violent video games

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; HUMAN; JURISPRUDENCE; LEGAL ASPECT; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; RECREATION; UNITED STATES; VIOLENCE;

HUMANS; SUPREME COURT DECISIONS; UNITED STATES; VIDEO GAMES; VIOLENCE;

EID: 84879745744     PISSN: 0003066X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0030597     Document Type: Article

References (129)

1. ABC News. (2000, September 13). Senate holds hearing on violence in media. Retrieved July 1, 2011, from http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/storyid122924&page1
2. Adachi, P. J. C., & Willoughby, T. (2011a). The effect of video game competition and violence on aggressive behavior: Which characteristic has the greatest influence Psychology of Violence, 1(4), 259-274. doi:10.1037/a0024908
3. Adachi, P. J. C., & Willoughby, T. (2011b). The effect of violent video games on aggression: Is it more than just the violence Aggression and Violent Behavior, 16, 55-62. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2010.12.002
4. American Academy of Pediatrics. (2001). Media violence. Pediatrics, 108(5), 1222-1226. doi:10.1542/peds108.5.1222
5. American Academy of Pediatrics. (2009). Media violence policy statement. Pediatrics, 124(5), 1495-1503. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-2146
6. American Psychological Association. (2005). Resolution on violence in video games and interactive media. Retrieved July 3, 2011, from http://www.apa.org/about/policy/interactive-media.pdf
7. American Psychological Association, Public Affairs Office. (2005, August 17). APA calls for reduction of violence in interactive media used by children and adolescents [Press release]. Retrieved July 6, 2011, from http://www.psychology.iastate.edu/faculty/caa/abstracts../2005- 2009/05APA.pdf
8. Anderson, C. A. (2004). An update on the effects of playing violent video games. Journal of Adolescence, 27, 113-122. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence. 2003.10.009
9. Anderson, C. A., & Carnagey, N. L. (2009). Causal effects of violent sports video games on aggression: Is it competitiveness or violent content Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 731-739. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.04.019
10. Anderson, C. A., Carnagey, N. L., Flanagan, M., Benjamin, A. J., Eubanks, J., & Valentine, J. C. (2004). Violent video games: Specific effects of violent content on aggressive thoughts and behavior. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 36, 199-249. doi:10.1016/ S0065-2601(04)36004-1
11. Anderson C. A. & Dill, K.(2000). Video games and aggressive thoughts, feelings and behavior in the laboratory and in life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78, 772-790. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78 .4.772
12. Anderson, C. A., & Ford, C. M. (1986). Affect of the game player: Short-term effects of highly and mildly aggressive video games. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 12, 390-402. doi:10.1177/ 0146167286124002
13. Anderson, C. A., & Murphy, C. R. (2003). Violent video games and aggressive behavior in young women. Aggressive Behavior, 29, 423- 429. doi:10.1002/ab.10042
14. Anderson, C. A., Shibuya, A., Ihori, N., Swing, E. L., Bushman, B. J., Sakamoto, A., . . . Saleem, M. (2010). Violent video game effects on aggression, empathy, and prosocial behavior in Eastern and Western countries: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 151- 173. doi:10.1037/a0018251
15. Australian Government, Attorney-General's Department. (2010). Literature review on the impact of playing violent video games on aggression. Barton, Australian Capital Territory, Australia: Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/divisions/div46/articles.html
16. Azar, B. (2010). Virtual violence: Researchers disagree about whether violent video games increase aggression. Monitor on Psychology, 41(11), p. 38.
17. Baldaro, B., Tuozzi, G., Codispoti, M., Montebarocci, O., Barbagli, F., Trombini, E., & Rossi, N. (2004). Aggressive and non-violent videogames: Short-term psychological and cardiovascular effects on habitual players. Stress and Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress, 20, 203-208. doi:10.1002/smi.1015
18. Barnett, J., & Coulson, M. (2010). Virtually real: A psychological perspective on massively multiplayer online games. Review of General Psychology, 14(2), 167-179. doi:10.1037/a0019442
19. Bavelier, D., Green, S., Han, D., Renshaw, P., Mezernich, M., & Gentile, D. (2011). Brains on video games. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 12, 763-768.
20. Beaver, K. M., Barnes, J. C., May, J. S., & Schwartz, J. A. (2011). Psychopathic personality traits, genetic risk, and gene-environment correlations. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 38(9), 896-912. doi: 10.1177/0093854811411153
21. Ben-Yehuda, N. (2009). Moral panics - 36 years on. British Journal of Criminology, 49, 1-3. doi:10.1093/bjc/azn076
22. Block, J., & Crain, B. (2007). Omissions and errors in "Media Violence and the American Public." American Psychologist, 62, 252-253. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.62.3.252
23. Bösche, W. (2010). Violent video games prime both aggressive and positive cognitions. Journal of Media Psychology: Theories, Methods, and Applications, 22(4), 139-146. doi:10.1027/1864-1105/a000019
24. Bottoms, B., & Davis, S. (1997). The creation of satanic ritual abuse. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 16, 112-132. doi:10.1521/ jscp.1997.16.2.112
25. Bowen, H. J., & Spaniol, J. (2010). Chronic exposure to violent video games is not associated with alterations of emotional memory. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 25, 906-916. doi:10.1002/acp.1767
26. Brigham, F. J., Gustashaw, W., & Brigham, M. (2004). Scientific practice and the tradition of advocacy in special education. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 37, 200-206. doi:10.1177/00222194040370030301
27. Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association, 131 S. Ct. 2729 (2011). Retrieved from http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/10pdf/08- 1448.pdf
28. Carnagey, N. L., & Anderson, C. A. (2005). The effects of reward and punishment in violent video games on aggressive affect, cognition, and behavior. Psychological Science, 16, 882-889. doi:10.1111/j.1467- 9280.2005.01632.x
29. Center for Successful Parenting. (2009). The Center for Successful Parenting: Video research center. Retrieved from http://www.sosparents .org/
30. Chabris, C., & Simons, D. (2010). The invisible gorilla: And other ways our intuitions deceive us. New York, NY: Crown/Random House. CNN. (1997, November 25). Senator decries violent video games. CNN. Retrieved from http://edition.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1997/11/25/ email/videos/
31. Cohen, S. (1972). Folk devils and moral panics. London, England: MacGibbon and Kee.
32. Colwell, J., & Kato, M. (2003). Investigation of the relationship between social isolation, self-esteem, aggression and computer game play in Japanese adolescents. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 6, 149-158. doi:10.1111/1467-839X.t01-1-00017
33. Cook, D. (2000, September 13). Testimony of the American Academy of Pediatrics on media violence before the U.S. Senate Commerce Committee. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics. Retrieved from http://www.aap.org/advocacy/releases/mediaviolencetestimony. pdf
34. Cooper, J., & Mackie, D. (1986). Video games and aggression in children. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 16, 726-744. doi:10.1111/j .1559-1816.1986.tb01755.x
35. Critcher, R. (2009). Widening the focus: Moral panics as moral regulation. British Journal of Criminology, 49, 17-34. doi:10.1093/bjc/ azn040
36. Denniston, L. (2010a, October 26). Argument preview: Kids and video games [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://www.scotusblog.com/2010/10/argumentpreview- kids-and-video-games/http://www.scotusblog.com/p107224
37. Denniston, L. (2010b, November 2). Argument recap: "Common sense" and violence [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://www.scotusblog.com/ 2010/11/argument-recap-common-sense-and-violence/
38. Devilly G., Callahan, P., & Armitage, G. (2012). The effect of violent videogame playtime on anger. Australian Psychologist, 47, 98-107. doi:10.1111/j. 1742-9544.2010.00008.x
39. Dominick, J. (1984). Videogames, television violence and aggression in teenagers. Journal of Communication, 34(2), 136-147. doi:10.1111/j .1460-2466.1984.tb02165.x
40. Durkin, K., & Barber, B. (2002). Not so doomed: Computer game play and positive adolescent development. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 23, 373-392. doi:10.1016/S0193-3973(02)00124-7
41. Editorial: A calm view of video violence. Nature, 424, 355. doi:10.1038/ 424355a
42. Elson, M. 2011, July Seek and ye shall find: The unstandardized use of the CRTT to measure aggressive behavior Paper presented at the 1st multi.player International Conference on the Social Aspects of Digital Gaming University of Hohenheim ,Stuttgart, Germany
43. Entertainment Software Association, Video Software Dealers Association, and Illinois Retail Merchants Association v. Blagojevich, Madigan, and Devine, 404 F.Supp.2d 1051 (N.D. Ill. 2005). Case No. 05 C 4265. Retrieved from http://scholar.google.com/scholar_casecase1215058598091026533&q 404F.Supp.2d1051&hlen&as_sdt2002
44. Faust, D. (2012). Criteria for appraising scientific status I: Daubert factors. In D. Faust (Ed.), Coping with psychiatric and psychological testimony: Based on the original work by Jay Ziskin (6th ed., pp. 42-87). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
45. Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics. (2010). America's children in brief: Key national indicators of well-being, 2010. Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved from http://www.childstats.gov/pdf/ac2010/ac_10.pdf
46. Federal Trade Commission. (2009). Marketing violent entertainment to children. Retrieved from http://www.ftc.gov/os/2009/12/P994511violententertainment.pdf
47. Ferguson, C. J. (2007). Evidence for publication bias in video game violence effects literature: A meta-analytic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 12, 470-482. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2007.01.001
48. Ferguson C. J. (Ed.). (2009). Violent crime: Clinical and social implications. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
49. Ferguson C. J. (2010). Blazing angels or resident evil Can violent video games be a force for good Review of General Psychology, 14(2), 68-81. doi:10.1037/a0018941
50. Ferguson, C. J. (2011). Video games and youth violence: A prospective analysis in adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 40(4), 377-391. doi:10.1007/s10964-010-9610-x
51. Ferguson C. J., & Kilburn, J. (2009). The public health risks of media violence: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Pediatrics, 154(5), 759- 763. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2008.11.033
52. Ferguson, C. J., & Kilburn, J. (2010). Much ado about nothing: The misestimation and overinterpretation of violent video game effects in Eastern and Western nations: Comment on Anderson et al. (2010). Psychological Bulletin, 136(2), 174-178. doi:10.1037/a0018566
53. Ferguson, C. J., & Rueda, S. M. (2009). Examining the validity of the modified Taylor competitive reaction time test of aggression. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 5(2), 121-137. doi:10.1007/s11292-009- 9069-5
54. Ferguson, C. J., San Miguel, C., & Hartley, R. D. (2009). A multivariate analysis of youth violence and aggression: The influence of family, peers, depression and media violence. The Journal of Pediatrics, 155(6), 904-908.e3. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.06.021
55. Fox, D. R., & Prilleltensky, I. (1996). The inescapable nature of politics in psychology: A response to O'Donohue and Dyslin: Comment. New Ideas in Psychology, 14(1), 21-26. doi:10.1016/0732- 118X(95)00028-F
56. Freedman, J. (2002). Media violence and its effect on aggression: Assessing the scientific evidence. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: University of Toronto Press.
57. Gauntlett, D. (1995). Moving experiences: Understanding television's influences and effects. Herts, England: John Libbey Media.
58. Gentile, D. A., Saleem, M., & Anderson, C. A. (2007). Public policy and the effects of media violence on children. Social Issues and Policy Review, 1(1), 15-61. doi:10.1111/j.1751-2409.2007.00003.x
59. Gibb, G., Bailey, J., Lambirth, T., & Wilson, W. (1983). Personality differences between high and low electronic video game users. Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 114(2), 159-165. doi: 10.1080/00223980.1983.9915409
60. Giumetti, G. W., & Markey, P. M. (2007). Violent video games and anger as predictors of aggression. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 1234-1243. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2007.02.005
61. Graybill, D., Strawniak, M., Hunter, T., & O'Leary, M. (1987). Effects of playing versus observing violent versus nonviolent video games on children's aggression. Psychology: A Quarterly Journal of Human Behavior, 24, 1-8.
62. Greenwald, A. G. (2012). There is nothing so theoretical as a good method. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7(2), 99-108. doi: 10.1177/1745691611434210
63. Greenwald, A. G., Pratkanis, A. R., Leippe, M. R., & Baumgardner, M. H. (1986). Under what conditions does theory obstruct research progress Psychological Review, 93(2), 216-229. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.93.2 .216
64. Grimes, T., Anderson, J., & Bergen, L. (2008). Media violence and aggression: Science and ideology. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
65. Grisso, T., & Steinberg, L. (2005). Between a rock and a soft place: Developmental research and the child advocacy process. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 34(4), 619-627.
66. Grossman, D. (1996). On killing: The psychological cost of learning to kill in war and society. Boston, MA: Back Bay Books.
67. Hall, R. C. W., Day, T., & Hall, R. C. W. (2011a). A plea for caution: Violent video games, the Supreme Court, and the role of science. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 86(4), 315-321. doi:10.4065/mcp.2010.0762
68. Hall, R. C. W., Day, T., & Hall, R. C. W. (2011b) A further plea for caution against medical professionals overstating video game violence effects-In reply-I. (2011). Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 86(8), 821-823. doi:10.4065/mcp.2011.0357
69. Huesmann, L. R. (2007). The impact of electronic media violence: Scientific theory and research. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41, S6-S13. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.09.005
70. Huesmann, L. R. (2010). Nailing the coffin shut on doubts that violent video games stimulate aggression: Comment on Anderson et al. (2010). Psychological Bulletin, 136(2), 179-181. doi:10.1037/a0018567
71. Hyman, R., & Honorton, C. (1986). A joint communiqué: The psi ganzfeld controversy. Journal of Parapsychology, 50(4), 351-364.
72. Institute of Medicine. (2009). Conflict of interest in medical research, education and practice. Retrieved from http://www.iom.edu/Reports/2009/ Conflict-of-Interest-in-Medical-Research-Education-and-Practice.aspx Is exposure to media violence a public health risk (2008). The Lancet, 371, 1137. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60495-X
73. Ivory, J. D., & Kalyanaraman, S. (2007). The effects of technological advancement and violent content in video games on players' feelings of presence, involvement, physiological arousal, and aggression. Journal of Communication, 57(3), 532-555. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2007 .00356.x
74. Ivory, J., & Kalyanaraman, S. (2009). Video games make people violent- well, maybe not that game: Effects of content and person abstraction on perceptions of violent video games' effects and support of censorship. Communication Reports, 22(1), 1-12. doi:10.1080/ 08934210902798536
75. Jenkins, H. (2006). Convergence culture: Where old and new media collide. New York, NY: New York University Press.
76. Jones, S. L. (1996). Political resolutions, metaphysics, science and the APA: A response to O'Donohue and Dyslin. New Ideas in Psychology, 14(1), 11-16. doi:10.1016/0732-118X(95)00029-G
77. Kendler, H. H. (1996). The politics of the APA-Self-inflicted wounds: A response to O'Donohue and Dyslin. New Ideas in Psychology, 14(1), 27-29. doi:10.1016/0732-118X(95)00026-D
78. Kutner, L., & Olson, C. (2008). Grand theft childhood: The surprising truth about violent video games and what parents can do. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
79. LeBel, E. P., & Peters, K. R. (2011). Fearing the future of empirical psychology: Bem's (2011) evidence of psi as a case study of deficiencies in modal research practice. Review of General Psychology, 15(4), 371-379. doi:10.1037/a0025172
80. Lenhart, A., Kahne, J., Middaugh, E., MacGill, A., Evans, C., & Mitak, J. (2008). Teens, video games and civics: Teens gaming experiences are diverse and include significant social interaction and civic engagement. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/PPF/r/263/report_display .asp
81. Lilienfeld, S., Lynn, S., Ruscio, J., & Beyerstein, B. 2009 Mythbusting in introductory psychology courses: The whys and the hows. In S. A. Meyers & J. R. Stowell (Eds.) Essays from e-xcellence in teaching (Vol. 9 pp 55-61). Retrieved from the society for the Teaching of Psychology website: http://teachpsych.org/ebooks/eit2009/index.php
82. Markey, P. M., & Markey, C. N. (2010). Vulnerability to violent video games: A review and integration of personality research. Review of General Psychology, 14(2), 82-91. doi:10.1037/a0019000
83. McCall, R. B. (1977). Challenges to a science of developmental psychology. Child Development, 48(2), 333-344. doi:10.2307/1128626
84. Mitrofan, O., Paul, M., & Spencer, N. (2009). Is aggression in children with behavioural and emotional difficulties associated with television viewing and video game playing A systematic review. Child: Care, Health and Development, 35(1), 5-15. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2008 .00912.x
85. Möller, I., & Krahe, B. (2009). Exposure to violent video games and aggression in German adolescents: A longitudinal analysis. Aggressive Behavior, 35, 75-89. doi:10.1002/ab.20290
86. Muschert, G. (2007). The Columbine victims and the myth of the juvenile superpredator. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 5(4), 351-366. doi:10.1177/1541204006296173
87. Muschert, G. W. (2008). Research in school shootings. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 2(3), 60-80.
88. National Cancer Institute. (2011). Smoking. Retrieved from the National Cancer Institu website: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/tobacco/ smoking
89. O'Donohue, W., & Dyslin, C. (1996). Abortion, boxing and Zionism: Politics and the APA. New Ideas in Psychology, 14(1), 1-10. doi: 10.1016/0732-118X(95)00025-C
90. Office of Justice Programs. (2008). Violence by teenage girls: Trends and contexts. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Justice.
91. Olson, C. K. (2004). Media violence research and youth violence data: Why do they conflict Academic Psychiatry, 28, 144-150. doi:10.1176/ appi.ap.28.2.144
92. Olson, C. K. (2010). Children's motivations for video game play in the context of normal development. Review of General Psychology, 14(2), 180-187. doi:10.1037/a0018984
93. Olson, C. K., Kutner, L., Warner, D., Almerigi, J., Baer, L., Nicholi, A., & Beresin, E. (2007). Factors correlated with violent video game use by adolescent boys and girls. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41, 77-83. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2007.01.001
94. Parents Television Council. (2011). PTC denounces Supreme Court ruling on CA video game law. Retrieved from https://www.parentstv.org/PTC/ news/release/2011/0627a.asp
95. Pollard-Sacks, D., Bushman, B. J., & Anderson, C. A. (2011). Do violent video games harm children Comparing the scientific amicus curiae "experts" in Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association. Northwestern University Law Review: Colloquy, 106, 1-12.
96. Przybylski, A. K., Rigby, C. S., & Ryan, R. M. (2010). A motivational model of video game engagement. Review of General Psychology, 14(2), 154-166. doi:10.1037/a0019440
97. Redding, R. E. (2001). Sociopolitical diversity in psychology: The case for pluralism. American Psychologist, 56, 205-215. doi:10.1037/0003- 066X.56.3.205
98. Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press. (2011). Reporters Committee lauds U.S. Supreme Court ruling on violent video games. Retrieved from http://www.rcfp.org/newsitems/index.phpi11942
99. Ritter, D., & Eslea, M. (2005). Hot sauce, toy guns, and graffiti: A critical account of current laboratory aggression paradigms. Aggressive Behavior, 31, 407-419. doi:10.1002/ab.20066
100. Rosen, G. M., & Davison, G. C. (2001). "Echo attributions" and other risks when publishing on novel therapies without peer review. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57(10), 1245-1250. doi:10.1002/jclp.1092
101. Savage, J. (2004).) Does viewing violent media really cause criminal violence A methodological review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 10, 99-128. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2003.10.001
102. Savage, J. (2008). The role of exposure to media violence in the etiology of violent behavior: A criminologist weighs in. American Behavioral Scientist, 51, 1123-1136. doi:10.1177/0002764207312016
103. Schwartz, S., & Zamboanga, B. (2009). The peer-review and editorial system: Ways to fix something that might be broken. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4(1), 54-61. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009 .01106.x
104. Scott, D. (1995). The effect of video games on feelings of aggression. Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 129(2), 121-132. doi:10.1080/00223980.1995.9914952
105. Sherry, J. (2001). The effects of violent video games on aggression: A meta-analysis. Human Communication Research, 27, 409-431.
106. Sherry, J. (2007). Violent video games and aggression: Why can't we find links In R. Preiss, B. Gayle, N. Burrell, M. Allen, & J. Bryant (Eds.), Mass media effects research: Advances through meta-analysis (pp. 231-248). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
107. Simmons, J. P., Nelson, L. D., & Simonsohn, U. (2011). False-positive psychology: Undisclosed flexibility in data collection and analysis allows presenting anything as significant. Psychological Science, 22(11), 1359-1366. doi:10.1177/0956797611417632
108. Sinclair, B. (2011). Games' day in court: Science, violence and the law. Retrieved from http://www.gamespot.com/features/6314963/gamesday- in-court-science-violence-and-the-law/
109. Slovic, P., Finucane, M., Peters, E., & MacGregor, D. G. (2002). Rational actors or rational fools: Implications of the affect heuristic for behavioral economics. Journal of Socio-Economics, 31(4), 329-342. doi: 10.1016/S1053-5357(02)00174-9
110. Smith, M. B. (1996). Comment on O'Donohue and Dyslin. New Ideas in Psychology, 14(1), 17-19. doi:10.1016/0732-118X(95)00027-E
111. Strasburger, V. C. (2007). Go ahead punk, make my day: It's time for pediatricians to take action against media violence. Pediatrics, 119, e1398-e1399. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-0083
112. Strasburger, V. C., Jordan, A. B., & Donnerstein, E. (2010). Health effects of media on children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 125(4), 756-767. doi:10.1542/peds.2009-2563
113. Suls, J., & Martin, R. (2009). The air we breathe: A critical look at practices and alternatives in the peer review process. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 4, 40 -50. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009 .01105.x
114. Swedish Media Council. (2011). Våldsamma datorspel och aggression - en översikt av forskningen 2000-2011 [Violent computer games and aggression - an overview of the research 2000-2011]. Retrieved from http://www .statensmedierad.se/Publikationer/Produkter/Valdsamma-datorspeloch- aggression/
115. Tedeschi, J., & Quigley, B. (1996). Limitations of laboratory paradigms for studying aggression. Aggression & Violent Behavior, 2, 163-177. doi:10.1016/1359-1789(95)00014-3
116. Teng, S. K. Z., Chong, G. Y. M., Siew, A. S. C., & Skoric, M. M. (2011). Grand Theft Auto IV comes to Singapore: Effects of repeated exposure to violent video games on aggression. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 14(10), 597-602. doi:10.1089/cyber.2010.0115
117. Thierer, A. (2011). A response to Leland Yee & James Stayer on what motivated video game decision. Retrieved from the Technology Liberation Front website: http://techliberation.com/2011/06/28/a-responseto- leland-yee-james-steyer-on-what-motivated-video-game-decision/
118. Thompson, K. (2008). The classic moral panic: Mods and rockers. In R. Heiner (Ed.), Deviance across cultures (pp. 60-68). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
119. Thompson, K. M., & Haninger, K. (2001). Violence in E-rated video games. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, 286(5), 591-598. doi:10.1001/jama.286.5.591
120. United States v. Stevens, 130 S. Ct. 1577 (2010). Retrieved from http:// www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/09pdf/08 -769.pdf
121. Unsworth, G., Devilly, G., & Ward, T. (2007). The effect of playing violent videogames on adolescents: Should parents be quaking in their boots Psychology, Crime & Law, 13, 383-394. doi:10.1080/ 10683160601060655
122. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2001). Youth violence: A report of the Surgeon General. Retrieved from http://www.surgeongeneral. gov/library/youthviolence/report.html
123. van Schie E. & Wiegman, O (1997). Children and videogames: Leisure activities, aggression, social integration, and school performance. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 27(13), 1175-1194. doi:10.1111/j .1559-1816.1997.tb01800.x
124. Video Software Dealers Association and Entertainment Software Association v. Schwarzenegger, 556 F.3d 950 (9th Cir. 2009). Retrieved from http:// www.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2009/02/20/0716620.pdf
125. von Salisch, M., Vogelgesang, J., Kristen, A., & Oppl, C. (2011). Preference for violent electronic games and aggressive behavior among children: The beginning of the downward spiral Media Psychology, 14(3), 233-258. doi:10.1080/15213269.2011.596468
126. Vossekuil, B., Fein, R., Reddy, M., Borum, R., & Modzeleski, W. (2002). The final report and findings of the Safe School Initiative: Implications for the prevention of school attacks in the United States. Washington, DC: U. S. Department of Education and U. S. Secret Service. Retrieved from http://www.secretservice.gov/ntac/ssi_final_report.pdf
127. Watts, D. J. (2011). Everything is obvious, once you know the answer: How common sense fails us. New York, NY: Crown Business/Random House.
128. Wiegman, O., & van Schie, E. (1998). Video game playing and its relations with aggressive and prosocial behaviour. British Journal of Social Psychology, 37(3), 367-378.
129. Williams, D., & Skoric, M. (2005). Internet fantasy violence: A test of aggression in an online game. Communication Monographs, 72, 217-233. 74