Does viewing violent media really cause criminal violence? A methodological review

Aggression and Violent Behavior

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 99-128

  Savage, Joanne ^a  

^a AMERICAN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Media violence; Television violence; Violent crime

Indexed keywords

AGGRESSION; AUDIOVISUAL EQUIPMENT; CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR; EMOTION; HOMICIDE; HUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SOCIAL LEARNING; TELEVISION; VIOLENCE;

EID: 4644367888     PISSN: 13591789     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.avb.2003.10.001     Document Type: Review

References (76)

1. Albiniak P., McConnell B. TV to blame, Hatch report says. Broadcasting and Cable. 129(34):1999;19
2. American Medical Association Television violence. JAMA. 270(23):1993;2870
3. Anderson C.A., Bushman B.J. The effects of media violence on society. Science. 295:2002;2377-2379. March 29
4. Bachrach R.S. The differential effect of observation of violence on Kibbutz and city children in Israel. Huesmann L.R., Eron L.D. Television and the aggressive child: A cross-national comparison. 1986;201-238 Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ
5. Bandura A. Social learning theory. 1977;Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ
6. Bassett H.T., Cowden J.E., Cohen M.F. The audio-visual viewing habits of selected subgroups of delinquents. The Journal of Genetic Psychology. 112:1968;37-41
7. Belson W. Television violence and the adolescent boy. 1978;Saxon House, Hampshire, UK
8. Bergenfield M. Media violence. Parents. 69(10):1994;40-45
9. Berkowitz L., Macaulay J. The contagion of criminal violence. Sociometry. 34:1971;238-260
10. Centerwall B.S. Exposure to television as a cause of violence. Comstock G. Public communication and behavior. 1989;1-58 Academic Press, New York
11. Chatfield J.E. Influence of media violence on children. American Family Physician. 65(4):2002;735-736
12. Donnerstein E., Linz D. The media. Wilson J.Q., Petersilia J. Crime. 1995;237-266 Institute for Contemporary Studies Press, San Francisco, CA
13. Eron L.D. Relationship of TV viewing habits and aggressive behavior in children. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 67:1963;193-196
14. Eron L.D., Huesmann L.R., Lefkowitz M.M., Walder L.O. Does television violence cause aggression? American Psychologist. 27:1972;253-263
15. Felson R.B. Mass media effects on violent behavior. Annual Review of Sociology. 22:1996;103-128
16. Feshbach S., Singer R.D. Television and aggression: An experimental field study. 1971;Jossey-Bass, San Francisco
17. Fraczek A. Socio-cultural environment, television viewing, and the development of aggression among children in Poland. Huesmann L.R., Eron L.D. Television and the aggressive child: A cross-national comparison. 1986;119-160 Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ
18. Freedman J. Television violence and aggression: A rejoinder. Psychological Bulletin. 100:1986;372-378
19. Freedman J. Television violence and aggression: What the evidence shows. Oskamp S. Applied social psychology annual: Television as a social issue. vol. 8:1988;144-162 Sage, Newbury Park, CA
20. Freedman J. Television violence and aggression: What psychologists should tell the public. Suedfeld P., Tetlock P.E. Psychology and social policy. 1992;179-189 Hemisphere, New York
21. Freedman J.L. Effect of television violence on aggressiveness. Psychological Bulletin. 96(2):1984;227-246
22. Friedrich L.K., Stein A.H. Aggressive and prosocial television programs and the natural behavior of preschool children. Child Development Monograph. 38(4):1973
23. Grossman D. Teaching kids to kill. National Forum. 80(4):2000;10-14
24. Hapkiewicz W.G., Roden A.H. The effect of aggressive cartoons on children's interpersonal play. Child Development. 42:1971;1583-1585
25. Hapkiewicz W.G., Stone R.D. The effect of realistic versus imaginary aggressive models on children's interpersonal play. Child Study Journal. 4:1974;47-58
26. Hartnagel T.F., Teevan J.J. Jr., McIntyre J.J. Television violence and violent behavior. Social Forces. 54:1975;341-351
27. Heath L., Kruttschnitt C., Ward D. Television and violent criminal behavior: Beyond the Bobo doll. Victims and Violence. 13:1986;177-190
28. Hennigan K.M., Del Rosario M.L., Heath L., Cook T.D., Wharton J.D., Calder B.J. Impact of the introduction of television on crime in the United States: Empirical findings and theoretical implications. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 42:1982;461-477
29. Huesmann L.R. Psychological processes promoting the relation between exposure to media violence and aggressive behavior by the viewer. Journal of Social Issues. 423:1986;125-139
30. Huesmann L.R. Cross-national communalities in the learning of aggression from media violence. Huesmann L.R., Eron L.D. Television and the aggressive child: A cross-national comparison. 1986;239-258 Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ
31. Huesmann L.R., Eron L.D. The development of aggression in American children as a consequence of television viewing. Huesmann L.R., Eron L.D. Television and the aggressive child: A cross-national comparison. 1986;45-80 Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ
32. Huesmann L.R., Eron L.D., Lefkowitz M.M., Walder L.O. Stability of aggression over time and generations. Developmental Psychology. 206:1984;1120-1134
33. Huesmann L.R., Lagerspetz K., Eron L.D. Intervening variables in the TV violence-aggression relation: Evidence from two countries. Developmental Psychology. 205:1984;746-775
34. Huesmann L.R., Miller L.S. Long-term effects of repeated exposure to media violence in childhood. Huesmann L.R. Aggressive behavior: Current perspectives. 1994;153-186 Plenum Press, New York
35. Huesmann L.R., Moise J.F., Podolski C.-L. The effects of media violence on the development of antisocial behavior. Stoff D.M., Breiling J., Maser J.D. Handbook of antisocial behavior. 1997;181-193 Wiley, New York
36. Huesmann L.R., Moise J.F., Podolski C.-L., Eron L.D. The prediction of young adult aggression in the 1990s from childhood exposure to media violence in the 1970s: Gender differences and moderating factors for USA youth. Aggressive Behavior. 25:1999;19
37. Huston-Stein A., Fox S., Greer D., Watkins B.A., Whitaker J. The effects of TV action and violence on children's social behavior. Journal of Genetic Psychology. 138:1981;183-191
38. Jenkins, H. (1999). Response during question-and-answer session after his discussion on media violence for the Free Expression Network, Freedom Forum, Rosslyn, Virginia, September 28.
39. Jensen G.F. The invention of television as a cause of homicide: The reification of a spurious relationship. Homicide Studies. 5(2):2001;114-130
40. Johnson J.G., Cohen P., Smailes E.M., Kasen S., Brook J.S. Television viewing and aggressive behavior during adolescence and adulthood. Science. 295:2002, March 29;2468-2472
41. Josephson W.L. Television violence and children's aggression: Testing the priming, social script, and disinhibition predictions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 535:1987;882-890
42. Joy A., Leslie K.M., Zabrack M. Television and children's aggressive behavior. Williams T. The impact of television. 1986;303-360 Academic Press, Orlando, FL
43. Kaplan R.M. The measurement of human aggression. Kaplan R.M., Konečni V.J., Novaco R.W. Aggression in children and youth. 1984;44-72 Martinus Nijhoff, Boston, MA
44. Kruttschnitt C., Heath L., Ward D. Family violence, television viewing habits, and other adolescent experiences related to violent criminal behavior. Criminology. 243:1986;235-267
45. Lagerspetz K., Viemero V. Television and aggressive behavior among Finnish children. Huesmann L.R., Eron L.D. Television and the aggressive child: A cross-national comparison. 1986;81-117 Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ
46. Lefkowitz M.M., Eron L.D., Walder L.O., Huesmann L.R. Television violence and child aggression: A follow-up study. Comstock G.A., Rubinstein E.A. Television and social behavior. Television and adolescent aggressiveness. vol. 3:1972;35-135 U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
47. Lefkowitz M.M., Eron L.D., Walder L.O., Huesmann L.R. Growing up to be violent: A longitudinal study of the development of aggression. 1977;Pergamon, New York
48. Lester D. Media violence and suicide and homicide rates. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 69:1989;894
49. Leyens J.P., Parke R.D., Camino K., Berkowitz L. Effects of movie violence on aggression in a field setting as a function of group dominance and cohesion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 32:1975;346-360
50. McCain R.S. Television's bloody hands. Insight on the News. 14(47):1998;37-38
51. McCarthy E.D., Langner T.S., Gersten J.C., Eisenberg J.G., Orzeck L. Violence and behavior disorders. Journal of Communication. 254:1975;71-85
52. McGuire W.J. The myth of massive media impact: Savagings and salvagings. Comstock G. Public communication and behavior. vol. 1:1986;173-257 Academic Press, Orlando, FL
53. McIntyre, J. J., Teevan, J. J., Jr., & assistance of Hartnagel, T. (1972). Television violence and deviant behavior. In G. A. Comstock & E. A. Rubinstein (Eds.), Television and Social Behavior: Vol. 3, Television and Adolescent Aggressiveness (pp. 383-435). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
54. McLeod J.M., Atkin C.K., Chaffee S.H. Adolescents, parents, and television use: Self-report and other measures from the Wisconsin sample. Comstock G.A., Rubinstein E.A. Television and social behavior. Television and adolescent aggressiveness. Vol. 3:1972;239-313 U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
55. McLeod J.M., Atkin C.K., Chaffee S.H. Adolescents, parents, and television use: Adolescent self-report measures from Maryland and Wisconsin samples. Comstock, Rubinstein E.A. Television and social behavior. Television and adolescent aggressiveness. vol. 3:1972;173-238 U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
56. Merton R. Social structure and anomie. American Sociological Review. 3:1938;672-682
57. Messner S. Television violence and violent crime: An aggregate analysis. Social Problems. 33:1986;218-235
58. Milavsky J.R., Kessler R., Stipp H., Rubens W.S. Television and aggression: Results of a panel study. Pearl D., Bouthilet L., Lazar J. Television and behavior: Ten years of scientific progress and implications for the 80s. Technical reviews. vol. 2:1982;138-157 U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
59. Milavsky J.R., Kessler R., Stipp H.H., Rubens W.S. Television and aggression: A panel study. 1982;Academic Press, New York
60. Mudore C.F. Does TV violence kill? Current Health. 26(6):2000;24-26
61. Paik H., Comstock G. The effects of television violence on antisocial behavior: A meta-analysis. Communications Research. 21(4):1994;516-546
62. Palermo G.B. Adolescent criminal behavior - Is TV violence one of the culprits? International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology. 39(1):1995;11-22
63. Phillips D.P. The impact of mass media violence on U.S. homicides. American Sociological Review. 48:1983;560-568
64. Reid C. AAP, ABA hail Hill's rejection of media violence bill. Publishers Weekly. 246(25):1999;11
65. Rhodes R. The media-violence myth. Rolling Stone. 2000, November 23;55-58
66. Robinson J.P., Bachman J.G. Television viewing habits and aggression. Comstock G.A., Rubinstein E.A. Television and social behavior. Television and adolescent aggressiveness. vol. 3:1972;372-382 U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC
67. Schramm W., Lyle J., Parker E.B. Television in the lives of our children. 1961;Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA
68. Sege R.D. Life imitating art: Adolescents and television violence. Gullotta T.P., Adams G.R., Montemayor R. Delinquent violent youth: Theory and interventions. 1998;129-143 Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA
69. Sheehan P.W. Television viewing and its relation to aggression among children in Australia. Huesmann L.R., Eron L.D. Television and the aggressive child: A cross-national comparison. 1986;161-200 Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ
70. Singer J.L., Singer D.G. Television, imagination, and aggression: A study of preschoolers' play. 1981;Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ
71. Sprafkin J., Gadow K.D., Grayson P. Effects of viewing aggressive cartoons on the behavior of learning disabled children. Journal of Child Psychiatry. 28:1987;387-398
72. Sprafkin J., Gadow K.D., Grayson P. Effects of cartoons on emotionally disturbed children's social behavior in school settings. Journal of Child Psychology. 29:1988;91-99
73. Steuer F.B., Applefield J.M., Smith R. Televised aggression and the interpersonal aggression of preschool children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 11:1971;442-447
74. Thornton W., Voigt L. Television and delinquency: A neglected dimension of social control. Youth and Society. 154:1984;445-468
75. Wood W., Wong F., Chachere J.G. Effects of media violence on viewers' aggression in unconstrained social interaction. Psychological Bulletin. 109:1991;371-383
76. Zimring F.E., Hawkins G. Crime is not the problem: Lethal violence in America. 1997;Oxford University Press, New York