Molecular signaling toward mitophagy and its physiological significance

Experimental Cell Research

Volumn 319, Issue 12, 2013, Pages 1697-1705

  Feng, Du ^a   Liu, Lei ^b   Zhu, Yushan ^c   Chen, Quan ^b,c  

^a GUANGDONG MEDICAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b INSTITUTE OF ZOOLOGY   (China)

^c NANKAI UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Autophagy; FUNDC1; Mitochondria; Mitochondrial quality control; Mitophagy

Indexed keywords

AUTOPHAGY PROTEIN 5; CELL RECEPTOR; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; PARKIN; PHOSPHATASE; PHOSPHOTRANSFERASE;

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; AUTOPHAGOSOME; AUTOPHAGY; CELL FUNCTION; CELL VACUOLE; HUMAN; LIVER ADENOMA; LIVER CANCER; LIVER CELL CARCINOMA; LIVER DISEASE; LYSOSOME; MAMMAL CELL; MITOCHONDRIAL DYNAMICS; MITOPHAGY; MOLECULAR MECHANICS; NONHUMAN; PARKINSON DISEASE; PARKINSONISM; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; YEAST CELL;

MAMMALIA;

EID: 84879606527     PISSN: 00144827     EISSN: 10902422     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.03.034     Document Type: Review

References (104)

1. Kanki T., Wang K., Cao Y., Baba M., Klionsky D.J. Atg32 is a mitochondrial protein that confers selectivity during mitophagy. Dev. Cell. 2009, 17:98-109.
2. Okamoto K., Kondo-Okamoto N., Ohsumi Y. Mitochondria-anchored receptor Atg32 mediates degradation of mitochondria via selective autophagy. Dev. Cell. 2009, 17:87-97.
3. Novak I., Kirkin V., McEwan D.G., Zhang J., Wild P., Rozenknop A., Rogov V., Lohr F., Popovic D., Occhipinti A., Reichert A.S., Terzic J., Dotsch V., Ney P.A., Dikic I. Nix is a selective autophagy receptor for mitochondrial clearance. EMBO Rep. 2010, 11:45-51.
4. Hanna R.A., Quinsay M.N., Orogo A.M., Giang K., Rikka S., Gustafsson A. Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) interacts with Bnip3 protein to selectively remove endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria via autophagy. J. Biol. Chem. 2012, 287:19094-19104.
5. Liu L., Feng D., Chen G., Chen M., Zheng Q., Song P., Ma Q., Zhu C., Wang R., Qi W., Huang L., Xue P., Li B., Wang X., Jin H., Wang J., Yang F., Liu P., Zhu Y., Sui S., Chen Q. Mitochondrial outer-membrane protein FUNDC1 mediates hypoxia-induced mitophagy in mammalian cells. Nat. Cell Biol. 2012, 14:177-185.
6. Kim Y., Park J., Kim S., Song S., Kwon S.K., Lee S.H., Kitada T., Kim J.M., Chung J. PINK1 controls mitochondrial localization of Parkin through direct phosphorylation. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2008, 377:975-980.
7. Narendra D., Tanaka A., Suen D.F., Youle R.J. Parkin is recruited selectively to impaired mitochondria and promotes their autophagy. J. Cell. Biol. 2008, 183:795-803.
8. De Duve C., Wattiaux R. Functions of lysosomes. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 1966, 28:435-492.
9. Tsukada M., Ohsumi Y. Isolation and characterization of autophagy-defective mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS Lett. 1993, 333:169-174.
10. Harding T.M., Morano K.A., Scott S.V., Klionsky D.J. Isolation and characterization of yeast mutants in the cytoplasm to vacuole protein targeting pathway. J.Cell Biol. 1995, 131:591-602.
11. Thumm M., Egner R., Koch B., Schlumpberger M., Straub M., Veenhuis M., Wolf D.H. Isolation of autophagocytosis mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS Lett. 1994, 349:275-280.
12. Levine B., Klionsky D.J. Development by self-digestion: molecular mechanisms and biological functions of autophagy. Dev. Cell 2004, 6:463-477.
13. Hayashi-Nishino M., Fujita N., Noda T., Yamaguchi A., Yoshimori T., Yamamoto A. A subdomain of the endoplasmic reticulum forms a cradle for autophagosome formation. Nat. Cell Biol. 2009, 11:1433-1437.
14. Hailey D.W., Rambold A.S., Satpute-Krishnan P., Mitra K., Sougrat R., Kim P.K., Lippincott-Schwartz J. Mitochondria supply membranes for autophagosome biogenesis during starvation. Cell 2010, 141:656-667.
15. Ravikumar B., Moreau K., Jahreiss L., Puri C., Rubinsztein D.C. Plasma membrane contributes to the formation of pre-autophagosomal structures. Nat. Cell Biol. 2010, 12:747-757.
16. Kim S., Naylor S.A., DiAntonio A. Drosophila Golgi membrane protein Ema promotes autophagosomal growth and function. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2012, 109:E1072-E1081.
17. van der Vaart A., Griffith J., Reggiori F. Exit from the Golgi is required for the expansion of the autophagosomal phagophore in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mol. Biol. Cell. 2010, 21:2270-2284.
18. Hosokawa N., Hara T., Kaizuka T., Kishi C., Takamura A., Miura Y., Iemura S., Natsume T., Takehana K., Yamada N., Guan J.L., Oshiro N., Mizushima N. Nutrient-dependent mTORC1 association with the ULK1-Atg13-FIP200 complex required for autophagy. Mol. Biol. Cell 2009, 20:1981-1991.
19. Tassa A., Roux M.P., Attaix D., Bechet D.M. Class III phosphoinositide 3-kinase--Beclin1 complex mediates the amino acid-dependent regulation of autophagy in C2C12 myotubes. Biochem. J. 2003, 376:577-586.
20. Tanida I. Autophagosome formation and molecular mechanism of autophagy. Antioxid. Redox Signaling 2011, 14:2201-2214.
21. Funderburk S.F., Wang Q.J., Yue Z. The Beclin 1-VPS34 complex--at the crossroads of autophagy and beyond. Trends Cell Biol. 2010, 20:355-362.
22. Webber J.L., Young A.R., Tooze S.A. Atg9 trafficking in Mammalian cells. Autophagy 2007, 3:54-56.
23. Itakura E., Mizushima N. Characterization of autophagosome formation site by a hierarchical analysis of mammalian Atg proteins. Autophagy 2010, 6:764-776.
24. Romanov J., Walczak M., Ibiricu I., Schuchner S., Ogris E., Kraft C., Martens S. Mechanism and functions of membrane binding by the Atg5-Atg12/Atg16 complex during autophagosome formation. EMBO J. 2012, 31:4304-4317.
25. Mizushima N., Komatsu M. Autophagy: renovation of cells and tissues. Cell 2011, 147:728-741.
26. Rubinsztein D.C., Shpilka T., Elazar Z. Mechanisms of autophagosome biogenesis. Curr. Biol. 2012, 22:R29-R34.
27. Weidberg H., Shvets E., Elazar Z. Biogenesis and cargo selectivity of autophagosomes. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 2011, 80:125-156.
28. Inoue Y., Klionsky D.J. Regulation of macroautophagy in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 2010, 21:664-670.
29. Suzuki K., Ohsumi Y. Molecular machinery of autophagosome formation in yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS Lett. 2007, 581:2156-2161.
30. Mizushima N., Yoshimori T., Ohsumi Y. The role of Atg proteins in autophagosome formation. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 2011, 27:107-132.
31. Lemasters J.J. Selective mitochondrial autophagy, or mitophagy, as a targeted defense against oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and aging. Rejuvenation Res. 2005, 8:3-5.
32. Dunn W.A., Cregg J.M., Kiel J.A., van der Klei I.J., Oku M., Sakai Y., Sibirny A.A., Stasyk O.V., Veenhuis M. Pexophagy: the selective autophagy of peroxisomes. Autophagy 2005, 1:75-83.
33. Komatsu M., Ichimura Y. Selective autophagy regulates various cellular functions. Genes Cells 2010, 15:923-933.
34. Yoshii S.R., Kishi C., Ishihara N., Mizushima N. Parkin mediates proteasome-dependent protein degradation and rupture of the outer mitochondrial membrane. J. Biol. Chem. 2011, 286:19630-19640.
35. Yla-Anttila P., Vihinen H., Jokitalo E., Eskelinen E.L. 3D tomography reveals connections between the phagophore and endoplasmic reticulum. Autophagy 2009, 5:1180-1185.
36. Itakura E., Kishi-Itakura C., Koyama-Honda I., Mizushima N. Structures containing Atg9A and the ULK1 complex independently target depolarized mitochondria at initial stages of Parkin-mediated mitophagy. J. Cell Sci. 2012, 125:1488-1499.
37. Noda N.N., Ohsumi Y., Inagaki F. Atg8-family interacting motif crucial for selective autophagy. FEBS Lett. 2010, 584:1379-1385.
38. Deter R.L., De Duve C. Influence of glucagon, an inducer of cellular autophagy, on some physical properties of rat liver lysosomes. J. Cell Biol. 1967, 33:437-449.
39. Kim I., Rodriguez-Enriquez S., Lemasters J.J. Selective degradation of mitochondria by mitophagy. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2007, 462:245-253.
40. Kissova I., Deffieu M., Manon S., Camougrand N. Uth1p is involved in the autophagic degradation of mitochondria. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279:39068-39074.
41. Tal R., Winter G., Ecker N., Klionsky D.J., Abeliovich H. Aup1p, a yeast mitochondrial protein phosphatase homolog, is required for efficient stationary phase mitophagy and cell survival. J. Biol. Chem. 2007, 282:5617-5624.
42. Yorimitsu T., Klionsky D.J. Atg11 links cargo to the vesicle-forming machinery in the cytoplasm to vacuole targeting pathway. Mol. Biol. Cell. 2005, 16:1593-1605.
43. Sandoval H., Thiagarajan P., Dasgupta S.K., Schumacher A., Prchal J.T., Chen M., Wang J. Essential role for Nix in autophagic maturation of erythroid cells. Nature 2008, 454:232-235.
44. Schwarten M., Mohrluder J., Ma P., Stoldt M., Thielmann Y., Stangler T., Hersch N., Hoffmann B., Merkel R., Willbold D. Nix directly binds to GABARAP: a possible crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy. Autophagy 2009, 5:690-698.
45. Hanna R.A., Quinsay M.N., Orogo A.M., Giang K., Rikka S., Gustafsson A.B. Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) interacts with Bnip3 protein to selectively remove endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria via autophagy. J. Biol. Chem. 2012, 287:19094-19104.
46. Sowter H.M., Ratcliffe P.J., Watson P., Greenberg A.H., Harris A.L. HIF-1-dependent regulation of hypoxic induction of the cell death factors BNIP3 and NIX in human tumors. Cancer Res. 2001, 61:6669-6673.
47. Dorn G.W. Mitochondrial pruning by Nix and BNip3: an essential function for cardiac-expressed death factors. J. Cardiovasc. Transl. Res. 2010, 3:374-383.
48. Sowter H.M., Ferguson M., Pym C., Watson P., Fox S.B., Han C., Harris A.L. Expression of the cell death genes BNip3 and NIX in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast; correlation of BNip3 levels with necrosis and grade. J. Pathol. 2003, 201:573-580.
49. Mao K., Wang K., Zhao M., Xu T., Klionsky D.J. Two MAPK-signaling pathways are required for mitophagy in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Cell Biol. 2011, 193:755-767.
50. Aoki Y., Kanki T., Hirota Y., Kurihara Y., Saigusa T., Uchiumi T., Kang D. Phosphorylation of Serine 114 on Atg32 mediates mitophagy. Mol. Biol. Cell 2011, 22:3206-3217.
51. Zhu Y., Massen S., Terenzio M., Lang V., Chen-Lindner S., Eils R., Novak I., Dikic I., Hamacher-Brady A., Brady N.R. Modulation of serines 17 and 24 in the LC3-interacting region of BNIP3 determines pro-survival mitophagy vs. apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 2013, 288:1099-1113.
52. Orvedahl A., Sumpter R., Xiao G., Ng A., Zou Z., Tang Y., Narimatsu M., Gilpin C., Sun Q., Roth M., Forst C.V., Wrana J.L., Zhang Y.E., Luby-Phelps K., Xavier R.J., Xie Y., Levine B. Image-based genome-wide siRNA screen identifies selective autophagy factors. Nature 2011, 480:113-117.
53. Wild P., Farhan H., McEwan D.G., Wagner S., Rogov V.V., Brady N.R., Richter B., Korac J., Waidmann O., Choudhary C., Dotsch V., Bumann D., Dikic I. Phosphorylation of the autophagy receptor optineurin restricts Salmonella growth. Science 2011, 333:228-233.
54. Ogura M., Yamaki J., Homma M.K., Homma Y. Mitochondrial c-Src regulates cell survival through phosphorylation of respiratory chain components. Biochem. J. 2012, 447:281-289.
55. Livigni A., Scorziello A., Agnese S., Adornetto A., Carlucci A., Garbi C., Castaldo I., Annunziato L., Avvedimento E.V., Feliciello A. Mitochondrial AKAP121 links cAMP and src signaling to oxidative metabolism. Mol. Biol. Cell. 2006, 17:263-271.
56. Shimura H., Hattori N., Kubo S., Mizuno Y., Asakawa S., Minoshima S., Shimizu N., Iwai K., Chiba T., Tanaka K., Suzuki T. Familial Parkinson disease gene product, parkin, is a ubiquitin-protein ligase. Nat. Genet. 2000, 25:302-305.
57. Valente E.M., Abou-Sleiman P.M., Caputo V., Muqit M.M., Harvey K., Gispert S., Ali Z., Del Turco D., Bentivoglio A.R., Healy D.G., Albanese A., Nussbaum R., Gonzalez-Maldonado R., Deller T., Salvi S., Cortelli P., Gilks W.P., Latchman D.S., Harvey R.J., Dallapiccola B., Auburger G., Wood N.W. Hereditary early-onset Parkinson's disease caused by mutations in PINK1. Science 2004, 304:1158-1160.
58. Narendra D.P., Jin S.M., Tanaka A., Suen D.F., Gautier C.A., Shen J., Cookson M.R., Youle R.J. PINK1 is selectively stabilized on impaired mitochondria to activate Parkin. PLoS. Biol. 2010, 8:e1000298.
59. Geisler S., Holmstrom K.M., Skujat D., Fiesel F.C., Rothfuss O.C., Kahle P.J., Springer W. PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy is dependent on VDAC1 and p62/SQSTM1. Nat. Cell Biol. 2010, 12:119-131.
60. Gegg M.E., Cooper J.M., Chau K.Y., Rojo M., Schapira A.H., Taanman J.W. Mitofusin 1 and mitofusin 2 are ubiquitinated in a PINK1/parkin-dependent manner upon induction of mitophagy. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2010, 19:4861-4870.
61. Chen D., Gao F., Li B., Wang H., Xu Y., Zhu C., Wang G. Parkin mono-ubiquitinates Bcl-2 and regulates autophagy. J. Biol. Chem. 2010, 285:38214-38223.
62. Chan N.C., Salazar A.M., Pham A.H., Sweredoski M.J., Kolawa N.J., Graham R.L., Hess S., Chan D.C. Broad activation of the ubiquitin-proteasome system by Parkin is critical for mitophagy. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2011, 20:1726-1737.
63. Tanaka A., Cleland M.M., Xu S., Narendra D.P., Suen D.F., Karbowski M., Youle R.J. Proteasome and p97 mediate mitophagy and degradation of mitofusins induced by Parkin. J. Cell. Biol. 2010, 191:1367-1380.
64. Jin S.M., Youle R.J. PINK1- and Parkin-mediated mitophagy at a glance. J. Cell. Sci. 2012, 125:795-799.
65. Narendra D., Walker J.E., Youle R. Mitochondrial quality control mediated by PINK1 and Parkin: Links to Parkinsonism. Cold Spring Harbor Perspect. Biol. 2012, 4.
66. Ding W.X., Yin X.M. Mitophagy: mechanisms, pathophysiological roles, and analysis. Biol. Chem. 2012, 393:547-564.
67. Twig G., Shirihai O.S. The interplay between mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy. Antioxid. Redox Signaling 2011, 14:1939-1951.
68. Lazarou M., Jin S.M., Kane L.A., Youle R.J. Role of PINK1 binding to the TOM complex and alternate intracellular membranes in recruitment and activation of the E3 ligase Parkin. Dev. Cell. 2012, 22:320-333.
69. Sha D., Chin L.S., Li L. Phosphorylation of parkin by Parkinson disease-linked kinase PINK1 activates parkin E3 ligase function and NF-kappaB signaling. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2010, 19:352-363.
70. Wang X., Winter D., Ashrafi G., Schlehe J., Wong Y.L., Selkoe D., Rice S., Steen J., LaVoie M.J., Schwarz T.L. PINK1 and Parkin target Miro for phosphorylation and degradation to arrest mitochondrial motility. Cell 2011, 147:893-906.
71. Poole A.C., Thomas R.E., Yu S., Vincow E.S., Pallanck L. The mitochondrial fusion-promoting factor mitofusin is a substrate of the PINK1/parkin pathway. PloS One 2010, 5:e10054.
72. Wang H., Song P., Du L., Tian W., Yue W., Liu M., Li D., Wang B., Zhu Y., Cao C., Zhou J., Chen Q. Parkin ubiquitinates Drp1 for proteasome-dependent degradation: implication of dysregulated mitochondrial dynamics in Parkinson disease. J. Biol. Chem. 2011, 286:11649-11658.
73. Narendra D., Kane L.A., Hauser D.N., Fearnley I.M., Youle R.J. p62/SQSTM1 is required for Parkin-induced mitochondrial clustering but not mitophagy; VDAC1 is dispensable for both. Autophagy 2010, 6:1090-1106.
74. Okatsu K., Saisho K., Shimanuki M., Nakada K., Shitara H., Sou Y.S., Kimura M., Sato S., Hattori N., Komatsu M., Tanaka K., Matsuda N. p62/SQSTM1 cooperates with Parkin for perinuclear clustering of depolarized mitochondria. Genes Cells 2010, 15:887-900.
75. Van Laar V.S., Arnold B., Cassady S.J., Chu C.T., Burton E.A., Berman S.B. Bioenergetics of neurons inhibit the translocation response of Parkin following rapid mitochondrial depolarization. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2011, 20:927-940.
76. Sterky F.H., Lee S., Wibom R., Olson L., Larsson N.G. Impaired mitochondrial transport and Parkin-independent degeneration of respiratory chain-deficient dopamine neurons in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2011, 108:12937-12942.
77. Sato M., Sato K. Degradation of paternal mitochondria by fertilization-triggered autophagy in C. elegans embryos. Science 2011, 334:1141-1144.
78. Al Rawi S., Louvet-Vallee S., Djeddi A., Sachse M., Culetto E., Hajjar C., Boyd L., Legouis R., Galy V. Postfertilization autophagy of sperm organelles prevents paternal mitochondrial DNA transmission. Science 2011, 334:1144-1147.
79. Chan D.C. Mitochondrial fusion and fission in mammals. Annu. Rev. Cell. Dev. Biol. 2006, 22:79-99.
80. Detmer S.A., Chan D.C. Functions and dysfunctions of mitochondrial dynamics. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2007, 8:870-879.
81. Chen H., Vermulst M., Wang Y.E., Chomyn A., Prolla T.A., McCaffery J.M., Chan D.C. Mitochondrial fusion is required for mtDNA stability in skeletal muscle and tolerance of mtDNA mutations. Cell 2010, 141:280-289.
82. Chen H., McCaffery J.M., Chan D.C. Mitochondrial fusion protects against neurodegeneration in the cerebellum. Cell 2007, 130:548-562.
83. Twig G., Elorza A., Molina A.J., Mohamed H., Wikstrom J.D., Walzer G., Stiles L., Haigh S.E., Katz S., Las G., Alroy J., Wu M., Py B.F., Yuan J., Deeney J.T., Corkey B.E., Shirihai O.S. Fission and selective fusion govern mitochondrial segregation and elimination by autophagy. EMBO J. 2008, 27:433-446.
84. Scherz-Shouval R., Elazar Z. ROS, mitochondria and the regulation of autophagy. Trends Cell Biol. 2007, 17:422-427.
85. Head B., Griparic L., Amiri M., Gandre-Babbe S., van der Bliek A.M. Inducible proteolytic inactivation of OPA1 mediated by the OMA1 protease in mammalian cells. J. Cell Biol. 2009, 187:959-966.
86. Ziviani E., Tao R.N., Whitworth A.J. Drosophila parkin requires PINK1 for mitochondrial translocation and ubiquitinates mitofusin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2010, 107:5018-5023.
87. Rambold A.S., Kostelecky B., Elia N., Lippincott-Schwartz J. Tubular network formation protects mitochondria from autophagosomal degradation during nutrient starvation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2011, 108:10190-10195.
88. Gomes L.C., Di Benedetto G., Scorrano L. During autophagy mitochondria elongate, are spared from degradation and sustain cell viability. Nat. Cell Biol. 2011, 13:589-598.
89. Muller M., Reichert A.S. Mitophagy, mitochondrial dynamics and the general stress response in yeast. Biochem Soc Trans 2011, 39:1514-1519.
90. Lemasters J.J., Qian T., He L., Kim J.S., Elmore S.P., Cascio W.E., Brenner D.A. Role of mitochondrial inner membrane permeabilization in necrotic cell death, apoptosis, and autophagy. Antioxid. Redox Signaling 2002, 4:769-781.
91. Chu C.T., Zhu J., Dagda R. Beclin 1-independent pathway of damage-induced mitophagy and autophagic stress: implications for neurodegeneration and cell death. Autophagy 2007, 3:663-666.
92. de Pablo-Latorre R., Saide A., Polishhuck E.V., Nusco E., Fraldi A., Ballabio A. Impaired parkin-mediated mitochondrial targeting to autophagosomes differentially contributes to tissue pathology in lysosomal storage diseases. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2012, 21:1770-1781.
93. Van Laar V.S., Berman S.B. The interplay of neuronal mitochondrial dynamics and bioenergetics: Implications for Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol. Dis. 2013, 51:43-55.
94. Xilouri M., Stefanis L. Autophagic pathways in Parkinson disease and related disorders. Expert Rev. Mol. Med. 2011, 13:e8.
95. Gao H., Yang W.W., Qi Z.F., Lu L.L., Duan C.L., Zhao C.L., Yang H. DJ-1 protects dopaminergic neurons against rotenone-induced apoptosis by enhancing ERK-dependent mitophagy. J. Mol. Biol. 2012, 423:232-248.
96. Kamp F., Exner N., Lutz A.K., Wender N., Hegermann J., Brunner B., Nuscher B., Bartels T., Giese A., Beyer K., Eimer S., Winklhofer K.F., Haass C. Inhibition of mitochondrial fusion by alpha-synuclein is rescued by PINK1, Parkin and DJ-1. EMBO J. 2010, 29:3571-3589.
97. Choubey V., Safiulina D., Vaarmann A., Cagalinec M., Wareski P., Kuum M., Zharkovsky A., Kaasik A. Mutant A53T alpha-synuclein induces neuronal death by increasing mitochondrial autophagy. J. Biol. Chem. 2011, 286:10814-10824.
98. Alegre-Abarrategui J., Christian H., Lufino M.M., Mutihac R., Venda L.L., Ansorge O., Wade-Martins R. LRRK2 regulates autophagic activity and localizes to specific membrane microdomains in a novel human genomic reporter cellular model. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2009, 18:4022-4034.
99. Grunewald A., Arns B., Seibler P., Rakovic A., Munchau A., Ramirez A., Sue C.M., Klein C. ATP13A2 mutations impair mitochondrial function in fibroblasts from patients with Kufor-Rakeb syndrome. Neurobiol. Aging 2012, 33(1843):1843.e1-1843.e7.
100. Burns M.P., Zhang L., Rebeck G.W., Querfurth H.W., Moussa C.E. Parkin promotes intracellular Abeta1-42 clearance. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2009, 18:3206-3216.
101. Khandelwal P.J., Herman A.M., Hoe H.S., Rebeck G.W., Moussa C.E. Parkin mediates beclin-dependent autophagic clearance of defective mitochondria and ubiquitinated Abeta in AD models. Hum. Mol. Genet. 2011, 20:2091-2102.
102. Ding W.X., Li M., Yin X.M. Selective taste of ethanol-induced autophagy for mitochondria and lipid droplets. Autophagy 2011, 7:248-249.
103. Takamura A., Komatsu M., Hara T., Sakamoto A., Kishi C., Waguri S., Eishi Y., Hino O., Tanaka K., Mizushima N. Autophagy-deficient mice develop multiple liver tumors. Genes Dev. 2011, 25:795-800.
104. Kim J.H., Kim H.Y., Lee Y.K., Yoon Y.S., Xu W.G., Yoon J.K., Choi S.E., Ko Y.G., Kim M.J., Lee S.J., Wang H.J., Yoon G. Involvement of mitophagy in oncogenic K-Ras-induced transformation: overcoming a cellular energy deficit from glucose deficiency. Autophagy 2011, 7:1187-1198.