Castration-resistant prostate cancer: Novel therapeutics pre- or post-taxane administration

Current Cancer Drug Targets

Volumn 13, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 444-459

  Shiota, Masaki ^a   Yokomizo, Akira ^a   Fujimoto, Naohiro ^b   Kuruma, Hidetoshi ^c   Naito, Seiji ^a  

^a KYUSHU UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^b UNIVERSITY OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH   (Japan)

^c JIKEI UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (Japan)

Author keywords

Androgen receptor; Castration resistant prostate cancer; Docetaxel; Prostate cancer

Indexed keywords

ABIRATERONE ACETATE; ANDROGEN RECEPTOR; ANTIANDROGEN; ARN 509; AZD3514; BETA TUBULIN; CABAZITAXEL; CLUSTERIN; CUSTIRSEN; DOCETAXEL; ENZALUTAMIDE; EPI 001; GALETERONE; GRANULOCYTE MACROPHAGE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; KETOCONAZOLE; MITOXANTRONE; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE PROTEIN; ORTERONEL; PREDNISONE; PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN; PROTEIN BCL 2; RADIUM CHLORIDE RA 223; SIPULEUCEL T; TAXANE DERIVATIVE; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR TWIST; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; Y BOX BINDING PROTEIN 1;

CASTRATION RESISTANT PROSTATE CANCER; DEATH; DIARRHEA; FATIGUE; GENE EXPRESSION; HOT FLUSH; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; HYPOKALEMIA; IMMUNOTHERAPY; LEUKOPENIA; METASTASIS; NEUTROPENIA; NONHUMAN; OVERALL SURVIVAL; PERIPHERAL EDEMA; PHASE 2 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); PHASE 3 CLINICAL TRIAL (TOPIC); REVIEW; SEIZURE; SIDE EFFECT; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; UPREGULATION;

ANDROGEN RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS; ANIMALS; BRIDGED COMPOUNDS; HUMANS; MALE; PROSTATIC NEOPLASMS, CASTRATION-RESISTANT; RECEPTORS, ANDROGEN; TAXOIDS;

EID: 84878667224     PISSN: 15680096     EISSN: 18735576     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2174/15680096113139990078     Document Type: Review

References (180)

1. Miyamoto, H.; Messing, E. M.; Chang, C. Androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer: current status and future prospects. Prostate 2004, 61, 332-353.
2. Huggins, C.; Hodges, C. V. Studies on prostate cancer. I. The effect of castration, of estrogen and of androgen injection on serum phosphatases in metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. Cancer Res. 1941, 1, 293-297.
3. Roy-Burman, P.; Tindall, D. J.; Robins, D. M.; Greenberg, N. M.; Hendrix, M. J.; Mohla, S.; Getzenberg, R. H.; Isaacs, J. T.; Pienta, K. J. Androgens and prostate cancer: are the descriptors valid? Cancer Biol. Ther. 2005, 4, 4-5.
4. Litvinov, I. V.; De Marzo, A. M.; Isaacs, J. T. Is the Achilles' heel for prostate cancer therapy a gain of function in androgen receptor signaling? J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2003, 88, 2972-2982.
5. Debes, J. D.; Tindall, D. J. Mechanisms of androgen-refractory prostate cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2004, 351, 1488-1490.
6. Shiota, M.; Yokomizo, A.; Naito, S. Increased androgen receptor transcription: a cause of castration-resistant prostate cancer and a possible therapeutic target. J. Mol. Endocrinol. 2011, 47, R25-R41.
7. Shiota, M.; Yokomizo, A.; Fujimoto, N.; Naito, S. Androgen receptor cofactors in prostate cancer: potential therapeutic targets of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Curr. Cancer Drug Target. 2011, 11, 870-881.
8. Cai, C.; Balk, S. P. Intratumoral androgen biosynthesis in prostate cancer pathogenesis and response to therapy. Endocr. Relat. Cancer 2011, 18, R175-R182.
9. Dehm, S. M.; Schmidt, L. J.; Heemers, H. V.; Vessella, R. L.; Tindall, D. J. Splicing of a novel androgen receptor exon generates a constitutively active androgen receptor that mediates prostate cancer therapy resistance. Cancer Res. 2008, 68, 5469-5477.
10. Hu, R.; Dunn, T. A.; Wei, S.; Isharwal, S.; Veltri, R. W.; Humphreys, E.; Han, M.; Partin, A. W.; Vessella, R. L.; Isaacs, W. B.; Bova, G. S.; Luo, J. Ligand-independent androgen receptor variants derived from splicing of cryptic exons signify hormonerefractory prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 2009, 69, 16-22.
11. Guo, Z.; Yang, X.; Sun, F.; Jiang, R.; Linn, D. E.; Chen, H.; Chen, H.; Kong, X.; Melamed, J.; Tepper, C. G.; Kung, H. J.; Brodie, A. M.; Edwards, J.; Qiu, Y. A novel androgen receptor splice variant is up-regulated during prostate cancer progression and promotes androgen depletion-resistant growth. Cancer Res. 2009, 69, 2305-2313.
12. Sun, S.; Sprenger, C. C.; Vessella, R. L.; Haugk, K.; Soriano, K.; Mostaghel, E. A.; Page, S. T.; Coleman, I. M.; Nguyen, H. M.; Sun, H.; Nelson, P. S.; Plymate, S. R. Castration resistance in human prostate cancer is conferred by a frequently occurring androgen receptor splice variant. J. Clin. Invest. 2010, 120, 2715-2730.
13. Dehm, S. M.; Tindall, D. J. Alternatively spliced androgen receptor variants. Endocr. Relat. Cancer 2011, 18, R183-R196.
14. Gregory, C. W.; Hamil, K. G.; Kim, D.; Hall, S. H.; Pretlow, T. G.; Mohler, J. L.; French, F. S. Androgen receptor expression in androgen-independent prostate cancer is associated with increased expression of androgen-regulated genes. Cancer Res. 1998, 58, 5718-5724.
15. Zegarra-Moro, O. L.; Schmidt, L. J.; Huang, H.; Tindall, D. J. Disruption of androgen function inhibits proliferation of androgenrefractory prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res. 2002, 62, 1008-1013.
16. Chen, C. D.; Welsbie, D. S.; Tran, C.; Baek, S. H.; Chen, R.; Vessella, R.; Rosenfeld, M. G.; Sawyers, C. L. Molecular determinants of resistance to antiandrogen therapy. Nat. Med. 2004, 10, 33-39.
17. Scher, H. I.; Sawyers, C. L. Biology of progressive, castrationresistant prostate cancer: directed therapies targeting the androgenreceptor signaling axis. J. Clin. Oncol. 2005, 23, 8253-8261.
18. de Bono, J. S.; Logothetis, C. J.; Molina, A.; Fizazi, K.; North, S.; Chu, L.; Chi, K. N.; Jones, R. J.; Jr Goodman, O. B.; Saad, F.; Staffurth, J. N.; Mainwaring, P.; Harland, S.; Flaig, T. W.; Hutson, T. E.; Cheng, T.; Patterson, H.; Hainsworth, J. D.; Ryan, C. J.; Sternberg, C. N.; Ellard, S. L.; Fléchon, A.; Saleh, M.; Scholz, M.; Efstathiou, E.; Zivi, A.; Bianchini, D.; Loriot, Y.; Chieffo, N.; Kheoh, T.; Haqq, C. M.; Scher H. I.; COU-AA-301 Investigators. Abiraterone and increased survival in metastatic prostate cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2011, 364, 1995-2005.
19. Ryan, C.J.; Smith, M. R.; de Bono, J. S.; Molina, A.; Logothetis, C.; De Souza, P. L.; Fizazi, K.; Mainwaring, P. N.; Piulats, J. M.; Ng, S.; Carles, J.; Mulders, P. F.; Basch, E.; Small, E. J.; Saad, F.; Schrijvers, D.; Van Poppel, H.; Mukherjee, S. D.; Yu, E. Y.; Efstathiou, E.; Pantuck, A.; Winquist, E.; Higano, C. S.; Taplin, M. E.; Park, Y.; Kheoh, T.; Griffin, T. W.; Scher, H. I.; Rathkopf D. E.; the COU-AA-302 Investigators. Abiraterone in metastatic prostate cancer without previous chemotherapy. N. Engl. J. Med. 2013, 368, 138-148.
20. Scher, H. I.; Fizazi, K.; Saad, F.; Taplin, M. E.; Sternberg, C. N.; Miller, K.; de Wit, R.; Mulders, P.; Chi, K. N.; Shore, N. D.; Armstrong, A. J.; Flaig, T. W.; Fléchon, A.; Mainwaring, P.; Fleming, M.; Hainsworth, J. D.; Hirmand, M.; Selby, B.; Seely, L.; de Bono J. S. AFFIRM Investigators. Increased survival with enzalutamide in prostate cancer after chemotherapy. N. Engl. J. Med. 2012, 367, 1187-1197.
21. Attard, G.; Reid, A. H.; Yap, T. A.; Raynaud, F.; Dowsett, M.; Settatree, S.; Barrett, M.; Parker, C.; Martins, V.; Folkerd, E.; Clark, J.; Cooper, C. S.; Kaye, S. B.; Dearnaley, D.; Lee, G.; de Bono, J. S. Phase I clinical trial of a selective inhibitor of CYP17, abiraterone acetate, confirms that castration-resistant prostate cancer commonly remains hormone driven. J. Clin. Oncol. 2008, 26, 4563-4571.
22. Ryan, C. J.; Smith, M. R.; Fong, L.; Rosenberg, J. E.; Kantoff, P.; Raynaud, F.; Martins, V.; Lee, G.; Kheoh, T.; Kim, J.; Molina, A.; Small, E. J. Phase I clinical trial of the CYP17 inhibitor abiraterone acetate demonstrating clinical activity in patients with castrationresistant prostate cancer who received prior ketoconazole therapy. J. Clin. Oncol. 2010, 28, 1481-1488.
23. Reid, A. H.; Attard, G.; Danila, D. C.; Oommen, N. B.; Olmos, D.; Fong, P. C.; Molife, L. R.; Hunt, J.; Messiou, C.; Parker, C.; Dearnaley, D.; Swennenhuis, J. F.; Terstappen, L. W.; Lee, G.; Kheoh, T.; Molina, A.; Ryan, C. J.; Small, E.; Scher, H. I.; de Bono, J. S. Significant and sustained antitumor activity in postdocetaxel, castration-resistant prostate cancer with the CYP17 inhibitor abiraterone acetate. J. Clin. Oncol. 2010, 28, 1489-1495.
24. Attard, G.; Reid, A. H.; A'Hern, R.; Parker, C.; Oommen, N. B.; Folkerd, E.; Messiou, C.; Molife, L. R.; Maier, G.; Thompson, E.; Olmos, D.; Sinha, R.; Lee, G.; Dowsett, M.; Kaye, S. B.; Dearnaley, D.; Kheoh, T.; Molina, A.; de Bono, J. S. Selective inhibition of CYP17 with abiraterone acetate is highly active in the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2009, 27, 3742-3748.
25. Danila, D. C.; Morris, M. J.; de Bono, J. S.; Ryan, C. J.; Denmeade, S. R.; Smith, M. R.; Taplin, M. E.; Bubley, G. J.; Kheoh, T.; Haqq, C.; Molina, A.; Anand, A.; Koscuiszka, M.; Larson, S. M.; Schwartz, L. H.; Fleisher, M.; Scher, H. I. Phase II multicenter study of abiraterone acetate plus prednisone therapy in patients with docetaxel-treated castration-resistant prostate cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2010, 28, 1496-1501.
26. Agus, D. B.; Stadler, W. M.; Shevrin, D. H.; Hart, L.; MacVicar, G. R.; Hamid, O.; Hainsworth, J. D.; Gross, M. E.; Wang, J.; de Leon, L.; MacLean, D.; Dreicer, R. Safety, efficacy, and pharmacodynamics of the investigational agent TAK-700 in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC): Updated data from a phase I/II study. ASCO Annual Meeting 2011, abstract 4531.
27. Soifer, H. S.; Souleimanian, N.; Wu, S.; Voskresenskiy, A. M.; Collak, F. K.; Cinar, B.; Stein, C. A. Direct regulation of androgen receptor activity by potent CYP17 inhibitors in prostate cancer cells. J. Biol. Chem. 2012, 287, 3777-3787.
28. Bruno, R. D.; Vasaitis, T. S.; Gediya, L. K.; Purushottamachar, P.; Godbole, A. M.; Ates-Alagoz, Z.; Brodie, A. M.; Njar, V. C. Synthesis and biological evaluations of putative metabolically stable analogs of VN/124-1 (TOK-001): head to head anti-tumor efficacy evaluation of VN/124-1 (TOK-001) and abiraterone in LAPC-4 human prostate cancer xenograft model. Steroids 2011, 76, 1268-1279.
29. Tran, C.; Ouk, S.; Clegg, N. J.; Chen, Y.; Watson, P. A.; Arora, V.; Wongvipat, J.; Smith-Jones, P. M.; Yoo, D.; Kwon, A.; Wasielewska, T.; Welsbie, D.; Chen, C. D.; Higano, C. S.; Beer, T. M.; Hung, D. T.; Scher, H. I.; Jung, M. E.; Sawyers, C. L. Development of a second-generation antiandrogen for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. Science 2009, 324, 787-790.
30. Scher, H. I.; Beer, T. M.; Higano, C. S.; Anand, A.; Taplin, M. E.; Efstathiou, E.; Rathkopf, D.; Shelkey, J.; Yu, E. Y.; Alumkal, J.; Hung, D.; Hirmand, M.; Seely, L.; Morris, M. J.; Danila, D. C.; Humm, J.; Larson, S.; Fleisher, M.; Sawyers C. L. Prostate Cancer Foundation/Department of Defense Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium. Antitumour activity of MDV3100 in castrationresistant prostate cancer: a phase 1-2 study. Lancet 2010, 375, 1437-1446.
31. Clegg, N. J.; Wongvipat, J.; Joseph, J. D.; Tran, C.; Ouk, S.; Dilhas, A.; Chen, Y.; Grillot, K.; Bischoff, E. D.; Cai, L.; Aparicio, A.; Dorow, S.; Arora, V.; Shao, G.; Qian, J.; Zhao, H.; Yang, G.; Cao, C.; Sensintaffar, J.; Wasielewska, T.; Herbert, M. R.; Bonnefous, C.; Darimont, B.; Scher, H. I.; Smith-Jones, P.; Klang, M.; Smith, N. D.; De Stanchina, E.; Wu, N.; Ouerfelli, O.; Rix, P. J.; Heyman, R. A.; Jung, M. E.; Sawyers, C. L.; Hager, J. H. ARN- 509: A novel antiandrogen for prostate cancer treatment. Cancer Res. 2012, 72, 1494-1503.
32. Mostaghel, E. A.; Marck, B. T.; Plymate, S. R.; Vessella, R. L.; Balk, S.; Matsumoto, A. M.; Nelson, P. S.; Montgomery, R. B. Resistance to CYP17A1 inhibition with abiraterone in castrationresistant prostate cancer: induction of steroidogenesis and androgen receptor splice variants. Clin. Cancer Res. 2011, 17, 5913-5925.
33. Attard, G.; Richards, J.; de Bono, J. S. New strategies in metastatic prostate cancer: Targeting the androgen receptor signaling pathway. Clin. Cancer Res. 2011, 17, 1649-1657.
34. Loddick, S. A.; Bradbury, R.; Broadbent, N.; Campbell, H.; Gaughan, L.; Growcott, J.; Stratton, N.; Mouchet, E.; O'Neill, D.; Rabow, A.; Robinson, D.; Robson, C. N.; Ross, S. J.; Shaheen, F.; Trueman, D.; Walker, G.; Wedge, S. R.; Brooks, N. A. Preclinical profile of AZD3514: A small molecule-targeting androgen receptor function with a novel mechanism of action and the potential to treat castration-resistant prostate cancer. AACR Annual Meeting 2012, abstract 3848.
35. Andersen, R. J.; Mawji, N. R.; Wang, J.; Wang, G.; Haile, S.; Myung, J. K.; Watt, K.; Tam, T.; Yang, Y. C.; Bañuelos, C. A.; Williams, D. E.; McEwan, I. J.; Wang, Y.; Sadar, M. D. Regression of castrate-recurrent prostate cancer by a small-molecule inhibitor of the amino-terminus domain of the androgen receptor. Cancer Cell 2010, 217, 535-546.
36. Mita, A. C.; Denis, L. J.; Rowinsky, E. K.; Debono, J. S.; Goetz, A. D.; Ochoa, L.; Forouzesh, B.; Beeram, M.; Patnaik, A.; Molpus, K.; Semiond, D.; Besenval, M.; Tolcher, A. W. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of XRP6258 (RPR 116258A), a novel taxane, administered as a 1-hour infusion every 3 weeks in patients with advanced solid tumors. Clin. Cancer Res. 2009, 15, 723-730.
37. de Bono, J. S.; Oudard, S.; Ozguroglu, M.; Hansen, S.; Machiels, J. P.; Kocak, I.; Gravis, G.; Bodrogi, I.; Mackenzie, M. J.; Shen, L.; Roessner, M.; Gupta, S.; Sartor A. O. TROPIC Investigators. Prednisone plus cabazitaxel or mitoxantrone for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer progressing after docetaxel treatment: a randomised open-label trial. Lancet 2010, 376, 1147-1154.
38. Houede, N.; Eymard, J. C.; Zoubir, T. Safety data of cabazitaxel (Jevtana®) in patients treated for metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer after docetaxel treatment: result of a cohort of patients during the temporary authorization for use in France (ATU). ESMO 2012, abstract 1921.
39. Malhotra, M.; Dhingra, R.; Sharma, T.; Deep, A.; Narasimhan, B.; Phogat, P.; Sharma, P. C. Cabazitaxel: A novel drug for hormonerefractory prostate cancer. Mini. Rev. Med. Chem. 2013, 13(6), 915-920.
40. Tiligada, E.; Miligkos, V.; Delitheos, A. Cross-talk between cellular stress, cell cycle and anticancer agents: mechanistic aspects. Curr. Med. Chem. Anticancer Agents 2002, 2, 553-566.
41. Zoubeidi, A.; Chi, K.; Gleave M. Targeting the cytoprotective chaperone, clusterin, for treatment of advanced cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 2010, 16, 1088-1093.
42. Gleave, M. E.; Miyake, H.; Zellweger, T.; Chi, K.; July, L.; Nelson, C.; Rennie, P. Use of antisense oligonucleotides targeting the antiapoptotic gene, clusterin/testosterone-repressed prostate message 2, to enhance androgen sensitivity and chemosensitivity in prostate cancer. Urology 2001, 58, 39-49.
43. Zellweger, T.; Chi, K.; Miyake, H.; Adomat, H.; Kiyama, S.; Skov, K.; Gleave, M. E. Enhanced radiation sensitivity in prostate cancer by inhibition of the cell survival protein clusterin. Clin. Cancer Res. 2002, 8, 3276-3284.
44. Shiota, M.; Zoubeidi, A.; Kumano, M.; Beraldi, E.; Naito, S.; Nelson, C. C.; Sorensen, P. H.; Gleave, M. E. Clusterin is a critical downstream mediator of stress-induced YB-1 transactivation in prostate cancer. Mol. Cancer Res. 2011, 9, 1755-1766.
45. Sowery, R. D.; Hadaschik, B. A.; So, A. I.; Zoubeidi, A.; Fazli, L.; Hurtado-Coll, A.; Gleave, M. E. Clusterin knockdown using the antisense oligonucleotide OGX-011 re-sensitizes docetaxelrefractory prostate cancer PC-3 cells to chemotherapy. BJU Int. 2008, 102, 389-397.
46. Lamoureux, F.; Thomas, C.; Yin, M. J.; Kuruma, H.; Beraldi, E.; Fazli, L.; Zoubeidi, A.; Gleave, M. E. Clusterin inhibition using OGX-011 synergistically enhances Hsp90 inhibitor activity by suppressing the heat shock response in castrate-resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 2011, 71, 5838-5849.
47. Chi, K. N.; Eisenhauer, E.; Fazli, L.; Jones, E. C.; Goldenberg, S. L.; Powers, J.; Tu, D.; Gleave, M. E. A phase I pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of OGX-011, a 2'-methoxyethyl antisense oligonucleotide to clusterin, in patients with localized prostate cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2005, 97, 1287-1296.
48. Chi, K. N.; Hotte, S. J.; Yu, E. Y.; Tu, D.; Eigl, B. J.; Tannock, I.; Saad, F.; North, S.; Powers, J.; Gleave, M. E.; Eisenhauer, E. A. Randomized phase II study of docetaxel and prednisone with or without OGX-011 in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2010, 28, 4247-4254.
49. Small, E. J.; Schellhammer, P. F.; Higano, C. S.; Redfern, C. H.; Nemunaitis, J. J.; Valone, F. H.; Verjee, S. S.; Jones, L. A.; Hershberg, R. M. Placebo-controlled phase III trial of immunologic therapy with sipuleucel-T (APC8015) in patients with metastatic, asymptomatic hormone refractory prostate cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 2006, 24, 3089-3094.
50. Higano, C. S.; Schellhammer, P. F.; Small, E. J.; Burch, P. A.; Nemunaitis, J.; Yuh, L.; Provost, N.; Frohlich, M. W. Integrated data from 2 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trials of active cellular immunotherapy with sipuleucel-T in advanced prostate cancer. Cancer 2009, 115, 3670-3679.
51. Kantoff, P. W.; Higano, C. S.; Shore, N. D.; Berger, E. R.; Small, E. J.; Penson, D. F.; Redfern, C. H.; Ferrari, A. C.; Dreicer, R.; Sims, R. B.; Xu, Y.; Frohlich, M. W.; Schellhammer P. F. IMPACT Study Investigators. Sipuleucel-T immunotherapy for castration-resistant prostate cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2010, 363, 411-422.
52. Huber, M. L.; Haynes, L.; Parker, C.; Iversen, P. Interdisciplinary critique of sipuleucel-T as immunotherapy in castration-resistant prostate cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 2012, 104, 273-279.
53. Simoens, S. Pharmaco-economic aspects of sipuleucel-T. Hum. Vaccin. Immunother. 2012, 8, 506-508.
54. Nilsson, S.; Franzén, L.; Parker, C.; Tyrrell, C.; Blom, R.; Tennvall, J.; Lennernäs, B.; Petersson, U.; Johannessen, D. C.; Sokal, M.; Pigott, K.; Yachnin, J.; Garkavij, M.; Strang, P.; Harmenberg, J.; Bolstad, B.; Bruland, O. S. Bone-targeted radium- 223 in symptomatic, hormone-refractory prostate cancer: A randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled phase II study. Lancet Oncol. 2007, 8, 587-594.
55. Parker, C.; Nilsson, S.; Heinrich, D.; O'Sullivan, J. M.; Fossa, S. D.; Chodacki, A.; Wiechno, P. J.; Logue, J. P.; Seke, M.; Widmark, A.; Johannessen, D. C.; Hoskin, P.; Bottomley, D.; Coleman, R. E.; Vogelzang, N. J.; O'Bryan-Tear, C. G.; Garcia-Vargas, J. E.; Shan, M.; Sartor, A. O. Updated analysis of the phase III, double-blind, randomized, multinational study of radium-223 chloride in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) patients with bone metastases (ALSYMPCA). ASCO Annual Meeting 2012, 30, abstract LBA4512.
56. Fujimoto, N.; Shiota, M.; Kubo, T.; Matsumoto, T. Novel therapeutic strategies following docetaxel-based chemotherapy in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Expert. Rev. Clin. Pharmacol. 2010, 3, 785-795.
57. Sánchez, C.; Mendoza, P.; Contreras, H. R.; Vergara, J.; McCubrey, J. A.; Huidobro, C.; Castellón, E. A. Expression of multidrug resistance proteins in prostate cancer is related with cell sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs. Prostate 2009, 69, 1448-1459.
58. Fabbri, F.; Brigliadori, G.; Carloni, S.; Ulivi, P.; Tesei, A.; Silvestrini, R.; Amadori, D.; Zoli, W. Docetaxel-ST1481 sequence exerts a potent cytotoxic activity on hormone-resistant prostate cancer cells by reducing drug resistance-related gene expression. Prostate 2010, 70, 219-227.
59. O'Neill, A. J.; Prencipe, M.; Dowling, C.; Fan, Y.; Mulrane, L.; Gallagher, W. M.; O'Connor, D.; O'Connor, R.; Devery, A.; Corcoran, C.; Rani, S.; O'Driscoll, L.; Fitzpatrick, J. M.; Watson, R. W. Characterisation and manipulation of docetaxel resistant prostate cancer cell lines. Mol. Cancer 2011, 10, 126.
60. Sánchez, C.; Mercado, A.; Contreras, H. R.; Mendoza, P.; Cabezas, J.; Acevedo, C.; Huidobro, C.; Castellón, E. A. Chemotherapy sensitivity recovery of prostate cancer cells by functional inhibition and knock down of multidrug resistance proteins. Prostate 2011, 71, 1810-1817.
61. Dumontet, C.; Sikic, B. I. Mechanisms of action of and resistance to antitubulin agents: microtubule dynamics, drug transport, and cell death. J. Clin. Oncol. 1999, 17, 1061-1070.
62. Lu, T.; Burdelya, L. G.; Swiatkowski, S. M.; Boiko, A. D.; Howe, P. H.; Stark, G. R.; Gudkov, A. V. Secreted transforming growth factor β2 activates NF-κB, blocks apoptosis, and is essential for the survival of some tumor cells. Pro. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2004, 101, 7112-7117.
63. Ferrandina, G.; Zannoni, G. F.; Martinelli, E.; Paglia, A.; Gallotta, V.; Mozzetti, S.; Scambia, G.; Ferlini, C. Class III β-tubulin overexpression is a marker of poor clinical outcome in advanced ovarian cancer patients. Clin. Cancer Res. 2006, 12, 2774-2779.
64. Gan, P. P.; Pasquier, E.; Kavallaris, M. Class III β-tubulin mediates sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs in non small cell lung cancer. Cancer Res. 2007, 67, 9356-9363.
65. Galmarini, C. M.; Treilleux, I.; Cardoso, F.; Bernard-Marty, C.; Durbecq, V.; Gancberg, D.; Bissery, M. C.; Paesmans, M.; Larsimont, D.; Piccart, M. J.; Di Leo, A.; Dumontet, C. Class III β- tubulin isotype predicts response in advanced breast cancer patients randomly treated either with single-agent doxorubicin or docetaxel. Clin. Cancer Res. 2008, 14, 4511-4516.
66. Sève, P.; Reiman, T.; Isaac, S.; Trillet-Lenoir, V.; Lafanéchère, L.; Sawyer, M.; Dumontet, C. Protein abundance of class III β-tubulin but not Δ2-α-tubulin or tau is related to paclitaxel response in carcinomas of unknown primary site. Anticancer Res. 2008, 28, 1161-1167.
67. Terry, S.; Ploussard, G.; Allory, Y.; Nicolaiew, N.; Boissière- Michot, F.; Maillé, P.; Kheuang, L.; Coppolani, E.; Ali, A.; Bibeau, F.; Culine, S.; Buttyan, R.; de la Taille, A.; Vacherot, F. Increased expression of class III β-tubulin in castration-resistant human prostate cancer. Br. J. Cancer 2009, 101, 951-956.
68. Ploussard, G.; Terry, S.; Maillé, P.; Allory, Y.; Sirab, N.; Kheuang, L.; Soyeux, P.; Nicolaiew, N.; Coppolani, E.; Paule, B.; Salomon, L.; Culine, S.; Buttyan, R.; Vacherot, F.; de la Taille, A. Class III β-tubulin expression predicts prostate tumor aggressiveness and patient response to docetaxel-based chemotherapy. Cancer Res. 2010, 70, 9253-9264.
69. Kamath, K.; Wilson, L.; Cabral, F.; Jordan, M. A. βIII-tubulin induces paclitaxel resistance in association with reduced effects on microtubule dynamic instability. J. Biol. Chem. 2005, 280, 12902-12907.
70. Shalli, K.; Brown, I.; Heys, S. D. Schofield, A.C. Alterations of β- tubulin isotypes in breast cancer cells resistant to docetaxel. FASEB J. 2005, 19, 1299-1301.
71. Saad, F.; Hotte, S.; North, S.; Eigl, B.; Chi, K.; Czaykowski, P.; Wood, L.; Pollak, M.; Berry, S.; Lattouf, J. B.; Mukherjee, S. D.; Gleave, M.; Winquist E. Canadian Uro-Oncology Group. Randomized phase II trial of Custirsen (OGX-011) in combination with docetaxel or mitoxantrone as second-line therapy in patients with metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer progressing after first-line docetaxel: CUOG trial P-06c. Clin. Cancer Res. 2011, 17, 5765-5773.
72. Rocchi, P.; So, A.; Kojima, S.; Signaevsky, M.; Beraldi, E.; Fazli, L.; Hurtado-Coll, A.; Yamanaka, K.; Gleave M. Heat shock protein 27 increases after androgen ablation and plays a cytoprotective role in hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 2004, 64, 6595-6602.
73. Tsutsumi, S.; Neckers, L. Extracellular heat shock protein 90: a role for a molecular chaperone in cell motility and cancer metastasis. Cancer Sci. 2007, 98, 1536-1539.
74. Cardillo, M. R.; Ippoliti, F. IL-6, IL-10 and HSP-90 expression in tissue microarrays from human prostate cancer assessed by computer-assisted image analysis. Anticancer Res. 2006, 26, 3409-3416.
75. Blagosklonny, M. V.; Fojo, T.; Bhalla, K. N.; Kim, J. S.; Trepel, J. B.; Figg, W. D.; Rivera, Y.; Neckers, L. M. The Hsp90 inhibitor geldanamycin selectively sensitizes Bcr-Abl-expressing leukemia cells to cytotoxic chemotherapy. Leukemia 2001, 15, 1537-1543.
76. Solit, D. B.; Basso, A. D.; Olshen, A. B.; Scher, H. I.; Rosen, N. Inhibition of heat shock protein 90 function down-regulates Akt kinase and sensitizes tumors to Taxol. Cancer Res. 2003, 63, 2139-2144.
77. Sawai, A.; Chandarlapaty, S.; Greulich, H.; Gonen, M.; Ye, Q.; Arteaga, C. L.; Sellers, W.; Rosen, N.; Solit, D. B. Inhibition of Hsp90 down-regulates mutant epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression and sensitizes EGFR mutant tumors to paclitaxel. Cancer Res. 2008, 68, 589-596.
78. McDonnell, T. J.; Troncoso, P.; Brisbay, S. M.; Logothetis, C.; Chung, L. W.; Hsieh, J. T.; Tu, S. M.; Campbell, M. L. Expression of the protooncogene bcl-2 in the prostate and its association with emergence of androgen-independent prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 1992, 52, 6940-6944.
79. Raffo, A. J.; Perlman, H.; Chen, M. W.; Day, M. L.; Streitman, J. S.; Buttyan, R. Overexpression of bcl-2 protects prostate cancer cells from apoptosis in vitro and confers resistance to androgen depletion in vivo. Cancer Res. 1995, 55, 4438-4445.
80. Yoshino, T.; Shiina, H.; Urakami, S.; Kikuno, N.; Yoneda, T.; Shigeno, K.; Igawa, M. Bcl-2 expression as a predictive marker of hormone-refractory prostate cancer treated with taxane-based chemotherapy. Clin. Cancer Res. 2006, 12, 6116-6124.
81. Haldar, S.; Chintapalli, J.; Croce, C. M. Taxol induces bcl-2 phosphorylation and death of prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res. 1996, 56, 1253-1255.
82. Miyake, H.; Monia, B. P.; Gleave, M. E. Inhibition of progression to androgen-independence by combined adjuvant treatment with antisense BCL-XL and antisense Bcl-2 oligonucleotides plus taxol after castration in the Shionogi tumor model. Int. J. Cancer 2000, 86, 855-862.
83. Song, R.; Harris, L. D.; Pettaway, C. A. Downmodulation of Bcl-2 sensitizes metastatic LNCaP-LN3 cells to undergo apoptosis via the intrinsic pathway. Prostate 2010, 70, 571-583.
84. Sun, A.; Tang, J.; Hong, Y.; Song, J.; Terranova, P. F.; Thrasher, J. B.; Svojanovsky, S.; Wang, H. G.; Li, B. Androgen receptordependent regulation of Bcl-xL expression: Implication in prostate cancer progression. Prostate 2008, 68, 453-461.
85. Castilla, C.; Congregado, B.; Chinchón, D.; Torrubia, F. J.; Japón, M. A.; Sáez, C. Bcl-xL is overexpressed in hormone-resistant prostate cancer and promotes survival of LNCaP cells via interaction with proapoptotic Bak. Endocrinol. 2006, 147, 4960-4967.
86. Lebedeva, I.; Rando, R.; Ojwang, J.; Cossum, P.; Stein, C. A. BclxL in prostate cancer cells: effects of overexpression and downregulation on chemosensitivity. Cancer Res. 2000, 60, 6052-6060.
87. Domingo-Domenech, J.; Mellado, B.; Ferrer, B.; Truan, D.; Codony-Servat, J.; Sauleda, S.; Alcover, J.; Campo, E.; Gascon, P.; Rovira, A.; Ross, J. S.; Fernández, P. L.; Albanell, J. Activation of nuclear factor-κB in human prostate carcinogenesis and association to biochemical relapse. Br. J. Cancer 2005, 93, 1285-1294.
88. Zemskova, M.; Sahakian, E.; Bashkirova, S.; Lilly, M. The PIM1 kinase is a critical component of a survival pathway activated by docetaxel and promotes survival of docetaxel-treated prostate cancer cells. J. Biol. Chem. 2008, 283, 20635-20644.
89. Domingo-Domenech, J.; Oliva, C.; Rovira, A.; Codony-Servat, J.; Bosch, M.; Filella, X.; Montagut, C.; Tapia, M.; Campás, C.; Dang, L.; Rolfe, M.; Ross, J. S.; Gascon, P.; Albanell, J.; Mellado, B. Interleukin 6, a nuclear factor-κB target, predicts resistance to docetaxel in hormone-independent prostate cancer and nuclear factor-κB inhibition by PS-1145 enhances docetaxel antitumor activity. Clin. Cancer Res. 2006, 12, 5578-5586.
90. Shanmugam, R.; Jayaprakasan, V.; Gokmen-Polar, Y.; Kelich, S.; Miller, K. D.; Yip-Schneider, M.; Cheng, L.; Bhat-Nakshatri, P.; Jr Sledge, G. W.; Nakshatri, H.; Zheng, Q. H.; Miller, M. A.; DeGrado, T.; Hutchins, G. D.; Sweeney, C. J. Restoring chemotherapy and hormone therapy sensitivity by parthenolide in a xenograft hormone refractory prostate cancer model. Prostate 2006, 66, 1498-1511.
91. Kohno, K.; Izumi, H.; Uchiumi, T.; Ashizuka, M.; Kuwano, M. The pleiotropic functions of the Y-box-binding protein, YB-1. Bioessays 2003, 25, 691-698.
92. Kuwano, M.; Oda, Y.; Izumi, H.; Yang, S. J.; Uchiumi, T.; Iwamoto, Y.; Toi, M.; Fujii, T.; Yamana, H.; Kinoshita, H.; Kamura, T.; Tsuneyoshi, M.; Yasumoto, K.; Kohno, K. The role of nuclear Y-box binding protein 1 as a global marker in drug resistance. Mol. Cancer Ther. 2004, 3, 1485-1492.
93. Kamura, T.; Yahata, H.; Amada, S.; Ogawa, S.; Sonoda, T.; Kobayashi, H.; Mitsumoto, M.; Kohno, K.; Kuwano, M.; Nakano, H. Is nuclear expression of Y box-binding protein-1 a new prognostic factor in ovarian serous adenocarcinoma? Cancer 1999, 85, 2450-2454.
94. Huang, X.; Ushijima, K.; Komai, K.; Takemoto, Y.; Motoshima, S.; Kamura, T.; Kohno, K. Co-expression of Y box-binding protein-1 and P-glycoprotein as a prognostic marker for survival in epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol. Oncol. 2004, 93, 287-291.
95. Oda, Y.; Ohishi, Y.; Basaki, Y.; Kobayashi, H.; Hirakawa, T.; Wake, N.; Ono, M.; Nishio, K.; Kuwano, M.; Tsuneyoshi, M. Prognostic implications of the nuclear localization of Y-boxbinding protein-1 and CXCR4 expression in ovarian cancer: their correlation with activated Akt, LRP/MVP and P-glycoprotein expression. Cancer Sci. 2007, 98, 1020-1026.
96. Bargou, R. C.; Jürchott, K.; Wagener, C.; Bergmann, S.; Metzner, S.; Bommert, K.; Mapara, M. Y.; Winzer, K. J.; Dietel, M.; Dörken, B.; Royer, H. D. Nuclear localization and increased levels of transcription factor YB-1 in primary human breast cancers are associated with intrinsic MDR1 gene expression. Nat. Med. 1997, 3, 447-450.
97. Saji, H.; Toi, M.; Saji, S.; Koike, M.; Kohno, K.; Kuwano, M. Nuclear expression of YB-1 protein correlates with P-glycoprotein expression in human breast carcinoma. Cancer Lett. 2003, 190, 191-197.
98. Oda, Y.; Sakamoto, A.; Shinohara, N.; Ohga, T.; Uchiumi, T.; Kohno, K.; Tsuneyoshi, M.; Kuwano, M.; Iwamoto, Y. Nuclear expression of YB-1 protein correlates with P-glycoprotein expression in human osteosarcoma. Clin. Cancer Res. 1998, 4, 2273-2277.
99. Oda, Y.; Ohishi, Y.; Saito, T.; Hinoshita, E.; Uchiumi, T.; Kinukawa, N.; Iwamoto, Y.; Kohno, K.; Kuwano, M.; Tsuneyoshi, M. Nuclear expression of Y-box-binding protein-1 correlates with P-glycoprotein and topoisomerase II α expression, and with poor prognosis in synovial sarcoma. J. Pathol. 2003, 199, 251-258.
100. Giménez-Bonafé, P.; Fedoruk, M. N.; Whitmore, T. G.; Akbari, M.; Ralph, J. L.; Ettinger, S.; Gleave, M. E.; Nelson, C. C. YB-1 is upregulated during prostate cancer tumor progression and increases P-glycoprotein activity. Prostate 2004, 59, 337-349.
101. Fujita, T.; Ito, K.; Izumi, H.; Kimura, M.; Sano, M.; Nakagomi, H.; Maeno, K.; Hama, Y.; Shingu, K.; Tsuchiya, S.; Kohno, K.; Fujimori, M. Increased nuclear localization of transcription factor Y-box binding protein 1 accompanied by up-regulation of Pglycoprotein in breast cancer pretreated with paclitaxel. Clin. Cancer Res. 2005, 11, 8837-8844.
102. Mantwill, K.; Köhler-Vargas, N.; Bernshausen, A.; Bieler, A.; Lage, H.; Kaszubiak, A.; Surowiak, P.; Dravits, T.; Treiber, U.; Hartung, R.; Gansbacher, B.; Holm, P. S. Inhibition of the multidrug-resistant phenotype by targeting YB-1 with a conditionally oncolytic adenovirus: implications for combinatorial treatment regimen with chemotherapeutic agents. Cancer Res. 2006, 66, 7195-7202.
103. Shiota, M.; Izumi, H.; Tanimoto, A.; Takahashi, M.; Miyamoto, N.; Kashiwagi, E.; Kidani, A.; Hirano, G.; Masubuchi, D.; Fukunaka, Y.; Yasuniwa, Y.; Naito, S.; Nishizawa, S.; Sasaguri, Y.; Kohno, K. Programmed cell death protein 4 down-regulates Y-box binding protein-1 expression via a direct interaction with Twist1 to suppress cancer cell growth. Cancer Res. 2009, 69, 3148-3156.
104. To, K.; Fotovati, A.; Reipas, K. M.; Law, J. H.; Hu, K.; Wang, J.; Astanehe, A.; Davies, A. H.; Lee, L.; Stratford, A. L.; Raouf, A.; Johnson, P.; Berquin, I. M.; Royer, H. D.; Eaves, C. J.; Dunn, S. E. Y-box binding protein-1 induces the expression of CD44 and CD49f leading to enhanced self-renewal, mammosphere growth, and drug resistance. Cancer Res. 2010, 70, 2840-2851.
105. Shiota, M.; Izumi, H.; Onitsuka, T.; Miyamoto, N.; Kashiwagi, E.; Kidani, A.; Yokomizo, A.; Naito, S.; Kohno, K. Twist promotes tumor cell growth through YB-1 expression. Cancer Res. 2008, 68, 98-105.
106. Ansieau, S.; Morel, A. P.; Hinkal, G.; Bastid, J.; Puisieux, A. TWISTing an embryonic transcription factor into an oncoprotein. Oncogene 2010, 29, 3173-3184.
107. Shiota, M.; Yokomizo, A.; Tada, Y.; Inokuchi, J.; Kashiwagi, E.; Masubuchi, D.; Eto, M.; Uchiumi, T.; Naito, S. Castration resistance of prostate cancer cells caused by castration-induced oxidative stress through Twist1 and androgen receptor overexpression. Oncogene 2010, 29, 237-250.
108. Wang, X.; Ling, M. T.; Guan, X. Y.; Tsao, S. W.; Cheung, H. W.; Lee, D. T.; Wong, Y. C. Identification of a novel function of TWIST, a bHLH protein, in the development of acquired taxol resistance in human cancer cells. Oncogene 2004, 23, 474-482.
109. Kwok, W. K.; Ling, M. T.; Lee, T. W.; Lau, T. C.; Zhou, C.; Zhang, X.; Chua, C. W.; Chan, K. W.; Chan, F. L.; Glackin, C.; Wong, Y. C.; Wang, X. Up-regulation of TWIST in prostate cancer and its implication as a therapeutic target. Cancer Res. 2005, 65, 5153-5162.
110. Zhang, X.; Wang, Q.; Ling, M. T.; Wong, Y. C.; Leung, S. C.; Wang, X. Anti-apoptotic role of TWIST and its association with Akt pathway in mediating taxol resistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Int. J. Cancer 2007, 120, 1891-1898.
111. Cheng, G. Z.; Chan, J.; Wang, Q.; Zhang, W.; Sun, C. D.; Wang, L. H. Twist transcriptionally up-regulates AKT2 in breast cancer cells leading to increased migration, invasion, and resistance to paclitaxel. Cancer Res. 2007, 67, 1979-1987.
112. Evdokimova, V.; Tognon, C.; Ng, T.; Ruzanov, P.; Melnyk, N.; Fink, D.; Sorokin, A.; Ovchinnikov, L. P.; Davicioni, E.; Triche, T. J.; Sorensen, P. H. Translational activation of snail1 and other developmentally regulated transcription factors by YB-1 promotes an epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Cancer Cell 2009, 15, 402-415.
113. Shiota, M.; Zardan, A.; Takeuchi, A.; Kumano, M.; Beraldi, E.; Naito, S.; Zoubeidi, A.; Gleave, M. E. Clusterin mediates TGF-κ- induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and metastasis via Twist1 in prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res. 2012, 72, 5261-5272.
114. Pham, C. G.; Bubici, C.; Zazzeroni, F.; Knabb, J. R.; Papa, S.; Kuntzen, C.; Franzoso, G. Upregulation of Twist-1 by NF-κB blocks cytotoxicity induced by chemotherapeutic drugs. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2007, 27, 3920-3935.
115. Javelaud, D.; Alexaki, V. I.; Dennler, S.; Mohammad, K. S.; Guise, T. A.; Mauviel, A. TGF-β/SMAD/GLI2 signaling axis in cancer progression and metastasis. Cancer Res. 2011, 71, 5606-5610.
116. Marín-Aguilera, M.; Codony-Servat, J.; Kalko, S. G.; Fernández, P. L.; Bermudo, R.; Buxo, E.; Ribal, M. J.; Gascón, P.; Mellado, B. Identification of docetaxel resistance genes in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Mol. Cancer Ther. 2012, 11, 329-339.
117. Shah, P. P.; Kakar, S. S. Pituitary tumor transforming gene induces epithelial to mesenchymal transition by regulation of Twist, Snail, Slug, and E-cadherin. Cancer Lett. 2011, 311, 66-76.
118. Dong, Y. F.; Soung do, Y.; Chang, Y.; Enomoto-Iwamoto, M.; Paris, M.; O'Keefe, R. J.; Schwarz, E. M.; Drissi, H. Transforming growth factor-β and Wnt signals regulate chondrocyte differentiation through Twist1 in a stage-specific manner. Mol. Endocrinol. 2007, 21, 2805-2820.
119. Jin, G.; Howe, P. H. Regulation of clusterin gene expression by transforming growth factor β. J. Biol. Chem. 1997, 272, 26620-26626.
120. Wegrowski, Y.; Perreau, C.; Martiny, L.; Haye, B.; Maquart, F. X.; Bellon, G. Transforming growth factor β-1 up-regulates clusterin synthesis in thyroid epithelial cells. Exp. Cell Res. 1999, 247, 475-483.
121. Lenferink, A. E.; Cantin, C.; Nantel, A.; Wang, E.; Durocher, Y.; Banville, M.; Paul-Roc, B.; Marcil, A.; Wilson, M. R.; O'Connor- McCourt, M. D. Transcriptome profiling of a TGF-β-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition reveals extracellular clusterin as a target for therapeutic antibodies. Oncogene 2010, 29, 831-844.
122. Cairns, P.; Okami, K.; Halachmi, S.; Halachmi, N.; Esteller, M.; Herman, J. G.; Jen, J.; Isaacs, W. B.; Bova, G. S.; Sidransky, D. Frequent inactivation of PTEN/MMAC1 in primary prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 1997, 57, 4997-5000.
123. Suzuki, H.; Freije, D.; Nusskern, D. R.; Okami, K.; Cairns, P.; Sidransky, D.; Isaacs, W. B.; Bova, G. S. Interfocal heterogeneity of PTEN/MMAC1 gene alterations in multiple metastatic prostate cancer tissues. Cancer Res. 1998, 58, 204-209.
124. Mabuchi, S.; Ohmichi, M.; Kimura, A.; Hisamoto, K.; Hayakawa, J.; Nishio, Y.; Adachi, K.; Takahashi, K.; Arimoto-Ishida, E.; Nakatsuji, Y.; Tasaka, K.; Murata, Y. Inhibition of phosphorylation of BAD and Raf-1 by Akt sensitizes human ovarian cancer cells to paclitaxel. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277, 33490-33500.
125. Rathmell, J. C.; Fox, C. J.; Plas, D. R.; Hammerman, P. S.; Cinalli, R. M.; Thompson, C. B. Akt-directed glucose metabolism can prevent Bax conformation change and promote growth factorindependent survival. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2003, 23, 7315-7328.
126. Zhang, X.; Tang, N.; Hadden, T. J.; Rishi A. K. Akt, FoxO and regulation of apoptosis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 2011, 1813, 1978-1986.
127. Dworakowska, D.; Wlodek, E.; Leontiou, C. A.; Igreja, S.; Cakir, M.; Teng, M.; Prodromou, N.; Góth, M. I.; Grozinsky-Glasberg, S.; Gueorguiev, M.; Kola, B.; Korbonits, M.; Grossman, A. B. Activation of RAF/MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways in pituitary adenomas and their effects on downstream effectors. Endocr. Relat. Cancer 2009, 16, 1329-1338.
128. Zhong, H.; Chiles, K.; Feldser, D.; Laughner, E.; Hanrahan, C.; Georgescu, M. M.; Simons, J. W.; Semenza, G. L. Modulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α expression by the epidermal growth factor/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/PTEN/AKT/FRAP pathway in human prostate cancer cells: implications for tumor angiogenesis and therapeutics. Cancer Res. 2000, 60, 1541-1545.
129. Kang, J.; Rychahou, P. G.; Ishola, T. A.; Mourot, J. M.; Evers, B. M.; Chung, D. H. N-myc is a novel regulator of PI3K-mediated VEGF expression in neuroblastoma. Oncogene 2008, 27, 3999-4007.
130. Lee, C.; Dhillon, J.; Wang, M. Y.; Gao, Y.; Hu, K.; Park, E.; Astanehe, A.; Hung, M. C.; Eirew, P.; Eaves, C. J.; Dunn, S. E. Targeting YB-1 in HER-2 overexpressing breast cancer cells induces apoptosis via the mTOR/STAT3 pathway and suppresses tumor growth in mice. Cancer Res. 2008, 68, 8661-8666.
131. Sutherland, B. W.; Kucab, J.; Wu, J.; Lee, C.; Cheang, M. C.; Yorida, E.; Turbin, D.; Dedhar, S.; Nelson, C.; Pollak, M.; Leighton Grimes, H.; Miller, K.; Badve, S.; Huntsman, D.; Blake- Gilks, C.; Chen, M.; Pallen, C. J.; Dunn, S. E. Akt phosphorylates the Y-box binding protein 1 at Ser102 located in the cold shock domain and affects the anchorage-independent growth of breast cancer cells. Oncogene 2005, 24, 4281-4292.
132. Evdokimova, V.; Ruzanov, P.; Anglesio, M. S.; Sorokin, A. V.; Ovchinnikov, L. P.; Buckley, J.; Triche, T. J.; Sonenberg, N.; Sorensen, P. H. Akt-mediated YB-1 phosphorylation activates translation of silent mRNA species. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2006, 26, 277-292.
133. Zhong, B.; Sallman, D. A.; Gilvary, D. L.; Pernazza, D.; Sahakian, E.; Fritz, D.; Cheng, J. Q.; Trougakos, I.; Wei, S.; Djeu, J. Y. Induction of clusterin by AKT--role in cytoprotection against docetaxel in prostate tumor cells. Mol. Cancer Ther. 2010, 9, 1831-1841.
134. Shim, Y. J.; Kang, B. H.; Jeon, H. S.; Park, I. S.; Lee, K. U.; Lee, I. K.; Park, G. H.; Lee, K. M.; Schedin, P.; Min, B. H. Clusterin induces matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression via ERK1/2 and PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathways in monocytes/macrophages. J. Leuk. Biol. 2011, 90, 761-769.
135. Kosaka, T.; Miyajima, A.; Shirotake, S.; Suzuki, E.; Kikuchi, E.; Oya, M. Long-term androgen ablation and docetaxel up-regulate phosphorylated Akt in castration resistant prostate cancer. J. Urol. 2011, 185, 2376-2381.
136. Grünwald, V.; DeGraffenried, L.; Russel, D.; Friedrichs, W. E.; Ray, R. B.; Hidalgo, M. Inhibitors of mTOR reverse doxorubicin resistance conferred by PTEN status in prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res. 2002, 62, 6141-6145.
137. Lee, C.; Kim, J. S.; Waldman, T. PTEN gene targeting reveals a radiation-induced size checkpoint in human cancer cells. Cancer Res. 2004, 64, 6906-6914.
138. Gravina, G. L.; Marampon, F.; Petini, F.; Biordi, L.; Sherris, D.; Jannini, E. A.; Tombolini, V.; Festuccia, C. The TORC1/TORC2 inhibitor, Palomid 529, reduces tumor growth and sensitizes to docetaxel and cisplatin in aggressive and hormone-refractory prostate cancer cells. Endocr. Relat. Cancer 2011, 18, 385-400.
139. Pfeil, K.; Eder, I. E.; Putz, T.; Ramoner, R.; Culig, Z.; Ueberall, F.; Bartsch, G.; Klocker, H. Long-term androgen-ablation causes increased resistance to PI3K/Akt pathway inhibition in prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2004, 58, 259-268.
140. Pchejetski, D.; Golzio, M.; Bonhoure, E.; Calvet, C.; Doumerc, N.; Garcia, V.; Mazerolles, C.; Rischmann, P.; Teissié, J.; Malavaud, B.; Cuvillier, O. Sphingosine kinase-1 as a chemotherapy sensor in prostate adenocarcinoma cell and mouse models. Cancer Res. 2005, 65, 11667-11675.
141. Sauer, L.; Nunes, J.; Salunkhe, V.; Skalska, L.; Kohama, T.; Cuvillier, O.; Waxman, J.; Pchejetski, D. Sphingosine kinase 1 inhibition sensitizes hormone-resistant prostate cancer to docetaxel. Int. J. Cancer 2009, 125, 2728-2736.
142. Qian, D. Z.; Rademacher, B. L.; Pittsenbarger, J.; Huang, C. Y.; Myrthue, A.; Higano, C. S.; Garzotto, M.; Nelson, P. S.; Beer, T. M. CCL2 is induced by chemotherapy and protects prostate cancer cells from docetaxel-induced cytotoxicity. Prostate 2010, 70, 433-442.
143. Zhao, L.; Lee, B. Y.; Brown, D. A.; Molloy, M. P.; Marx, G. M.; Pavlakis, N.; Boyer, M. J.; Stockler, M. R.; Kaplan, W.; Breit, S. N.; Sutherland, R. L.; Henshall, S. M.; Horvath, L. G. Identification of candidate biomarkers of therapeutic response to docetaxel by proteomic profiling. Cancer Res. 2009, 69, 7696-7703.
144. Gan, L.; Chen, S.; Wang, Y.; Watahiki, A.; Bohrer, L.; Sun, Z.; Wang, Y.; Huang, H. Inhibition of the androgen receptor as a novel mechanism of taxol chemotherapy in prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 2009, 69, 8386-8394.
145. Kato, T.; Fujita, Y.; Nakane, K.; Kojima, T.; Nozawa, Y.; Deguchi, T.; Ito, M. ETS1 promotes chemoresistance and invasion of paclitaxel-resistant, hormone-refractory PC3 prostate cancer cells by up-regulating MDR1 and MMP9 expression. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2012, 417, 966-971.
146. Uzoh, C. C.; Holly, J. M.; Biernacka, K. M.; Persad, R. A.; Bahl, A.; Gillatt, D.; Perks, C. M. Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-2 promotes prostate cancer cell growth via IGF-dependent or -independent mechanisms and reduces the efficacy of docetaxel. Br. J. Cancer 2011, 104, 1587-1593.
147. Thomas, F.; Holly, J. M.; Persad, R.; Bahl, A.; Perks, C. M. Fibronectin confers survival against chemotherapeutic agents but not against radiotherapy in DU145 prostate cancer cells: involvement of the insulin like growth factor-1 receptor. Prostate 2010, 70, 856-865.
148. Li, Y.; Mizokami, A.; Izumi, K.; Narimoto, K.; Shima, T.; Zhang, J.; Dai, J.; Keller, E. T.; Namiki, M. CTEN/tensin 4 expression induces sensitivity to paclitaxel in prostate cancer. Prostate 2010, 70, 48-60.
149. Shiota, M.; Takeuchi, A.; Song, Y.; Yokomizo, A.; Kashiwagi, E.; Uchiumi, T.; Kuroiwa, K.; Tatsugami, K.; Fujimoto, N.; Oda, Y.; Naito, S. Y-box binding protein-1 promotes castration-resistant prostate cancer growth via androgen receptor expression. Endocr. Relat. Cancer 2011, 18, 505-517.
150. Miyake, H.; Nelson, C.; Rennie, P. S.; Gleave, M. E. Acquisition of chemoresistant phenotype by overexpression of the antiapoptotic gene testosterone-repressed prostate message-2 in prostate cancer xenograft models. Cancer Res. 2000, 60, 2547-2554.
151. Miyake, H.; Nelson, C.; Rennie, P. S.; Gleave, M. E. Testosteronerepressed prostate message-2 is an antiapoptotic gene involved in progression to androgen independence in prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 2000, 60, 170-176.
152. Sun, Y.; Wang, B. E.; Leong, K. G.; Yue, P.; Li, L.; Jhunjhunwala, S.; Chen, D.; Seo, K.; Modrusan, Z.; Gao, W. Q.; Settleman, J.; Johnson, L. Androgen deprivation causes epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the prostate: implications for androgen-deprivation therapy. Cancer Res. 2012, 72, 527-536.
153. Tannock, I. F.; de Wit, R.; Berry, W. R.; Horti, J.; Pluzanska, A.; Chi, K. N.; Oudard, S.; Théodore, C.; James, N. D.; Turesson, I.; Rosenthal, M. A.; Eisenberger, M. A., TAX 327 Investigators. Docetaxel plus prednisone or mitoxantrone plus prednisone for advanced prostate cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2004, 351, 1502-1512.
154. Petrylak, D. P.; Tangen, C. M.; Hussain, M. H.; Jr Lara, P. N.; Jones, J. A.; Taplin, M. E.; Burch, P. A.; Berry, D.; Moinpour, C.; Kohli, M.; Benson, M. C.; Small, E. J.; Raghavan, D.; Crawford, E. D. Docetaxel and estramustine compared with mitoxantrone and prednisone for advanced refractory prostate cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 2004, 351, 1513-1520.
155. Albiges, L.; Le Moulec, S.; Loriot, Y.; Goupil, M. G.; De La Motte Rouge, T.; Guillot, A.; Fizazi, K.; Massard, C. Response to cabazitaxel in the postchemotherapy setting in CRPC patients previously treated with docetaxel and abiraterone acetate. ESMO 2012, abstract 3061.
156. Mariani, M.; Zannoni, G. F.; Sioletic, S.; Sieber, S.; Martino, C.; Martinelli, E.; Coco, C.; Scambia, G.; Shahabi, S.; Ferlini, C. Gender influences the Class III and V β-tubulin ability to predict poor outcome in colorectal cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 2012, 18, 2964-2975.
157. Butler, R.; Leigh, P. N.; Gallo, J. M. Androgen-induced upregulation of tubulin isoforms in neuroblastoma cells. J. Neurochem. 2001, 78, 854-861.
158. Shiota, M.; Yokomizo, A.; Naito, S. Oxidative stress and androgen receptor signaling in the development and progression of castration-resistant prostate cancer. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2011, 51, 1320-1328.
159. Shiota, M.; Song, Y.; Takeuchi, A.; Yokomizo, A.; Kashiwagi, E.; Kuroiwa, K.; Tatsugami, K.; Uchiumi, T.; Oda, Y.; Naito, S. Antioxidant therapy alleviates oxidative stress by androgen deprivation and prevents conversion from androgen dependent to castration resistant prostate cancer. J. Urol. 2012, 187, 707-714.
160. Roh, M.; van der Meer, R.; Abdulkadir, S. A. Tumorigenic polyploid cells contain elevated ROS and ARE selectively targeted by antioxidant treatment. J. Cell. Physiol. 2012, 227, 801-812.
161. Loriot, Y.; Massard, C.; Albiges, L.; Di Palma M.; Blanchard, P.; Bossi, A.; Chauchereau, A.; Escudier, B. J.; Fizazi, K. Personalizing treatment in patients with castrate-resistant prostate cancer: a study of predictive factors for secondary endocrine therapies activity. ASCO Genitourinary Cancers Symposium 2012, abstract 213.
162. Efstathiou, E.; Titus, M.; Tsavachidou, D.; Tzelepi, V.; Wen, S.; Hoang, A.; Molina, A.; Chieffo, N.; Smith, L. A.; Karlou, M.; Troncoso, P.; Logothetis, C. J. Effects of abiraterone acetate on androgen signaling in castrate-resistant prostate cancer in bone. J. Clin. Oncol. 2012, 30, 637-643.
163. Chen, C. D.; Sawyers, C. L. NF-κ B activates prostate-specific antigen expression and is upregulated in androgen-independent prostate cancer. Mol. Cell. Biol. 2002, 22, 2862-2870.
164. Muir, G. H.; Butta, A.; Shearer, R. J.; Fisher, C.; Dearnaley, D. P.; Flanders, K. C.; Sporn, M. B.; Colletta, A. A. Induction of transforming growth factor β in hormonally treated human prostate cancer. Br. J. Cancer 1994, 69, 130-134.
165. Sircar, K.; Yoshimoto, M.; Monzon, F. A.; Koumakpayi, I. H.; Katz, R. L.; Khanna, A.; Alvarez, K.; Chen, G.; Darnel, A. D.; Aprikian, A. G.; Saad, F.; Bismar, T. A.; Squire, J. A. PTEN genomic deletion is associated with p-Akt and AR signalling in poorer outcome, hormone refractory prostate cancer. J. Pathol. 2009, 218, 505-513.
166. Colabufo, N. A.; Pagliarulo, V.; Berardi, F.; Contino, M.; Inglese, C.; Niso, M.; Ancona, P.; Albo, G.; Pagliarulo, A.; Perrone, R. Bicalutamide failure in prostate cancer treatment: involvement of Multi Drug Resistance proteins. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2008, 601, 38-42
167. Rocchi, P.; Beraldi, E.; Ettinger, S.; Fazli, L.; Vessella, R. L.; Nelson, C.; Gleave, M. Increased Hsp27 after androgen ablation facilitates androgen-independent progression in prostate cancer via signal transducers and activators of transcription 3-mediated suppression of apoptosis. Cancer Res. 2005, 65, 11083-11093.
168. Zhang, L.; Altuwaijri, S.; Deng, F.; Chen, L.; Lal, P.; Bhanot, U. K.; Korets, R.; Wenske, S.; Lilja, H. G.; Chang, C.; Scher, H. I.; Gerald, W. L. NF-κB regulates androgen receptor expression and prostate cancer growth. Am. J. Pathol. 2009, 175, 489-499.
169. Li, B.; Sun, A.; Youn, H.; Hong, Y.; Terranova, P. F.; Thrasher, J. B.; Xu, P.; Spencer, D. Conditional Akt activation promotes androgen-independent progression of prostate cancer. Carcinogenesis 2007, 28, 572-583.
170. Dong, C.; Li, Z.; Alvarez, R. Jr.; Feng, X. H.; Goldschmidt- Clermont P. J. Microtubule binding to Smads may regulate TGF β activity. Mol. Cell 2000, 5, 27-34.
171. Chung, E. J.; Chun, J. N.; Jung, S. A.; Cho, J. W.; Lee, J. H. TGF- β-stimulated aberrant expression of class III β-tubulin via the ERK signaling pathway in cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2011, 415, 367-72.
172. Di, K.; Wong, Y. C.; Wang, X. Id-1 promotes TGF-β1-induced cell motility through HSP27 activation and disassembly of adherens junction in prostate epithelial cells. Exp. Cell Res. 2007, 313, 3983-3999.
173. Gallogly, M. M.; Shelton, M. D.; Qanungo, S.; Pai, H. V.; Starke, D. W.; Hoppel, C. L.; Lesnefsky, E. J.; Mieyal, J. J. Glutaredoxin regulates apoptosis in cardiomyocytes via NFκB targets Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL: implications for cardiac aging. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 2010, 12, 1339-1353.
174. Tantivejkul, K.; Loberg, R. D.; Mawocha, S. C.; Day, L. L.; John, L. S.; Pienta, B. A.; Rubin, M. A.; Pienta, K. J. PAR1-mediated NFκB activation promotes survival of prostate cancer cells through a Bcl-xL-dependent mechanism. J. Cell. Biochem. 2005, 96, 641-652.
175. Guo, K.; Kang, N. X.; Li, Y.; Sun, L.; Gan, L.; Cui, F. J.; Gao, M. D.; Liu, K. Y. Regulation of HSP27 on NF-κB pathway activation may be involved in metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma cells apoptosis. BMC Cancer 2009, 9, 100.
176. Kanagasabai, R.; Karthikeyan, K.; Vedam, K.; Qien, W.; Zhu, Q.; Ilangovan, G. Hsp27 protects adenocarcinoma cells from UVinduced apoptosis by Akt and p21-dependent pathways of survival. Mol. Cancer Res. 2010, 8, 1399-1412.
177. Asakuno, K.; Kohno, K.; Uchiumi, T.; Kubo, T.; Sato, S.; Isono, M.; Kuwano, M. Involvement of a DNA binding protein, MDRNF1/ YB-1, in human MDR1 gene expression by actinomycin D. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1994, 199, 1428-1435.
178. Gustin, J. A.; Maehama, T.; Dixon, J. E.; Donner, D. B. The PTEN tumor suppressor protein inhibits tumor necrosis factor-induced nuclear factor κ B activity. J. Biol. Chem. 2001, 276, 27740-27744.
179. Nimmanapalli, R.; O'Bryan, E.; Kuhn, D.; Yamaguchi, H.; Wang, H. G.; Bhalla, K. N. Regulation of 17-AAG-induced apoptosis: role of Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, and Bax downstream of 17-AAG-mediated down-regulation of Akt, Raf-1, and Src kinases. Blood 2003, 102, 269-275.
180. Levallet, G.; Bergot, E.; Antoine, M.; Creveuil, C.; Santos, A. O.; Beau-Faller, M.; de Fraipont, F.; Brambilla, E.; Levallet, J.; Morin, F.; Westeel, V.; Wislez, M.; Quoix, E.; Debieuvre, D.; Dubois, F.; Rouquette, I.; Pujol, J. L.; Moro-Sibilot, D.; Camonis, J.; Zalcman G., Intergroupe Francophone de Cancérologie Thoracique (IFCT). High TUBB3 expression, an independent prognostic marker in patients with early non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) treated by preoperative chemotherapy, is regulated by K-Ras signaling pathway. Mol. Cancer Ther. 2012, 11, 1203-1213.