Toxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids to humans and ruminants

Phytochemistry Reviews

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 137-151

  Wiedenfeld, Helmut ^a   Edgar, John ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BONN   (Germany)

^b CSIRO   (Australia)

Author keywords

Detoxication; Metabolic toxification; Poisoning in humans; Poisoning in ruminants

Indexed keywords

PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOID;

AGE; ANIMAL FOOD; ARTICLE; BOVIDS; CARCINOGENIC ACTIVITY; CHEMICAL STRUCTURE; CONCENTRATION RESPONSE; DETOXIFICATION; EXPOSURE; FATALITY; FOOD CONTAMINATION; GRAZING; HUMAN; INTOXICATION; LETHAL DOSE; LIVESTOCK; MEDICINAL PLANT; MOLECULAR MODEL; NONHUMAN; POISONOUS PLANT; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEX DIFFERENCE; SPECIES DIFFERENCE; STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATION; TOXICITY TESTING; TOXICOKINETICS;

EID: 79952020241     PISSN: 15687767     EISSN: 1572980X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11101-010-9174-0     Document Type: Article

References (128)

1. H Abu Damir SEI Adam G Tartour 1982 The effects of Heliotropium ovalifolium on goats and sheep Br Vet J 138 463 472 6891280 1:STN:280: DyaL3s7gt1aktQ%3D%3D
2. M Al-Hasany AS Mohamed 1970 Veno-occlusive of the liver in Iraq Arch Dis Childhood 45 722 724 1:STN:280:DyaE3M%2FivVOqug%3D%3D
3. JR Allen I-C Hsu LA Carstens 1975 Dehydroretronecine induced rhabdomyosarcomas in rats Cancer Res 35 997 1002 1116156 1:CAS:528: DyaE2MXksFCgsLo%3D
4. ANZFA (2001) Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food. A toxicological review and risk assessment. Technical report series no. 2. ANZFA, Canberra
5. DC Baker JA Pfister RJ Molyneux P Kechele 1991 Cynoglossum officinale toxicity in calves J Comp Path 104 403 409 1678752 1:STN:280: DyaK3MzktFWitg%3D%3D
6. KA Beales K Betteridge SM Colegate JA Edgar 2004 Solid phase extraction and LCMS analysis of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in honeys J Agric Food Chem 52 6664 6672 15479038 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXns1WjurY%3D
7. K Betteridge Y Cao SM Colegate 2005 An improved method for extraction and LCMS analysis of pyrrolizidine alkaloids and their N-oxides in honey: application to Echium vulgare honeys J Agric Food Chem 53 1894 1902 15769110 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhsVals7o%3D (Pubitemid 40395751)
8. M Boppré SM Colegate JA Edgar 2005 Pyrrolizidine alkaloids of Echium vulgare honey found in pure pollen J Agric Food Chem 53 594 600 15686407 (Pubitemid 40194378)
9. GV Bourkser 1947 On the question of the aetiology and pathogenesis of toxic hepatitis with ascites (heliotrope toxicosis) Hyg Sanit 6 24 26
10. G Bras SEH Brooks DC Watler 1961 Cirrhosis of liver in Jamaica J Pathol Bacteriol 82 503 511 13872533 1:STN:280:DyaF38%2Fhtlyiug%3D%3D
11. SEH Brooks CG Miller K McKenzie JJ Audretsch G Bras 1970 Acute veno-occlusive disease of the liver Arch Path 89 507 520 5445329 1:STN:280:DyaE3c7osleiuw%3D%3D
12. Bull LB, Culvenor CCJ, Dick AT (1968) The pyrrolizidine alkaloids. North Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam
13. Bundesamt für Risiokobewertung (2007a) Salatmischung mit Pyrrolizidinalkaloid-haltigem Greiskraut verunreinigt; Stellungnahme Nr.028/2007 des BfR vom 10. Januar 2007
14. Bundesamt für Risiokobewertung (2007b) Nulltoleranzen in Lebens- und Futtermitteln-Positionspapier des BFR vom 12.März 2007, Berlin, Germany
15. Bundesanzeiger (1992) June 17, 4805 (cited by: Dtsch. Apoth. Ztg., 132, 1406-1408)
16. Bundesgesetzblatt (1994) Verordnung des Bundesministers für Gesundheit und öffentlicher Dienst vom 5. Mai 1989 betreffend Arzneimittel, die nicht in Verkehr gebracht werden dürfen. 555/1994 Wien, Österreich
17. U Candrian J Lüthy U Graf CH Schlatter 1984 Mutagenic activity of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids seneciphylline and senkirkine in Drosophila and their transfer into rat milk Food Chem Toxicol 22 223 225 6423472 1:CAS:528:DyaL2cXktlCgsb0%3D (Pubitemid 14161683)
18. P Chauvin J-C Dillon A Moreu S Talbak S Barakaev 1993 Heliotrope poisoning in Tadjikistan Lancet 341 1633
19. P Chauvin J-C Dillon A Moren 1994 Épidémie d' intoxication alimentaire á l' héliotrope, Tadjikistan, Novembre 1992-Mars 1993 Cahiers Santé 4 263 268 7921699 1:STN:280:DyaK2M%2FgsF2gtQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 24292145)
20. PR Cheeke GR Gorman 1974 Influence of dietary protein and sulphur amino-acid levels on the toxicity of Senecio jacobaea (tansy ragwort) to rats Nutr Rep Int 9 197 207 1:CAS:528:DyaE2cXktlCht78%3D
21. MW Chou YP Wang J Yan YC Yang RD Berger LD Williams DR Doerge PP Fu 2003 Riddelliine N-oxide is a phytochemical and mammalian metabolite with genotoxic activity that is comparable to the parent pyrrolizidine alkaloid riddelliine Toxicol Lett 145 239 247 14580895 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXot1Kjtb0%3D (Pubitemid 37324609)
22. RA Coulombe GL Drew FR Stermitz 1999 Pyrrolizidine alkaloids crosslink DNA with actin Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 154 198 202 9925804 1:CAS:528: DyaK1MXhsVSnsL8%3D (Pubitemid 29072502)
23. AM Craig LL Blythe ED Lassen ML Slizeski 1986 Resitance of sheep to pyrrolizidine alkaloids Isr J Vet Med 42 376 384
24. CCJ Culvenor DT Downing JA Edgar MV Jago 1969 Pyrrolizidine alkaloids as alkylating and antimitotic agents NY Acad Sci 163 837 847 1:CAS:528: DyaE3cXks1Clt7o%3D
25. CCJ Culvenor JA Edgar LW Smith HJ Tweeddale 1970 Dihydropyrrolizines. III. Preparation and reactions of derivatives related to pyrrolizidine alkaloids Aust J Chem 23 1853 1867 1:CAS:528:DyaE3cXkvF2jtbo%3D
26. CCJ Culvenor JA Edgar LW Smith MV Jago JE Peterson 1971 Active metabolites in the chronic hepatotoxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids, including otonecine esters Nature New Biol 229 255 256 5279802 1:CAS:528: DyaE3MXktFOqu78%3D
27. CCJ Culvenor JA Edgar MV Jago A Outteridge JE Peterson LW Smith 1976 Hepato- and pneumotoxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids and derivatives in relation to molecular structure Chem Biol Interact 12 299 324 1253333 1:CAS:528:DyaE28XltVCqu7g%3D
28. CCJ Culvenor JA Edgar LW Smith 1981 Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in honey from Echium plantagineum L J Agric Food Chem 29 958 960 7310004 1:CAS:528: DyaL3MXltFemtbY%3D
29. CCJ Culvenor MV Jago JE Peterson LW Smith AL Payne DG Campbell LA Edgar JL Frahn 1984 Toxicity of Echium plantagineum (Paterson's Curse). I marginal toxic effects in merini wethers from long-term Feeding Aust J Agric Res 35 293 304 1:CAS:528:DyaL2cXkslWhsr4%3D
30. CCJ Culvenor JA Edgar LW Smith CR Kumana HJ Lin 1986 Heliotropium lasiocarpum Fisch and Mey identified as cause of veno-occlusive disease due to a herbal tea Lancet 1 978 2871276 1:STN:280:DyaL283gt1ajtQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 16143106)
31. CC Curtain JA Edgar 1976 The binding of dehydroheliotridine to DNA and the effect of it and other compounds on repair synthesis in main and satellite band DNA Chem Biol Interact 13 243 256 1269045 1:CAS:528:DyaE28Xkt1yms70%3D
32. DV Datta MS Khuroo AR Mattocks BK Aikat PN Chhuttani 1978 Herbal medicines and veno-occlusive disease in India Postgrad Med J 54 511 515 733681 1:STN:280:DyaE1M%2FpsF2huw%3D%3D (Pubitemid 9043792)
33. Deinzer ML, Thomson PA, Burgett DM, Isaacson DL (1977) Pyrrolizidine alkaloids: their occurrence in honey from tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L.). Science 195:497-499
34. JO Dickinson 1980 Release of pyrrolizidine alkaloids into milk Proc West Pharmacol Soc 23 377 379 7403158 1:STN:280:DyaL3c3ls1Kksg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 10028534)
35. JO Dickinson MP Cooke RR King PA Mohamed 1976 Milk transfer of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in cattle J Am Vet Med Assoc 169 1192 1196 1002587 1:CAS:528:DyaE2sXjvVeqtQ%3D%3D
36. D Driemeier CSL Barros 1992 Intoxicação Experimental por Senecio oxyphyllus (Compositae) em Bovinos Pesq Vet Bras 12 33 42
37. Druckrey H (1965) Ein karzinogenes Lebergift in der Nahrung der Bantus. Med Klin 60:1558
38. Edgar JA, Smith LW (1999) Transfer of pyrrolizidine alkaloids into eggs: food safety implications. In: Tu AT, Gaffield W (eds) Natural and selected synthetic toxins biological implications, chap. 8. ACS symposium series 745. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, pp 118-128 (Pubitemid 129563344)
39. JA Edgar E Roeder RJ Molyneux 2002 Honey from plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids: a potential threat to health J Agric Food Chem 50 2719 2730 11982390 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XisF2nsbs%3D (Pubitemid 34493576)
40. EFSA 2007 Opinion of the scientific panel on contaminants in the food chain of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) on a request from the European Commission related to pyrrolizidine alkaloids as undesirable substances in animal feed EFSA J 447 1 51
41. FDA (2001) FDA advises dietary supplement manufacturers to remove comfrey products from the market
42. I Freiman A Schmaman R Zamit M Appleberg 1968 Veno-occlusive disease of the liver-some new aspects S Afr Med J 42 126 129 5645362 1:STN:280: DyaF1c7psF2htg%3D%3D
43. PP Fu Q Xia G Lin MW Chou 2002 Genotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids mechanisms leading to DNA adduct formation and tumorigenicity Int J Mol Sci 3 948 964 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXhtFGksbY%3D (Pubitemid 38977654)
44. PP Fu Q Xia G Lin 2004 Pyrrolizidine alkaloids-genotoxicity, metabolism enzymes, metabolic activation, and mechanism Drug Metabol Revs 36 1 55 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhsl2nsbo%3D (Pubitemid 38387834)
45. Gilruth JA (1903) Hepatic cirrhosis affecting horses and cattle (so-called "Winton disease"). New Zealand Department of Agriculture, 11th annual report. pp 228-279
46. JA Gilruth 1904 Hepatic cirrhosis due to ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) Div Vet Sci New Zealand Dept Agric Bull 9 252 254
47. DE Goeger PR Cheeke JA Schmitz DR Buhler 1982 Toxicity of tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) to goats Am J Vet Res 43 252 254 7091827 1:STN:280: DyaL383ivVyrsA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 12143946)
48. PJ Grases SG Beker 1972 Veno-occlusive disease of the liver-a case from Venezuela Am J Med 53 511 516 5076625 1:STN:280:DyaE3s%2FhsFCltA%3D%3D
49. JR Hincks HY Kim HJ Segal RJ Molyneux FR Stermitz RA Coulombe 1991 DNA cross-linking in mammalian cells by pyrrolizidine alkaloids: structure-activity relationships Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 111 90 98 1949039 1:CAS:528:DyaK38XitVyq
50. C Hippchen R Entzeroth E Roeder E Greuel 1986 Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Lebertoxizität von Senecioalkaloiden aus Senecio vernalis an Ziegen Der Praktische Tierarzt 67 322 324
51. JG Hou YT Xia CS Yu Y An YH Tang 1980 Veno-occlusive disease of the liver-with two fatal cases Zhongua Neike Zazhi 19 187 191 1:STN:280: DyaL3M7osl2gsA%3D%3D
52. Huxtable RJ (1989) Human health implications of pyrrolizidine alkaloids and herbs containing them. In: Cheeke PR (ed) Toxicants of plant origin, vol 1. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 42-86
53. International Programme on Chemical Safety (IPCS) (1988) Pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Environmental health criteria 80. WHO, Geneva
54. International Programme on Chemical Safety.(IPCS) (1989) Pyrrolizidine alkaloids health and safety guide. Health and safety guide no. 26. WHO, Geneva
55. MV Jago JA Edgar LW Smith CCJ Culvenor 1970 Metabolic conversion of heliotrine based pyrrolizidine alkaloids to dehydroheliotridine Mol Pharmacol 6 402 406 5429283 1:CAS:528:DyaE3cXkslGhtrY%3D
56. WD Johnson KA Robertson JG Pounds JR Allen 1978 Dehydroretronecine- induced skin tumours in mice J Natl Cancer Inst 61 85 89 276619 1:CAS:528:DyaE1cXlslCktbs%3D
57. AE Johnson RJ Molyneux LD Stuart 1985 Toxicity of Riddell's groundsel (Senecio riddellii) to cattle Am J Vet Res 46 577 582 3994126 1:STN:280:DyaL2M7pslWitA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 15147771)
58. H-Y Kim FR Stermitz RA Coulombe 1995 Pyrrolizidine alkaloid-induced DNA-protein cross-links Carcinogenesis 16 2691 2697 7586188 1:CAS:528: DyaK2MXpslCns70%3D
59. H-Y Kim FR Stermitz JK Li RA Coulombe 1999 Comparative DNA cross-linking by activated pyrrolizidine alkaloids Food Chem Toxicol 37 619 625 10478830 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXmtVWgsLc%3D (Pubitemid 29438562)
60. KAVR Krishnamachari RV Bhat D Krishnamurthi K Krishnaswamy V Nagarajan 1977 Aethiopathogenesis of endemic ascites in Surguja district of Madhya Pradesh Indian J Med Res 65 672 678 924564 1:STN:280:DyaE1c%2FksFSqtA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 8211708)
61. GW Lanigan 1971 Metabolism of pyrrolizidine alklaoids in the ovine rumen. III The competetive relationship between heliotrine metabolism and methanogenesis in rumen fluid in vitro Aust J Agric Res 22 123 130 1:CAS:528:DyaE3MXosV2isw%3D%3D
62. GW Lanigan LW Smith 1970 Metabolism of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the ovine rumen Aust J Agric Res 21 493 500 1:CAS:528:DyaE3cXkvVKjt7g%3D
63. 1 and vocal hepatitis on marmoset liver: a preliminary report Lab Invest 30 267 278 4206359 1:CAS:528:DyaE2cXktlChsb0%3D
64. G Lin Y Cui EM Hawes 1998 Microsomal formation of a pyrrolic alcohol glutathione conjugate of Clivorine firm evidence for the formation of a pyrrolic metabolite of an otonecine-type pyrrolizidine alkaloids Drug Metabol Disposit 26 181 184 1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXht12is7Y%3D (Pubitemid 28104087)
65. G Lin Y Cui EM Hawes 2000 Characterization of rat liver microsomal metabolites of clivorine, an hepatotoxic otonecine-type pyrrolizidine alkaloid Drug Metabol Dispos 28 1475 1483 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXos1Srs7w%3D
66. 3H] pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Senecio vulgaris L. and metabolites into rat milk and tissues Toxicol Lett 17 283 288 6623523 (Pubitemid 13073406)
67. CL Lyford GG Vergara DD Moeller 1976 Hepatic Veno-occlusive disease originating in ecuador Gastroenterology 70 105 108 1245269 1:STN:280: DyaE28%2Fpt12ksw%3D%3D
68. A Macksad R Schoental A Coady 1970 The hepatotoxic action of a traditionl bedu plant remedy "Ramram" J Kwt Med Assoc 4 297 299
69. Margalith D, Heraief C, Schindler AM, Birchler R, Mosimann F, Aladjem D, Gonvers JJ (1985) Veno-occlusive disease of the liver due to the se of tea made from Senecio plants. J Hepatol 1(Suppl):280
70. AR Mattocks 1968 Toxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids Nature (London) 217 723 728 1:CAS:528:DyaF1cXosFOqtA%3D%3D
71. AR Mattocks 1972 Acute hepatotoxicity and pyrrolic metabolites in rats dosed with pyrrolizidine alkaloids Chem Biol Interact 5 227 242 5075756 1:CAS:528:DyaE3sXltlGltQ%3D%3D
72. Mattocks AR (1986) Chemistry and toxicology of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Academic Express, London
73. AR Mattocks JRP Cabral 1982 Carcinogenicity of some pyrrolizidine alkaloid metabolites and analogues Cancer Lett 17 61 66 6817913 1:CAS:528:DyaL3sXhsVyg (Pubitemid 13197835)
74. AR Mattocks INH White 1971 Pyrrolic metabolites from non-toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids Nat New Biol 231 114 115 5281186 1:CAS:528: DyaE3MXks1WltLY%3D
75. AR Mattocks INH White 1971 The conversion of pyrrolizidine alkaloids to dihydropyrrolizine derivatives by rat-liver microsomes in vitro Chem Biol Interact 3 383 396 4400405 1:CAS:528:DyaE3MXltVOrsbs%3D
76. F Mayer J Lüthy 1993 Heliotrope poisoning in Tadjikistan Lancet 342 246 247 8100971 1:STN:280:DyaK3szhs1Omug%3D%3D
77. JOD McGee RS Patrick CB Wood LH Blumgart 1976 A case of veno-occlusive disease of theliver in Britain associated with herbal tea consumption J Clin Path 29 788 794 977780 1:STN:280:DyaE2s%2FivFejuw%3D%3D
78. EK McLean 1970 The toxic actions of pyrrolizidine (Senecio) alkaloids Pharmacol Rev 22 429 483 4921839 1:CAS:528:DyaE3MXnsVCjsQ%3D%3D
79. B Mes A Sei O OH 1984 Effects of Crotalaria saltiana on Nubian goats Vet Hum Toxicol 26 476 480 (Pubitemid 15195525)
80. Milenkov SM, Kizhaikin Y (1952) Toxic hepatitis with ascites. In: Proceedings of symposium on V. M. Molotov medical institute, Tashkent
81. CL Miranda W Chung RE Reed X Zhao MC Henderson JL Wang DE Williams DR Buhler 1991 Flavin-containing monooxygenase: a major detoxifying enzyme for the pyrrolizidine alkaloid senecionine in guinea pig tissues Biochem Biophys Res Commun 178 546 552 1907134 1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXlslKrur0%3D
82. Mohabbat O, Srivastava RN, Younos MS, Sediq GG, Menzad AA, Aram GN (1976) An outbreak of hepatic veno-occlusive disease in north-western Afghanistan. Lancet 308:269-271
83. RJ Molyneux LF James 1990 Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in milk: thresholds of intoxication Vet Hum Toxicol 32 S94 S103
84. RJ Molyneux AE Johnson LD Stuart 1988 Delayed manifestation of Senecio-induced pyrrolizidine-alkaloidosis in cattle: case reports Vet Hum Toxicol 30 201 205 3388746 1:STN:280:DyaL1c3msFyjtg%3D%3D
85. RJ Molyneux AE Johnson JD Olsen DC Baker 1991 Toxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Ridell groundsel (Senecio riddellii) to cattle Am J Vet Res 52 146 151 2021243 1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXhsl2rt7c%3D
86. Mortimer PH, White EP (1975) Toxicity of some composite (Senecio) weeds. In: Proceedings of 28th N.Z. weed and pest control, pp 88-91
87. 1 in liver carcinogenesis Plant Food Man 1 23 31
88. L Nigra RJ Huxtable 1992 Hepatic glutathione concentrations and the release of pyrrolic metabolites of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid, monocrotaline, from the isolated perfused liver Toxicon 30 1195 1202 1440625 1:CAS:528:DyaK38Xmt1yisbo%3D
89. A Ortiz Cansado E Crespo Valadés P Morales Blanco J Sáenz de Santamaria JM Gonzales Campillejo T Ruiz Téllez 1995 Enfermedad venooclusiva hepatica por ingestíon de infusions de Senecio vulgaris Gastroenterol Hepat (Barcelona) 18 413 416 1:STN:280:DyaK28%2FlvVyqtQ%3D%3D
90. TN Pereira RL Webb PE Reilly AA Seawright AS Prakash 1998 Dehydromonocrotaline generates sequence-selective N-7 gyanine alkylation and heat and alkali stable multiple fragment DNA crosslinks Nucleic Acids Res 26 5441 5447 9826770 1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXis1Kntg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 28542746)
91. Peterson JE, Culvenor CCJ (1983) Plant and fungal toxins. In: Keeler RF, Tu AT (ed) Handbook of natural toxins, vol 1. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 637-681
92. JE Peterson MV Jago 1980 Comparison of the toxic effects of dehydroheliotridine and heliotrine in pregnant rats and their embryos J Pathol 131 339 355 7431152 1:CAS:528:DyaL3cXmtlajsrY%3D (Pubitemid 10087344)
93. JE Peterson A Samuel MV Jago 1972 Pathological effects of dehydroheliotridine, a metabolite of heliotridine-based pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the young rat J Pathol 107 107 189
94. G Powis MM Ames JS Kovach 1979 Metabolic conversion of indicine-N-oxide to indicine in rabbits and humans Cancer Res 39 3564 3570 476682 1:CAS:528:DyaE1MXlvVKgur0%3D (Pubitemid 10220160)
95. AR Prakash TN Pereira PEB Reilly AA Seawright 1999 Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in human diet Mutation Res 443 53 67 10415431 1:CAS:528: DyaK1MXls1Olt7Y%3D (Pubitemid 29327266)
96. R Rasenack C Müller M Kleinschmidt J Rasenack H Wiedenfeld 2003 Veno-occlusive disease in a foetus caused by pyrrolizidine alkaloids of food origin Fetal Diagn Ther 18 223 225 12835579 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3szgslansQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 36831168)
97. RL Reed CL Miranda B Kedzierski MC Henderson DR Buhler 1992 Microsomal formation of a pyrrolic alcohol glutathione conjugate of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid senecionine Xenobiotica 1 1321 1327
98. PM Ridker S Ohkuma WV McDermott C Trey RJ Huxtable 1985 Hepatic veno-occlusive disease associated with consumption of pyrrolizidine alkaloid containing dietary supplements Gastroenterology 88 1050 1054 3972224 1:STN:280:DyaL2M7ivVaqug%3D%3D (Pubitemid 15105901)
99. 2 in deoxyguanosine by dehydroretronecine, a carcinogenic metabolite of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid monocrotaline Cancer Res 42 8 14 6797726 1:CAS:528:DyaL38XitFahtr4%3D (Pubitemid 12207238)
100. E Roeder 1995 Medicinal plants in Europe containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids Pharmazie 50 83 98 7700976 1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXks12gs70%3D
101. E Roeder 2000 Medicinal plants in China containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids Pharmazie 55 711 726 11082830 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXnsFygtrY%3D
102. M Roulet R Laurini L Rivier A Calarme 1988 Hepatic veno-occlusive disease in newborn infant of a woman drinking herbal tea J Pediatr 112 433 436 3346784 1:STN:280:DyaL1c7lsFWltg%3D%3D (Pubitemid 18079831)
103. MM Saint-Aimé C Ponsar C Lacombe W Lacombe 1977 Maladie veino-occlusive du Foie chez L'Enfant martiniquais Bordeaux Médical 10 665 670
104. R Schoental 1959 The chemical aspects of seneciosis Proc Roy Soc Med 53 284 288
105. R Schoental 1972 The hepathotoxic and carcinogenic effects of some East African plants Bull Epizoot Dis Afr 20 301 302 4666762 1:STN:280: DyaE3s3lt1Sktw%3D%3D
106. RC Shumaker KA Robertson IC Hsu JR Allen 1976 Neoplastic transformation in tissues of rats exposed to monocrotaline or dehydroretronecine J Natl Cancer Inst 56 787 789 176409 1:CAS:528:DyaE28Xkt12gsLY%3D
107. LW Smith CCJ Culvenor 1981 Plant sources of hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids J Nat Prod 44 129 152 7017073 1:CAS:528:DyaL3MXhsFensr8%3D (Pubitemid 11085182)
108. W Sperl H Stuppner I Gassner W Judmaier O Dietze W Vogel 1995 Reversible hepatic veno-occlusive disease in an infant after consumption of pyrrolizidine-containing herbal tea Eur J Pedriatr 154 112 116 1:STN:280:DyaK2M3jslagsw%3D%3D
109. Staatsblaad 2001 Besluit van 19 januari 2001, houdende vaststelling van het Warenwetbesluit Kruidenpreparaten Staatsblad van het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden 56 1 12
110. BL Stegelmeier JA Edgar M Steven SM Colegate DR Gardner TK Schoch RA Coulombe Jr 1999 Pyrrolizidine alkaloids plants, metabolism, toxicity J Nat Toxins 8 5 116
111. DG Steyn 1933 Poisoning of human beings by weeds contained in cereals (bread poisoning). Onderstepoort J Vet Sci Anim Ind 1 219 266 1:CAS:528:DyaA2cXitVWlsQ%3D%3D
112. AE Stillman RJ Huxtable DW Fox MC Hart PS Bergeson JM Counts 1977 Poisoning associated with herbal teas-Arizona, Washington Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 26 257 259
113. Tandon HD, Tandon BN (1975) Epidemic of liver disease-Gulran District, Herat Province, Afghanistan, Alexandria, World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean (Assignment report No. EM/AFG/OCD/001/RB)
114. Tandon BN, Tandon RK, Tandon HD, Narndranathan M, Joshi JK (1976) An epidemic veno-occlusive disease of liver in central India. Lancet 271-272
115. M Tomioka F Calvo A Siguas L Sanchez E Nava U Garcia M Valdivia E Reategui 1995 Enfermedad hepatica veno-oclusiva asociada a l ingestion de humanrripa (Senecio tephrosioides) Rev Gastroenterol Peru 15 299 302 8580460 1:STN:280:DyaK287ltFOksw%3D%3D
116. B Tuchweber K Kovacs MV Jago T Beaulieu 1974 Effect of steroidal and nonsteroidal microsomal enzyme inducers on the hepatotoxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in rats Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 7 459 480 4818386 1:CAS:528:DyaE2cXktlChsbo%3D
117. JH Vilar M Garcia P Cabrera 2000 Enfermedad venooclusiva hepática de causa Tóxica por Senecio vulgaris Gastroenterol Hepatol 23 285 286 15324624 1:STN:280:DC%2BD2cvhvFWhsA%3D%3D (Pubitemid 30489484)
118. X Wang J Yan PP Fu MW Chou 2005 Metabolic activation of the tumorigenic pyrrolizidine alkaloid, retrorsine, leading to DNA adduct formation in vivo Int J Environ Res Public Health 2 74 79 16705803 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXntFGhsL4%3D (Pubitemid 40965102)
119. Y-P Wang J Yan RD Beger PP Fu MW Chou 2005 Metabolic activation of the tumorigenic pyrrolizidine alkaloid, monocrotaline, leading to DNA adduct formation in vivo Cancer Lett 226 27 35 16004930 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXlvFeitLY%3D (Pubitemid 40943427)
120. Y-P Wang J Yan PP Fu MW Chou 2005 Human liver microsomal reduction of pyrrolizidine alkaloid N-oxides to form the corresponding carcinogenic parent alkaloid Toxicol Lett 155 411 420 15649625 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXkslyksQ%3D%3D (Pubitemid 40093004)
121. Weston CFM, Cooper BT, Davies JD, Levine DF (1987) Veno-occlusive disease of the liver secondary to ingestion of comfrey. Brit Med J 295:183 (Pubitemid 17101024)
122. INH White AR Mattocks WH Butler 1973 The conversion of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid retrorsine to pyrrolic derivatives in vivo and in vitro and its acute toxicity to various animal species Chem Biol Interact 6 207 218 4704120 1:CAS:528:DyaE3sXksV2lsro%3D
123. DE Williams RL Reed B Kedziersk GA Dannan FP Guengerich DR Buhler 1989 Bioactivation and detoxication of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid senecionine by cytochrome P-450 enzymes in rat liver Drug Metab Dispos 17 387 392 2571477 1:CAS:528:DyaL1MXlt1ymt78%3D (Pubitemid 19206579)
124. Willmott FC, Robertson GW (1920) Senecio disease or cirrhosis of the liver due to Senecio poisoning. Lancet 196:848-849
125. Q Xia MW Chou FF Kadlubar P-C Chan PP Fu 2003 Human liver microsomal metabolism and DNA adduct formation of the tumorigenic pyrrolizidine alkaloid, riddelliine Chem Res Toxicol 16 66 73 12693032 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XptlWqsro%3D (Pubitemid 36139412)
126. Q Xia MW Chou JA Edgar DR Doerge PP Fu 2006 Formation of DHP-derived DNA adducts from metabolic activation of the prototype heliotridine-type pyrrolizidine alkaloid, lasiocarpine Cancer Lett 231 138 145 16356839 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXhtlaitbbK (Pubitemid 41779462)
127. J Yan J Nichols Y-C Yang PP Fu 2002 Detection of riddelliine-derived DNA adducts in blood of rats fed riddelliine Int J Mol Sci 3 1019 1026 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXhtFGktLk%3D (Pubitemid 38977659)
128. SB Yee S Kinser DA Hill CC Barton JA Hotchkiss JR Harkema PE Ganey RA Roth 2000 Synergistic hepatotoxicity from coexposure to bacterial endotoxin and the pyrrolizidine alkaloid monocrotaline Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 166 173 185 10906281 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXkvFKqsb4%3D (Pubitemid 30640628)