Causal effects of violent sports video games on aggression: Is it competitiveness or violent content?

Journal of Experimental Social Psychology

Volumn 45, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 731-739

  Anderson, Craig A ^a,b   Carnagey, Nicholas L ^a  

^a Department of Statistics Center for Statistics and Applications in Forensic Evidence Iowa State University 2438 Osborn Dr Ames   (United States)

^b IOWA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Aggression; Aggressive affect; Aggressive cognition; General aggression model; Media violence; Video game violence

Indexed keywords

EID: 67650751048     PISSN: 00221031     EISSN: 10960465     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2009.04.019     Document Type: Article

References (47)

1. Anderson C.A., Anderson K.B., Dorr N., DeNeve K.M., and Flanagan M. Temperature and aggression. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 32 (2000) 63-133
2. Anderson C.A., Buckley K.E., and Carnagey N.L. Creating your own hostile environment: A laboratory examination of trait aggression and the violence escalation cycle. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 34 (2008) 462-473
3. Anderson C.A., and Bushman B.J. External validity of "trivial" experiments: The case of laboratory aggression. Review of General Psychology 1 (1997) 19-41
4. Anderson C.A., and Bushman B.J. Human aggression. Annual Review of Psychology 53 (2002) 27-51
5. Anderson C.A., and Carnagey N.L. Violent evil and the general aggression model. In: Miller A. (Ed). The social psychology of good and evil (2004), Guildford Publications, New York 168-192
6. Anderson C.A., Carnagey N.L., and Eubanks J. Exposure to violent media: The effects of songs with violent lyrics on aggressive thoughts and feelings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84 (2003) 960-971
7. Anderson C.A., Carnagey N.L., Flanagan M., Benjamin A.J., Eubanks J., and Valentine J.C. Violent video games: Specific effects of violent content on aggressive thoughts and behavior. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 36 (2004) 199-249
8. Anderson C.A., Deuser W.E., and DeNeve K.M. Hot temperatures, hostile affect, hostile cognition, and arousal: Tests of a general model of affective aggression. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 21 (1995) 434-448
9. Anderson C.A., and Dill K.E. Video games and aggressive thoughts, feelings, and behavior in the laboratory and in life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78 (2000) 772-790
10. Anderson C.A., Gentile D.A., and Buckley K.E. Violent video game effects on children and adolescents: Theory, research, and public policy (2007), Oxford University Press, New York
11. Anderson C.A., and Huesmann L.R. Human aggression: A social-cognitive view. In: Hogg M.A., and Cooper J. (Eds). Handbook of social psychology (2003), Sage Publications, London 296-323
12. Anderson C.A., Lindsay J.J., and Bushman B.J. Research in the psychological laboratory: Truth or triviality?. Current Directions in Psychological Science 8 (1999) 3-9
13. Anderson C.A., and Morrow M. Competitive aggression without interaction: Effects of competitive versus cooperative instructions on aggressive behavior in video games. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 21 (1995) 1020-1030
14. Anderson C.A., Sakamoto A., Gentile D.A., Ihori N., Shibuya A., Yukawa S., et al. Longitudinal effects of violent video games aggression in Japan and the United States. Pediatrics 122 (2008) e1067-e1072
15. Anderson, C. A., Shibuya, A., Ihori, N., Swing, E. L., Sakamoto, A., Rothstein, H. R., Bushman, B. J., Saleem, M., & Barlett, C. P. (submitted for publication). Violent video game effects on aggression in Japan and western countries: A meta-analytic review.
16. Baca, J. (2009). .
17. Ballard M.E., and Weist J.R. Mortal Kombat: The effects of violent video game play on males' hostility and cardiovascular responding. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 26 (1996) 717-730
18. Bartholow B.D., and Anderson C.A. Effects of violent video games on aggressive behavior: Potential sex differences. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 38 (2002) 283-290
19. Bartholow B.D., Bushman B.J., and Sestir M.A. Chronic violent video game exposure and desensitization to violence. Behavioral and event-related brain potential data. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 42 (2006) 532-539
20. Berkowitz L. Aggression, its causes, consequences, and control (1993), McGraw-Hill, New York
21. Bushman B.J., and Huesmann L.R. Short-term and long-term effects of violent media on aggression in children and adults. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine 160 (2006) 348-352
22. Buss A.H., and Perry M. The aggression questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 63 (1992) 452-459
23. Calvert S.L., and Tan S. Impact of virtual reality on young adults' physiological arousal and aggressive thoughts: Interaction versus observation. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 15 (1994) 125-139
24. Carnagey N.L., and Anderson C.A. The effects of reward and punishment in violent video games on aggressive affect, cognition, and behavior. Psychological Science (2005)
25. Carnagey N.L., Anderson C.A., and Bushman B.J. The effect of video game violence on physiological desensitization to real-life violence. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 43 (2007) 489-496
26. Children Now (2001). Children and the media. http://www.childrennow.org Retrieved July 1, 2001.
27. Deutsch M. A theory of co-operation and competition. Human Relations 2 (1949) 129-152
28. Deutsch M. Educating for a peaceful world. American Psychologist 48 (1993) 510-517
29. Dietz T.L. An examination of violence and gender role portrayals in video games: Implications for gender socialization and aggressive behavior. Sex Roles 38 (1998) 425-442
30. Dill K.E., Gentile D.A., Richter W.A., and Dill J.C. Violence, sex, race and age in popular video games: A content analysis. In: Cole E., and Daniel J.H. (Eds). Featuring females: Feminist analyses of the media (2005), American Psychological Association, Washington, DC 115-130
31. ESPN (2002). Simulating sports: The video game craze [Television series episode]. Outside the lines.
32. ESPN.com (2005). All Madden, all the time. Retrieved October 6, 2005 from, .
33. Funk J.B., Baldacci H.B., Pasold T., and Baumgardner J. Violence exposure in real-life, video games, television, movies, and the internet: Is there desensitization?. Journal of Adolescence 27 (2004) 23-39
34. Gentile D.A., Lynch P.J., Linder J.R., and Walsh D.A. The effects of violent video game habits on adolescent hostility, aggressive behaviors, and school performance. Journal of Adolescence 27 (2004) 5-22
35. Giancola P.R. The moderating effects of dispositional empathy on alcohol-related aggression in men and women. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 112 (2003) 275-281
36. Giancola P.R., and Chermack S.T. Construct validity of laboratory aggression paradigms: A response to Tedeschi and Quigley (1996). Aggression and Violent Behavior 3 (1998) 237-253
37. Huesmann L.R., and Miller L.S. Long-term effects of repeated exposure to media violence in childhood. In: Huesmann L.R. (Ed). Aggressive behavior: Current perspectives (1994), Plenum Press, New York 153-186
38. Huesmann L.R., Moise-Titus J., Podolski C., and Eron L.D. Longitudinal relations between children's exposure to TV violence and their aggressive and violent behavior in young adulthood: 1977-1992. Developmental Psychology 39 (2003) 201-221
39. IGN.com. (2005). Blitz: The League Interview. Retrieved October6, 2005.
40. Kirsh S.J. Seeing the world through Mortal Kombat-colored glasses: Violent video games and the development of a short-term hostile attribution bias. Childhood 5 (1998) 177-184
41. Krahé B., and Möller I. Playing violent electronic games, hostile attributional style, and aggression-related norms in German adolescents. Journal of Adolescence 27 (2004) 53-69
42. Lindsay J.J., and Anderson C.A. From antecedent conditions to violent actions: A general affective aggression model. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 26 (2000) 533-547
43. Möller I., and Krahé B. Exposure to violent video games and aggression in German adolescents: A longitudinal analysis. Aggressive Behavior 35 (2009) 75-79
44. Roberts D.F., Foehr M.A., and Rideout M.A. Generation M: Media in the lives of 8-18 year olds. Kaiser Family Foundation Study (2005)
45. Tukey J.W. Exploratory data analysis (1977), Addison-Wesley, Menlo Park, CA
46. Uhlmann E., and Swanson J. Exposure to violent video games increases automatic aggressiveness. Journal of Adolescence 27 (2004) 41-52
47. Wallenius M., and Punamaki R. Digital game violence and direct aggression in adolescence. A longitudinal study of the roles of sex, age, and parent-child communication. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 29 (2008) 286-294