Chemical vapor deposition and characterization of aligned and incommensurate graphene/hexagonal boron nitride heterostack on Cu(111)

Nano Letters

Volumn 13, Issue 6, 2013, Pages 2668-2675

  Roth, Silvan ^a   Matsui, Fumihiko ^b   Greber, Thomas ^a   Osterwalder, Jürg ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^b NARA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Japan)

Author keywords

chemical vapor deposition; Graphene; heterostack; hexagonal boron nitride; moir pattern

Indexed keywords

ANGLE-RESOLVED PHOTOEMISSION; CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITIONS (CVD); DEVICE FABRICATIONS; HETEROSTACK; HEXAGONAL BORON NITRIDE; HEXAGONAL BORON NITRIDE (H-BN); INSULATING SUBSTRATES; VACUUM ENVIRONMENT;

BORON NITRIDE; COPPER; GRAPHENE; SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPY; VAPORS;

CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION;

EID: 84879125129     PISSN: 15306984     EISSN: 15306992     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/nl400815w     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Geim, A.; Novoselov, K. The rise of graphene Nat. Mater. 2007, 6, 183-191
2. Novoselov, K.; Geim, A.; Morozov, S.; Jiang, D. Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films Science 2004, 306, 666-669
3. Berger, C. Electronic Confinement and Coherence in Patterned Epitaxial Graphene Science 2006, 312, 1191-1196
4. Martin, J. Observation of electron-hole puddles in graphene using a scanning single-electron transistor Nat. Phys. 2007, 4, 144-148
5. Deshpande, A.; Bao, W.; Miao, F.; Lau, C.; LeRoy, B. Spatially resolved spectroscopy of monolayer graphene on SiO2 Phys. Rev. B 2009, 79, 205411
6. Emtsev, K. V. Towards wafer-size graphene layers by atmospheric pressure graphitization of silicon carbide Nat. Mater. 2009, 8, 203-207
7. Li, X. Large-Area Synthesis of High-Quality and Uniform Graphene Films on Copper Foils Science 2009, 324, 1312-1314
8. Gao, L.; Guest, R.; Guisinger, P. Epitaxial Graphene on Cu(111) Nano Lett. 2010, 10, 3512-3516
9. Bae, S. Roll-to-roll production of 30-in. graphene films for transparent electrodes Nat. Nanotechnol. 2010, 5, 574-578
10. Gannett, W. Boron nitride substrates for high mobility chemical vapor deposited graphene Appl. Phys. Lett. 2011, 98, 242105
11. Britnell, L. Field-Effect Tunneling Transistor Based on Vertical Graphene Heterostructures Science 2012, 335, 947-950
12. Paszkowicz, W.; Pelka, J. B.; Knapp, M.; Szyszko, T.; Podsiadlo, S. Lattice parameters and anisotropic thermal expansion of hexagonal boron nitride in the 10?297.5 K temperature range Appl.Phys. A 2002, 75, 431-435
13. Pozzo, M. Thermal Expansion of Supported and Freestanding Graphene: Lattice Constant versus Interatomic Distance Phys. Rev. Lett. 2011, 106, 135501
14. Watanabe, K.; Taniguchi, T.; Kanda, H. Direct-bandgap properties and evidence for ultraviolet lasing of hexagonal boron nitride single crystal Nat. Mater. 2004, 3, 404-409
15. Dean, C. R. Boron nitride substrates for high-quality graphene electronics Nat. Nanotechnol. 2010, 5, 722-726
16. Nagashima, A.; Gamou, Y.; Terai, M.; Wakabayashi, M.; Oshima, C. Electronic states of the heteroepitaxial double-layer system Phys. Rev. B 1996, 54, 13491
17. Oshima, C. A hetero-epitaxial-double-atomic-layer system of monolayer graphene/monolayer h-BN on Ni(111) Solid State Commun. 2000, 116, 37-40
18. Kawasaki, T. Double atomic layers of graphene/monolayer h-BN on Ni (111) studied by scanning tunneling microscopy and scanning tunneling spectroscopy Surf. Rev. Lett. 2002, 9, 1459-1464
19. Usachov, D. Quasifreestanding single-layer hexagonal boron nitride as a substrate for graphene synthesis. Phys. Rev. B 82 (2010).
20. Bjelkevig, C.; Mi, Z.; Xiao, J.; Dowben, P. Electronic structure of a graphene/hexagonal-BN heterostructure grown on Ru (0001) by chemical vapor deposition and atomic layer deposition: extrinsically doped graphene J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 2010, 22, 302002
21. Liu, Z. Direct Growth of Graphene/Hexagonal Boron Nitride Stacked Layers Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 2032-2037
22. Xue, J. Scanning tunnelling microscopy and spectroscopy of ultra-flat graphene on hexagonal boron nitride Nat. Mater. 2011, 10, 282-285
23. Preobrajenski, A. B.; Vinogradov, A. S.; Mårtensson, N. Monolayer of h-BN chemisorbed on Cu(111) and Ni(111): The role of the transition metal 3d states Surf. Sci. 2005, 582, 21-30
24. Joshi, S. Boron Nitride on Cu(111): An Electronically Corrugated Monolayer Nano Lett. 2012, 12, 5821-5828
25. Goriachko, A. Self-Assembly of a Hexagonal Boron Nitride Nanomesh on Ru(0001) Langmuir 2007, 23, 2928-2931
26. Scofield, J. H. Theoretical photoionization cross sections from 1 to 1500 keV; Lawrence Livermore Laboratory, Report UCRL-51326: Livermore, California, United States, 1973.
27. Werner, W. S. M. Electron transport in solids for quantitative surface analysis Surf. Interface Anal. 2001, 31, 141-176
28. Mattevi, C.; Kim, H.; Chhowalla, M. A review of chemical vapour deposition of graphene on copper J. Mater. Chem. 2011, 21, 3324
29. Roth, S.; Osterwalder, J.; Greber, T. Synthesis of epitaxial graphene on rhodium from 3-pentanone Surf. Sci. 2011, 605, L17-L19
30. Tanuma, S. Electron Attenuation lengths. In Surface Analysis by Auger and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Briggs, D.; Grant, J. T. Eds.; IM Publications: West Sussex, U.K., 2003, ch. 11.
31. Fadley, C. S. Syncrotron Radiation Research: Advances in Surface and Interface Science; Plenum: New York, 1992, ch. 11.
32. Osterwalder, J. Structural Effects in XPS and AES: Diffraction. In Surface Analysis by Auger and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy; Briggs, D.; Grant, J. T., Eds.; IM Publications: West Sussex, U.K., 2003, ch. 20.
33. Auwärter, W.; Kreutz, T.; Greber, T.; Osterwalder, J. XPD and STM investigation of hexagonal boron nitride on Ni (111) Surf. Sci. 1999, 429, 229-236
34. Matsushita, T.; Matsui, F.; Daimon, H.; Hayashi, K. Photoelectron holography with improved image reconstruction J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 2010, 178-179, 195-220
35. Matsui, F.; Matsushita, T.; Daimon, H. Photoelectron Diffraction and Holographic Reconstruction of Graphite J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 2012, 81, 114604
36. Kim, K. Multiply folded graphene Phys. Rev. B 2011, 83, 245433
37. Grad, G.; Blaha, P.; Schwarz, K.; Auwärter, W.; Greber, T. Density functional theory investigation of the geometric and spintronic structure of h-BN/Ni(111) in view of photoemission and STM experiment Phys. Rev. B 2003, 68, 085404
38. Heimann, P.; Hermanson, J.; Miosga, H.; Neddermeyer, H. D-Like Surface-State Bands on Cu(100) and Cu(111) Observed in Angle-Resolved Photoemission Spectroscopy Phys. Rev. B 1979, 20, 3059-3066
39. Giovannetti, G.; Khomyakov, P. A.; Brocks, G.; Kelly, P. J.; van den Brink, J. Substrate-induced band gap in graphene on hexagonal boron nitride: Ab initio density functional calculations Phys. Rev. B 2007, 76, 073103
40. Bostwick, A.; Ohta, T.; Seyller, T.; Horn, K.; Rotenberg, E. Quasiparticle dynamics in graphene Nat. Phys. 2007, 3, 36-40
41. Zhou, S. Y. Substrate-induced bandgap opening in epitaxial graphene Nat. Mater. 2007, 6, 770-775
42. Yankowitz, M. Emergence of superlattice Dirac points in graphene on hexagonal boron nitride Nat. Phys. 2012, 8, 382-386
43. Novoselov, K. S. Two-dimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions in graphene Nature 2005, 438, 197-200
44. Zhang, Y.; Tan, Y.-W.; Stormer, H. L.; Kim, P. Experimental observation of the quantum Hall effect and Berry's phase in graphene Nature 2005, 438, 201-204
45. Greber, T. A photoelectron spectrometer for k-space mapping above the Fermi level Rev. Sci. Instrum. 1997, 68, 4549