Linking demographic diversity to organisational outcomes :The moderating role of transformational leadership

Leadership & Organization Development Journal

Volumn 34, Issue 5, 2013, Pages 384-406

  Muchiri, Michael K ^a   Ayoko, Oluremi B ^b  

^a CENTRAL QUEENSLAND UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b UNIVERSITY OF QUEENSLAND   (Australia)

Author keywords

Affective commitment; Citizenship behaviours; Collective efficacy; Demographic diversity; Demographics; General productivity; Transformational leadership

Indexed keywords

EID: 84879734117     PISSN: 01437739     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1108/LODJ-11-0086     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Acar, F.P. (2010), “Analyzing the effects of diversity perceptions and shared leadership on emotional conflict: a dynamic approach”, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 21 No. 10, pp. 1733-1753.
2. Aiken, L.S. and West, S.G. (1991), Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions, Sage, Newbury Park, CA.
3. Alagna, S.W., Reddy, D.M. and Collins, D. (1982), “Perceptions of functioning in mixed-sex and male medical training groups”, Journal of Medical Education, Vol. 57 No. 10, pp. 801-803.
4. Allmendinger, J. and Hackman, J.R. (1995), “The more, the better? A four-nation study of the inclusion of women in symphony orchestras”, Social Forces, Vol. 74 No. 2, pp. 423-460.
5. Allport, G. (1954), The Nature of Prejudice, Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA.
6. Ancona, D.G. and Caldwell, D.F. (1992), “Bridging the boundary: external activity and performance in organizational teams”, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 37 No. 4, pp. 634-665.
7. Arnold, K.A., Barling, J. and Kelloway, E.K. (2001), “Transformational leadership or the iron cage: which predicts trust, commitment and team efficacy?”, Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Vol. 22 No. 7, pp. 315-320.
8. Avolio, B.J. and Bass, B.M. (2002), Developing Potential across a Full Range of Leadership: Cases on Transactional and Transformational Leadership, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ.
9. Avolio, B.J. and Bass, B.M. (2004), Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire: Manual and Sampler Set, 3rd ed., Mind Garden, Redwood City, CA.
10. Bacharach, S.B. and Bamberger, P.A. (2004), “Diversity and union: the effect of demographic dissimilarity on members’ union attachment”, Group and Organization Management, Vol. 29 No. 3, pp. 385-418.
11. Bandura, A. (1997), Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control, W.H. Freeman, New York, NY.
12. Bandura, A. (2000), “Cultivate self-efficacy for personal and organisational effectiveness”, in Locke, E.A. (Ed.), Handbook of Principles of Organisational Behaviour, Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 120-136.
13. Barling, J., Weber, T. and Kelloway, E.K. (1996), “Effects of transformational leadership training on attitudinal and financial outcomes: a field experiment”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 81 No. 6, pp. 827-832.
14. Bass, B.M. (1985), Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectations, Free Press, New York, NY.
15. Brewer, M.B. (1979), “In-group bias in the minimal intergroup situation: a cognitive-motivational analysis”, Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 86 No. 2, pp. 307-324.
16. Byrne, D.E. (1971), The Attraction Paradigm, Academic Press, New York, NY.
17. Certo, S.T., Lester, R.H., Dalton, C.M. and Dalton, D.R. (2006), “Top management teams, strategy and financial performance: a meta-analytic examination”, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 43 No. 4, pp. 813-839.
18. Chattopadhyay, P. (2003), “Can dissimilarity lead to positive outcomes? The influence of open versus closed minds”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 24 No. 3, pp. 295-312.
19. Choi, J.N., Price, R.H. and Vinokur, A.D. (2003), “Self-efficacy changes in groups: effects of diversity, leadership, and group climate”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 24 No. 4, pp. 357-372.
20. Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S.G. and Aiken, S.L. (2003), Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioural Sciences, 3rd ed., Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ.
21. Crocker, J. and Major, B. (1989), “Social stigma and self-esteem: the self-protective properties of stigma”, Psychological Review, Vol. 96 No. 4, pp. 608-630.
22. Dunham, R.B., Grube, J.A. and Casteneda, M.B. (1994), “Organizational commitment: the utility of an integrative definition”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 79 No. 3, pp. 370-380.
23. Elfenbein, H.A. and O'Reilly, C.A. (2007), “Fitting in: the effects of relational demography and person-culture fit on group process and performance”, Group and Organization Management, Vol. 32 No. 1, pp. 109-142.
24. Fiske, S.T. (1998), “Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination”, in Gilbert, D.T., Fiske, S.T. and Lindzey, G. (Eds), Handbook of Social Psychology, McGraw-Hill, Boston, MA, pp. 357-411.
25. Frink, D.D., Robinson, R.K., Reithel, B., Arthur, M.M., Ammeter, A.P. and Ferris, G.R. (2003), “Gender demography and organization performance: a two-study investigation with convergence”, Group and Organization Management, Vol. 28 No. 1, pp. 127-147.
26. Harrison, D.A., Price, K.H. and Bell, M.P. (1998), “Beyond relational demography: time and the effects of surface- and deep-level diversity on work group cohesion”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 41 No. 1, pp. 96-107.
27. Hater, J.J. and Bass, B.M. (1988), “Supervisors evaluations and subordinates’ perceptions of transformational leadership”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 73 No. 4, pp. 695-702.
28. Hoffman, L.R. and Maier, N.R.F. (1961), “Quality and acceptance of problem solutions by members of homogeneous and heterogeneous groups”, Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, Vol. 62 No. 2, pp. 401-407.
29. Hogg, M.A. and Abrams, D. (1988), Social Identifications: A Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations and Group Processes, Routledge, London.
30. Homan, A.C., Hollenbeck, J.R., Humphrey, S.E., Van Knippenberg, D., Ilgen, D.R. and Van Kleef, G.A. (2008), “Facing differences with an open mind: openness to experience, salience of intragroup differences, and performance of diverse work groups”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 51 No. 6, pp. 1204-1222.
31. House, R.J. and Shamir, B. (1993), “Toward the integration of transformational, charismatic and visionary theories of leadership”, in Chemmers, M. and Ayman, R. (Eds), Leadership: Perspectives and Research Directions, Academic Press, New York, NY, pp. 81-107.
32. Howell, J.A. and Avolio, B.J. (1993), “Predicting consolidated unit performance: leadership behavior, locus of control, and support for innovation”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 78 No. 6, pp. 891-902.
33. IBM SPSS Software (2009), PASW Statistics 18. Release 18, SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL.
34. Jackson, S.E., Joshi, A. and Erhardt, N.L. (2003), “Recent research on team and organizational diversity: SWOT analysis and implications”, Journal of Management, Vol. 29 No. 6, pp. 801-830.
35. Joshi, A., Liao, H. and Roh, H. (2011), “Bridging domains in workplace demography research: a review and reconceptualization”, Journal of Management, Vol. 37 No. 2, pp. 521-552.
36. Kark, R. and Waismel-Manor, R. (2005), “Organizational citizenship behavior: what's gender got to do with it?”, Organization, Vol. 12 No. 6, pp. 889-917.
37. Kent, R.N. and McGrath, N.E. (1969), “Task and group characteristics as factors influencing group performance”, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 5 No. 4, pp. 429-440.
38. Kidder, D.L. (2002), “The influence of gender on the performance of organizational citizenship behaviors”, Journal of Management, Vol. 28 No. 5, pp. 629-648.
39. Klayman, J. and Ha, Y. (1987), “Confirmation, disconfirmation and information in hypothesis testing”, Psychological Review, Vol. 94 No. 2, pp. 211-228.
40. Klein, K.J., Lim, B., Saltz, J.L. and Mayer, D.M. (2004), “How do they get there? An examination of the antecedents of centrality in team networks”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 47 No. 6, pp. 952-963.
41. Kmec, J.A. and Gorman, E.H. (2010), “Gender and discretionary work effort: evidence from the United States and Britain”, Work and Occupations, Vol. 37 No. 1, pp. 3-36.
42. Korac-Kakabadse, A., Korac-Kakabadse, N. and Myers, A. (1998), “Demographics and leadership philosophy: exploring gender differences”, Journal of Management Development, Vol. 17 No. 5, pp. 351-388.
43. Kunze, F., Boehm, S.A. and Bruch, H. (2010), “Age diversity, age discrimination climate and performance consequences: a cross organizational study”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 32 No. 2, pp. 264-290.
44. Lau, D.C. and Murnighan, J.K. (1998), “Demographic diversity and faultlines: the compositional dynamics of organizational groups”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 23 No. 2, pp. 325-340.
45. Lee, J. (2005), “Effects of leadership and leader-member exchange on commitment”, Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Vol. 26 No. 8, pp. 655-672.
46. Liao, H., Joshi, A. and Chuang, A. (2004), “Sticking out like a sore thumb: employee dissimilarity and deviance at work”, Personnel Psychology, Vol. 57 No. 4, pp. 969-1000.
47. Loch, C.H., Huberman, B.A. and Stout, S. (2000), “Status competition and performance in work groups”, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, Vol. 43 No. 1, pp. 35-55.
48. Meyer, J.P. and Allen, N.J. (1997), Commitment in the Workplace: Theory, Research, and Application, Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA.
49. Meyer, J.P., Allen, N.J. and Smith, C.A. (1993), “Commitment to organizations and occupations: extension and test of a three-component conceptualization”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 78 No. 4, pp. 538-551.
50. Meyer, J.P., Stanley, D.J., Herscovitch, L. and Topolnytsky, L. (2002), “Affective, continuance, and normative commitment to organization: a meta-analysis of antecedents, correlates, and consequences”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, Vol. 61 No. 1, pp. 20-52.
51. Milliken, F.J. and Martins, L.L. (1996), “Searching for common threads: understanding the multiple effects of diversity in organizational groups”, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 21 No. 2, pp. 402-433.
52. Moreland, R.L. (1985), “Social categorization and the assimilation of ‘new’ group members”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 48 No. 1, pp. 1173-1190.
53. Mowday, R.T., Porter, L.W. and Steers, R.M. (1982), Employee-Organization Linkages: The Psychology of Commitment, Absenteeism, and Turnover, Academic Press, New York, NY.
54. Muchiri, M.K. (2011), “Leadership in context: a review and research agenda for Sub-Saharan Africa”, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 84 No. 3, pp. 440-452.
55. Muchiri, M.K., Cooksey, R.W. and Walumbwa, F.O. (2012), “Transformational and social processes of leadership as predictors of organisational outcomes”, Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Vol. 33 No. 7, pp. 662-683.
56. Mullen, B., Brown, R. and Smith, C. (1992), “Ingroup bias as a function of salience, relevance, and status: an integration”, European Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 22 No. 2, pp. 103-122.
57. Nicholson, N. (1998), “How hardwired is human behaviour?”, Harvard Business Review, July-August, pp. 135-147.
58. Nunnally, J. (1978), Psychometric Theory, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
59. O'Reilly, C.A., Caldwell, D.F. and Barnett, W.P. (1989), “Work group demography, social integration, and turnover”, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 34 No. 1, pp. 21-37.
60. Organ, D.W. (1988), Organisational Citizenship Behaviour: The Good Soldier Syndrome, Lexington Books, Lexington, MA.
61. Pelled, L.H. (1996), “Demographic diversity, conflict, and work group outcomes: an intervening process theory”, Organization Science, Vol. 7 No. 6, pp. 615-631.
62. Pfeffer, J. (1983), “Organizational demography”, in Cummings, L.L. and Staw, B. (Eds), Research in Organizational Behavior, Vol. 5, JAI Press, Greenwich, CT, pp. 299-357.
63. Podsakoff, P.M. and MacKenzie, S.B. (1997), “The impact of organisational citizenship behaviour on organisational performance: a review and suggestions for future research”, Human Performance, Vol. 10 No. 2, pp. 133-151.
64. Podsakoff, P.M., Ahearne, M. and MacKenzie, S.B. (1997), “Organizational citizenship behaviour and the quantity and quality of work group performance”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 82 No. 2, pp. 262-270.
65. Podsakoff, P.M., MacKenzie, S.B. and Bommer, W.H. (1996), “Transformational leader behaviours and substitutes for leadership as determinants of employee satisfaction, commitment, trust, and organisational citizenship behaviours”, Journal of Management, Vol. 22 No. 2, pp. 259-298.
66. Podsakoff, P.M., MacKenzie, S.B. and Fetter, R. (1993), “Substitutes for leadership and the management of professionals”, Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 4 No. 1, pp. 1-44.
67. Podsakoff, P.M., MacKenzie, S.B., Paine, J.B. and Bachrach, D.G. (2000), “Organizational citizenship behaviors: a critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature and suggestions for future research”, Journal of Management, Vol. 26 No. 3, pp. 513-563.
68. Porter, L.W., Steers, R.M., Mowday, R.T. and Boulian, P.V. (1974), “Organisational commitment, job satisfaction, and turnover among psychiatric technicians”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 59 No. 5, pp. 603-609.
69. Riggs, M.L. and Knight, P.A. (1994), “The impact of perceived group success-failure on motivational beliefs and attitudes: a causal model”, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 79 No. 5, pp. 755-766.
70. Riggs, M.L., Warka, J., Babasa, B., Betancourt, R. and Hooker, S. (1994), “Development and validation of self-efficacy and outcome expectancy scales for job-related applications”, Educational and Psychological Measurement, Vol. 54 No. 3, pp. 793-802.
71. Rowold, J. (2011), “Relationship between leadership behaviours and performance: the moderating role of a work team's level of age, gender, and cultural heterogeneity”, Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Vol. 32 No. 6, pp. 628-647.
72. Stephan, W.G. and Stephan, C.W. (1985), “Intergroup anxiety”, Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 41 No. 3, pp. 157-175.
73. Tajfel, H. (1981), Human Groups and Social Categories: Studies in Social Psychology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
74. Tajfel, H. and Turner, J.C. (1986), “The social identity theory of intergroup behaviour”, in Worchel, S. and Austin, W.G. (Eds), Psychology of Intergroup Relations, Nelson-Hall Publishers, Chicago, IL, pp. 7-24.
75. Triandis, H.C., Kurowski, L.L. and Gelfand, M.J. (1994), “Workplace diversity”, in Triandis, H.C., Dunnette, M. and Hough, L. (Eds), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 2nd ed., Vol. 4, Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, CA, pp. 769-827.
76. Turner, J.C. (1985), “Social categorization and the self-concept: a social-cognitive theory of group behaviour”, in Lawler, E.J. (Ed.), Advances in Group Processes: Theory and Research, Vol. 2, JAI Press, Greenwich, CT, pp. 77-122.
77. Turner, J.C. (1987), Rediscovering the Social Group: A Self-Categorization Theory, Blackwell, Oxford.
78. Turner, J.C., Hogg, M.A., Oakes, P.J., Reicher, S.D. and Wetherell, M.S. (1987), Rediscovering the Social Group: A Self-Categorization Theory, Blackwell, Oxford.
79. Wagner, U., Lampen, L. and Syllwasschy, J. (1986), “In-group inferiority, social identity and out-group devaluation in a modified minimal group study”, British Journal of Social Psychology, Vol. 25 No. 1, pp. 15-23.
80. Walumbwa, F.O., Lawler, J.J., Avolio, B.J., Wang, P. and Shi, K. (2005), “Transformational leadership and work-related attitudes: the moderating effects of collective and self-efficacy across cultures”, Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, Vol. 11 No. 3, pp. 2-16.
81. Williams, K.Y. and O'Reilly, C.A.I. (1998), “Demography and diversity in organizations: a review of 40 years of research”, in Staw, B.M. and Cummings, L.L. (Eds), Research in Organizational Behavior, Vol. 20, JAI Press, Greenwich, CT, pp. 77-140.
82. Yukl, G.A. (2010), Leadership in Organizations, 7th ed., Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ.
83. Zenger, T.R. and Lawrence, B.S. (1989), “Organizational demography: the differential effects of age and tenure distributions on technical communication”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 32 No. 2, pp. 353-376.
84. Messick, D. and Massie, D. (1989), “Intergroup relations”, Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 40 No. 1, pp. 45-81.
85. Muchiri, M.K., Cooksey, R.W., Di Milia, L.V. and Walumbwa, F.O. (2011), “Gender and managerial level perceptions of effective leadership”, Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Vol. 32 No. 5, pp. 462-492.