메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 13, Issue 7-8, 2010, Pages 509-526

Metabolism, genotoxicity, annd carcinogenicity of comfrey

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

6,7 DIHYDRO 7 HYDROXY 1 HYDROXYMETHYL 5H PYRROLIZINE; 7 ACETYLLYCOPSAMINE; ACETYLINTERMEDIN; CARCINOGEN; COMFREY EXTRACT; ECHIMIDINE; INTERMEDINE; LASIOCARPINE; LYCOPSAMINE; MUTAGENIC AGENT; MYOSCORPINE; PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOID; PYRROLIZINE DERIVATIVE; SYMLANDINE; SYMPHYTINE; SYMVIRIDINE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; PLANT MEDICINAL PRODUCT;

EID: 78650478663     PISSN: 10937404     EISSN: 15216950     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2010.509013     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (77)

References (88)
  • 1
    • 0024239892 scopus 로고
    • Comfrey: Assessing the low-dose health risk
    • Abbott, P. J. 1988. Comfrey: Assessing the low-dose health risk. Med. J. Aust. 149:678-682.
    • (1988) Med. J. Aust. , vol.149 , pp. 678-682
    • Abbott, P.J.1
  • 2
    • 16644372170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Investigation of pyrrolizidine alkaloids and their N-oxides in commercial comfrey-containing products and botanical materials by liquid chromatography electrospray ion-ization mass spectrometry
    • Altamirano, J.C., Gratz, S.R., and Wolnik, K.A. 2005. Investigation of pyrrolizidine alkaloids and their N-oxides in commercial comfrey-containing products and botanical materials by liquid chromatography electrospray ion-ization mass spectrometry. J. Am. Off. Assoc. Chem. Int. 88:406-412.
    • (2005) J. Am. Off. Assoc. Chem. Int. , vol.88 , pp. 406-412
    • Altamirano, J.C.1    Gratz, S.R.2    Wolnik, K.A.3
  • 3
    • 0024371953 scopus 로고
    • Comfrey herb tea-induced hepatic veno-occlusive disease
    • Bach, N., Thung, S. N., and Schaffner, F. 1989. Comfrey herb tea-induced hepatic veno-occlusive disease. Am. J. Med. 87:97-99.
    • (1989) Am. J. Med. , vol.87 , pp. 97-99
    • Bach, N.1    Thung, S.N.2    Schaffner, F.3
  • 4
    • 0024829534 scopus 로고
    • Studies on the effect of an alkaloid extract of Symphytum officinale on human lymphocyte cultures
    • Behninger, C., Abel, G., Roder, E., Neuberger, V., and Goggelmann, W. 1989. [Studies on the effect of an alkaloid extract of Symphytum officinale on human lymphocyte cultures]. Planta Med. 55:518-522.
    • (1989) Planta Med. , vol.55 , pp. 518-522
    • Behninger, C.1    Abel, G.2    Roder, E.3    Neuberger, V.4    Goggelmann, W.5
  • 5
    • 0028322182 scopus 로고
    • Determination of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in commercial com-frey products (Symphytum sp.)
    • Betz, J. M., Eppley, R. M., Taylor, W. C., and Andrzejewski, D. 1994. Determination of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in commercial com-frey products (Symphytum sp.). J. Pharm. Sci. 83:649-653.
    • (1994) J. Pharm. Sci. , vol.83 , pp. 649-653
    • Betz, J.M.1    Eppley, R.M.2    Taylor, W.C.3    Andrzejewski, D.4
  • 6
    • 40749093290 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Some conservative strategies are effective when added to controlled mobilisation with external support after acute ankle sprain: A systematic review
    • Bleakley, C. M., McDonough, S. M., and MacAuley, D. C. 2008. Some conservative strategies are effective when added to controlled mobilisation with external support after acute ankle sprain: A systematic review. Aust. J. Physiother. 54:7-20.
    • (2008) Aust. J. Physiother. , vol.54 , pp. 7-20
    • Bleakley, C.M.1    McDonough, S.M.2    MacAuley, D.C.3
  • 7
    • 0020411757 scopus 로고
    • Pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Symphytum officinale L. and their percutaneous absorption in rats
    • Brauchli, J., Luthy, J., Zweifel, U., and Schlatter, C. 1982. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Symphytum officinale L. and their percutaneous absorption in rats. Experientia 38:1085-1087.
    • (1982) Experientia , vol.38 , pp. 1085-1087
    • Brauchli, J.1    Luthy, J.2    Zweifel, U.3    Schlatter, C.4
  • 8
    • 77951555132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genotoxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids
    • Chen, T., Mei, N., and Fu, P. P. 2010. Genotoxicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. J. Appl. Toxicol. 30:183-196.
    • (2010) J. Appl. Toxicol. , vol.30 , pp. 183-196
    • Chen, T.1    Mei, N.2    Fu, P.P.3
  • 9
    • 34248633358 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Formation of DHP-derived DNA adducts in vivo from dietary supplements and Chinese herbal plant extracts containing carcinogenic pyrrolizidine alkaloids
    • Chou, M. W., and Fu, P. P. 2006. Formation of DHP-derived DNA adducts in vivo from dietary supplements and Chinese herbal plant extracts containing carcinogenic pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Toxicol. Ind. Health 22:321-327.
    • (2006) Toxicol. Ind. Health , vol.22 , pp. 321-327
    • Chou, M.W.1    Fu, P.P.2
  • 10
    • 0141625018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of DNA adducts derived from riddelliine, a carcinogenic pyrrolizidine alkaloid
    • Chou, M. W., Jian, Y., Williams, L. D., Xia, Q., Churchwell, M., Doerge, D. R., and Fu, P. P. 2003a. Identification of DNA adducts derived from riddelliine, a carcinogenic pyrrolizidine alkaloid. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 16:1130-1137.
    • (2003) Chem. Res. Toxicol. , vol.16 , pp. 1130-1137
    • Chou, M.W.1    Jian, Y.2    Williams, L.D.3    Xia, Q.4    Churchwell, M.5    Doerge, D.R.6    Fu, P.P.7
  • 11
    • 0142216466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Riddelliine N-oxide is a phytochemical and mammalian metabolite with genotoxic activity that is comparable to the parent pyrrolizidine alkaloid riddelliine
    • Chou, M. W., Wang, Y. P., Yan, J., Yang, Y. C., Beger, R. D., Williams, L. D., Doerge, D. R., and Fu, P. P. 2003b. Riddelliine N-oxide is a phytochemical and mammalian metabolite with genotoxic activity that is comparable to the parent pyrrolizidine alkaloid riddelliine. Toxicol. Lett. 145:239-247.
    • (2003) Toxicol. Lett. , vol.145 , pp. 239-247
    • Chou, M.W.1    Wang, Y.P.2    Yan, J.3    Yang, Y.C.4    Beger, R.D.5    Williams, L.D.6    Doerge, D.R.7    Fu, P.P.8
  • 12
    • 0037466375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correlation of DNA adduct formation and riddelliine-induced liver tumorigen-esis in F344 rats and B6C3F (1) mice
    • Chou, M. W., Yan, J., Nichols, J., Xia, Q., Beland, F. A., Chan, P. C., and Fu, P. P. 2003c. Correlation of DNA adduct formation and riddelliine-induced liver tumorigen-esis in F344 rats and B6C3F(1) mice. Cancer Lett. 193:119-125.
    • (2003) Cancer Lett. , vol.193 , pp. 119-125
    • Chou, M.W.1    Yan, J.2    Nichols, J.3    Xia, Q.4    Beland, F.A.5    Chan, P.C.6    Fu, P.P.7
  • 13
    • 0029802423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis, separation, and bioassay of pyrrolizidine alkaloids from com-frey (Symphytum officinale)
    • Couet, C. E., Crews, C., and Hanley, A. B. 1996. Analysis, separation, and bioassay of pyrrolizidine alkaloids from com-frey (Symphytum officinale). Nat. Toxins 4:163-167.
    • (1996) Nat. Toxins , vol.4 , pp. 163-167
    • Couet, C.E.1    Crews, C.2    Hanley, A.B.3
  • 14
    • 0030767913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determination of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in honey from selected sites by solid phase extraction and HPLC-MS
    • Crews, C., Startin, J. R., and Clarke, P. A. 1997. Determination of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in honey from selected sites by solid phase extraction and HPLC-MS. Food Addit. Contam. 4:419-428.
    • (1997) Food Addit. Contam. , vol.4 , pp. 419-428
    • Crews, C.1    Startin, J.R.2    Clarke, P.A.3
  • 15
    • 0017623676 scopus 로고
    • Pyrrolizidine alkaloids: Their occurrence in honey from tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L.)
    • Deinzer, M. L., Thomson, P. A., Burgett, D. M., and Isaacson, D. L. 1977. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids: Their occurrence in honey from tansy ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L.). Science 195:497-499.
    • (1977) Science , vol.195 , pp. 497-499
    • Deinzer, M.L.1    Thomson, P.A.2    Burgett, D.M.3    Isaacson, D.L.4
  • 16
    • 0036125693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxic injury to hepatic sinusoids: Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (veno-occlusive disease)
    • DeLeve, L. D., Shulman, H. M., and McDonald, G. B. 2002. Toxic injury to hepatic sinusoids: Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (veno-occlusive disease). Semin. Liver Dis. 22:27-42.
    • (2002) Semin. Liver Dis. , vol.22 , pp. 27-42
    • Deleve, L.D.1    Shulman, H.M.2    McDonald, G.B.3
  • 18
    • 0037041903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Honey from plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids: A potential threat to health
    • Edgar, J. A., Roeder, E., and Molyneux, R. J. 2002. Honey from plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids: A potential threat to health. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50:2719-2730.
    • (2002) J. Agric. Food Chem. , vol.50 , pp. 2719-2730
    • Edgar, J.A.1    Roeder, E.2    Molyneux, R.J.3
  • 20
    • 0026755334 scopus 로고
    • Structure/activity relationships of the geno-toxic potencies of sixteen pyrrolizidine alkaloids assayed for the induction of somatic mutation and recombination in wing cells of Drosophila melanogaster
    • Frei, H., Luthy, J., Brauchli, J., Zweifel, U., Wurgler, F. E., and Schlatter, C. 1992. Structure/activity relationships of the geno-toxic potencies of sixteen pyrrolizidine alkaloids assayed for the induction of somatic mutation and recombination in wing cells of Drosophila melanogaster. Chem. Biol. Interact. 83:1-22.
    • (1992) Chem. Biol. Interact. , vol.83 , pp. 1-22
    • Frei, H.1    Luthy, J.2    Brauchli, J.3    Zweifel, U.4    Wurgler, F.E.5    Schlatter, C.6
  • 22
    • 1642323484 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pyrrolizidine alkaloids-Genotoxicity, metabolism enzymes, metabolic activation, and mechanisms
    • Fu, P. P., Xia, Q., Lin, G., and Chou, M. W. 2004. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids-Genotoxicity, metabolism enzymes, metabolic activation, and mechanisms. Drug Metab. Rev. 36:1-55.
    • (2004) Drug Metab. Rev. , vol.36 , pp. 1-55
    • Fu, P.P.1    Xia, Q.2    Lin, G.3    Chou, M.W.4
  • 23
    • 40749124888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection, hepatotoxicity, and tumorigenicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Chinese herbal plants and herbal dietary supplements
    • Fu, P. P., Xia, Q., Chou, M. W., and Lin, G. 2007. Detection, hepatotoxicity, and tumorigenicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Chinese herbal plants and herbal dietary supplements. J. Food Drug Anal. 15:400-415.
    • (2007) J. Food Drug Anal. , vol.15 , pp. 400-415
    • Fu, P.P.1    Xia, Q.2    Chou, M.W.3    Lin, G.4
  • 24
    • 0034042711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induction of drug metabolising enzymes: Pharmacokinetic and toxi-cological consequences in humans
    • Fuhr, U. 2000. Induction of drug metabolising enzymes: Pharmacokinetic and toxi-cological consequences in humans. Clin. Pharmacokinet. 38:493-504.
    • (2000) Clin. Pharmacokinet. , vol.38 , pp. 493-504
    • Fuhr, U.1
  • 25
    • 0020899270 scopus 로고
    • Mutagenic effects of aqueous extracts of Symphytum officinale L. and of its alkaloidal fractions
    • Furmanowa, M., Guzewska, J., and Beldowska, B. 1983. Mutagenic effects of aqueous extracts of Symphytum officinale L. and of its alkaloidal fractions. J. Appl. Toxicol. 3:127-130.
    • (1983) J. Appl. Toxicol. , vol.3 , pp. 127-130
    • Furmanowa, M.1    Guzewska, J.2    Beldowska, B.3
  • 26
    • 0014384969 scopus 로고
    • Studies on constituents of crude drugs. I. Alkaloids of Symphytum officinale Linn
    • Furuya, T., and Araki, K. 1968. Studies on constituents of crude drugs. I. Alkaloids of Symphytum officinale Linn. Chem. Pharm. Bull (Tokyo) 16:2512-2516.
    • (1968) Chem. Pharm. Bull (Tokyo) , vol.16 , pp. 2512-2516
    • Furuya, T.1    Araki, K.2
  • 27
    • 0020071407 scopus 로고
    • Consumption of poisonous plants (Senecio jacobaea, Symphytum officinale, Pteridium aquilinum, Hypericum perforatum) by rats: Chronic toxicity, mineral metabolism, and hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes
    • Garrett, B. J., Cheeke, P. R., Miranda, C. L., Goeger, D. E., and Buhler, D. R. 1982. Consumption of poisonous plants (Senecio jacobaea, Symphytum officinale, Pteridium aquilinum, Hypericum perforatum) by rats: Chronic toxicity, mineral metabolism, and hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes. Toxicol. Lett. 10:183-188.
    • (1982) Toxicol. Lett. , vol.10 , pp. 183-188
    • Garrett, B.J.1    Cheeke, P.R.2    Miranda, C.L.3    Goeger, D.E.4    Buhler, D.R.5
  • 28
    • 77952134512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comfrey (Symphytum Officinale. L.) and experimental hepatic carcinogenesis: A short-term carcinogenesis model study. Evidence Based Complement
    • doi: 10.1093/ecam/nem172
    • Gomes, M. F., de Oliveira Massoco, C., Xavier, J. G., and Bonamin, L. V. 2007. Comfrey (Symphytum Officinale. L.) and experimental hepatic carcinogenesis: A short-term carcinogenesis model study. Evidence Based Complement. Altern. Med. doi: 10.1093/ecam/nem172.
    • (2007) Altern. Med.
    • Gomes, M.F.1    De Oliveira Massoco, C.2    Xavier, J.G.3    Bonamin, L.V.4
  • 29
    • 4744363395 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A rapid cleanup method for the isolation and concentration of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in comfrey root
    • Gray, D. E., Porter, A., O'Neill, T., Harris, R. K., and Rottinghaus, G. E. 2004. A rapid cleanup method for the isolation and concentration of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in comfrey root. J. Am.Off. Assoc. Chem. Int. 87:1049-1057.
    • (2004) J. Am.Off. Assoc. Chem. Int. , vol.87 , pp. 1049-1057
    • Gray, D.E.1    Porter, A.2    O'Neill, T.3    Harris, R.K.4    Rottinghaus, G.E.5
  • 31
    • 38549094732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of gene expression profiles altered by comfrey and riddelliine in rat liver
    • Guo, L., Mei, N., Dial, S., Fuscoe, J., and Chen, T. 2007. Comparison of gene expression profiles altered by comfrey and riddelliine in rat liver. BMC Bioinformatics 8(suppl. 7):S22.
    • (2007) BMC Bioinformatics , vol.8 , Issue.SUPPL. 7
    • Guo, L.1    Mei, N.2    Dial, S.3    Fuscoe, J.4    Chen, T.5
  • 32
    • 65249163699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Severe pulmonary hypertension possibly due to pyrrolizidine alkaloids in polyphytotherapy
    • Gyorik, S., and Stricker, H. 2009. Severe pulmonary hypertension possibly due to pyrrolizidine alkaloids in polyphytotherapy. Swiss. Med. Weekly 139:210-211.
    • (2009) Swiss. Med. Weekly , vol.139 , pp. 210-211
    • Gyorik, S.1    Stricker, H.2
  • 35
    • 0018167714 scopus 로고
    • Carcinogenic activity of Symphytum offici-nale
    • Hirono, I., Mori, H., and Haga, M. 1978. Carcinogenic activity of Symphytum offici-nale. JNCI 61:865-869.
    • (1978) JNCI , vol.61 , pp. 865-869
    • Hirono, I.1    Mori, H.2    Haga, M.3
  • 38
    • 84884244283 scopus 로고
    • Pyrrolizidine alkaloids health and safety guide
    • International Programme on Chemical Safety Geneva, Switzerland: WHO
    • International Programme on Chemical Safety. 1989. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids health and safety guide. Health and Safety Criteria Guide 26. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.
    • (1989) Health and Safety Criteria Guide , vol.26
  • 39
    • 0035093419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isolation of symlandine from the roots of common comfrey (Symphytum offic-inale) using countercurrent chromatography
    • Kim, N. C., Oberlies, N. H., Brine, D. R., Handy, R. W., Wani, M. C., and Wall, M. E. 2001. Isolation of symlandine from the roots of common comfrey (Symphytum offic-inale) using countercurrent chromatography. J. Nat. Prod. 64:251-253.
    • (2001) J. Nat. Prod. , vol.64 , pp. 251-253
    • Kim, N.C.1    Oberlies, N.H.2    Brine, D.R.3    Handy, R.W.4    Wani, M.C.5    Wall, M.E.6
  • 40
    • 4744353646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and tolerance of a comfrey root extract (Extr. Rad. Symphyti) in the treatment of ankle distorsions: Results of a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study
    • Koll, R., Buhr, M., Dieter, R., Pabst, H., Predel, H. G., Petrowicz, O., Giannetti, B., Klingenburg, S., and Staiger, C. 2004. Efficacy and tolerance of a comfrey root extract (Extr. Rad. Symphyti) in the treatment of ankle distorsions: Results of a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Phytomedicine 11:470-477.
    • (2004) Phytomedicine , vol.11 , pp. 470-477
    • Koll, R.1    Buhr, M.2    Dieter, R.3    Pabst, H.4    Predel, H.G.5    Petrowicz, O.6    Giannetti, B.7    Klingenburg, S.8    Staiger, C.9
  • 41
    • 0025373655 scopus 로고
    • Isolation and identification of a pyrrolic glutathione conjugate metabolite of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid monocrotaline
    • Lame, M. W., Morin, D., Jones, A.D., Segall, H. J., and Wilson, D. W. 1990. Isolation and identification of a pyrrolic glutathione conjugate metabolite of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid monocrotaline. Toxicol. Lett. 51:321-329.
    • (1990) Toxicol. Lett. , vol.51 , pp. 321-329
    • Lame, M.W.1    Morin, D.2    Jones, A.D.3    Segall, H.J.4    Wilson, D.W.5
  • 42
    • 0025925076 scopus 로고
    • Metabolism of [14C]monocrotaline by isolated perfused rat liver
    • Lame, M. W., Jones, A. D., Morin, D., and Segall, H. J. 1991. Metabolism of [14C]monocrotaline by isolated perfused rat liver. Drug Metab. Dispos. 19:516-524.
    • (1991) Drug Metab. Dispos. , vol.19 , pp. 516-524
    • Lame, M.W.1    Jones, A.D.2    Morin, D.3    Segall, H.J.4
  • 43
    • 0033669269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of rat liver microsomal metabolites of clivorine, an hepatotoxic otonecine-type pyrrolizidine alkaloid
    • Lin, G., Cui, Y. Y., and Hawes, E. M. 2000. Characterization of rat liver microsomal metabolites of clivorine, an hepatotoxic otonecine-type pyrrolizidine alkaloid. Drug Metab. Dispos. 28:1475-1483.
    • (2000) Drug Metab. Dispos. , vol.28 , pp. 1475-1483
    • Lin, G.1    Cui, Y.Y.2    Hawes, E.M.3
  • 44
    • 0036851873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Species differences in the in vitro metabolic activation of the hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloid clivorine
    • Lin, G., Cui, Y. Y., Liu, X. Q., and Wang, Z. T. 2002. Species differences in the in vitro metabolic activation of the hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloid clivorine. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 15:1421-1428.
    • (2002) Chem. Res. Toxicol. , vol.15 , pp. 1421-1428
    • Lin, G.1    Cui, Y.Y.2    Liu, X.Q.3    Wang, Z.T.4
  • 45
    • 0032909258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of pretreatment with glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetinic acid on the retrorsine-induced hepatotoxicity in rats
    • Lin, G., Nnane, I. P., and Cheng, T. Y. 1999. The effects of pretreatment with glycyrrhizin and glycyrrhetinic acid on the retrorsine-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Toxicon 37:1259-1270.
    • (1999) Toxicon , vol.37 , pp. 1259-1270
    • Lin, G.1    Nnane, I.P.2    Cheng, T.Y.3
  • 46
    • 0031764999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determination of hep-atotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids by on-line high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry with an electrospray interface
    • Lin, G., Zhou, K. Y., Zhao, X. G., Wang, Z. T., and But, P. P. 1998. Determination of hep-atotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids by on-line high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry with an electrospray interface. Rapid Commun. Mass. Spectrom. 12:1445-1456.
    • (1998) Rapid Commun. Mass. Spectrom. , vol.12 , pp. 1445-1456
    • Lin, G.1    Zhou, K.Y.2    Zhao, X.G.3    Wang, Z.T.4    But, P.P.5
  • 47
    • 70349998709 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Determination of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in comfrey by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
    • Liu, F., Wan, S. Y., Jiang, Z., Li, S. F., Ong, E. S., and Osorio, J. C. 2009. Determination of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in comfrey by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Talanta 80:916-923.
    • (2009) Talanta , vol.80 , pp. 916-923
    • Liu, F.1    Wan, S.Y.2    Jiang, Z.3    Li, S.F.4    Ong, E.S.5    Osorio, J.C.6
  • 48
    • 33845473315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Species differences between mouse, rat, dog, monkey and human CYP-mediated drug metabolism, inhibition and induction
    • Martignoni, M., Groothuis, G. M., and de Kanter, R. 2006. Species differences between mouse, rat, dog, monkey and human CYP-mediated drug metabolism, inhibition and induction. Expert. Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol. 2:875-894.
    • (2006) Expert. Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol. , vol.2 , pp. 875-894
    • Martignoni, M.1    Groothuis, G.M.2    De Kanter, R.3
  • 49
    • 0014075238 scopus 로고
    • Detection of pyrroli-zidine alkaloids on thin-layer chromato-grams
    • Mattocks, A. R. 1967. Detection of pyrroli-zidine alkaloids on thin-layer chromato-grams. J. Chromatogr. 27:505-508.
    • (1967) J. Chromatogr. , vol.27 , pp. 505-508
    • Mattocks, A.R.1
  • 51
    • 16244421977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mutagenicity of com-frey (Symphytum officinale) in rat liver
    • Mei, N., Guo, L., Fu, P. P., Heflich, R. H., and Chen, T. 2005. Mutagenicity of com-frey (Symphytum officinale) in rat liver. Br. J. Cancer 92:873-875.
    • (2005) Br. J. Cancer , vol.92 , pp. 873-875
    • Mei, N.1    Guo, L.2    Fu, P.P.3    Heflich, R.H.4    Chen, T.5
  • 52
    • 33947331672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of gene expression changes in relation to toxicity and tumorigenesis in the livers of Big Blue trans-genic rats fed comfrey (Symphytum offici-nale)
    • Mei, N., Guo, L., Zhang, L., Shi, L., Sun, Y.A., Fung, C., Moland, C. L., Dial, S. L., Fuscoe, J. C., and Chen, T. 2006. Analysis of gene expression changes in relation to toxicity and tumorigenesis in the livers of Big Blue trans-genic rats fed comfrey (Symphytum offici-nale). BMC Bioinformatics 7(suppl. 2):S16.
    • (2006) BMC Bioinformatics , vol.7 , Issue.SUPPL. 2
    • Mei, N.1    Guo, L.2    Zhang, L.3    Shi, L.4    Sun, Y.A.5    Fung, C.6    Moland, C.L.7    Dial, S.L.8    Fuscoe, J.C.9    Chen, T.10
  • 53
    • 3042768117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mutations induced by the carcinogenic pyrrolizidine alkaloid riddelli-ine in the liver cII gene of transgenic Big Blue rats
    • Mei, N., Heflich, R. H., Chou, M. W., and Chen, T. 2004. Mutations induced by the carcinogenic pyrrolizidine alkaloid riddelli-ine in the liver cII gene of transgenic Big Blue rats. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 17:814-818.
    • (2004) Chem. Res. Toxicol. , vol.17 , pp. 814-818
    • Mei, N.1    Heflich, R.H.2    Chou, M.W.3    Chen, T.4
  • 54
    • 40749113182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The mutant frequency and types of mutations induced by comfrey in the lungs of transgenic Big Blue rats
    • Mei, X., and Chen, T. 2007. The mutant frequency and types of mutations induced by comfrey in the lungs of transgenic Big Blue rats. J. Food Drug Anal. 15:458-465.
    • (2007) J. Food Drug Anal. , vol.15 , pp. 458-465
    • Mei, X.1    Chen, T.2
  • 56
    • 78650508117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Report on carcinogen
    • National Toxicology Program
    • National Toxicology Program. 2008. Report on carcinogen. Fed. Reg. 73:23463-23465, http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/files/23473-FR-234 84-23430Apr22008- 23508.pdf
    • (2008) Fed. Reg. , vol.73 , pp. 23463-23465
  • 57
    • 6344280383 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of herbal teas made from the leaves of comfrey (Symphytum officinale): Reduction of N-oxides results in order of magnitude increases in the measurable concentration of pyrrolizidine alkaloids
    • Oberlies, N. H., Kim, N. C., Brine, D. R., Collins, B. J., Handy, R. W., Sparacino, C. M., Wani, M. C., and Wall, M. E. 2004. Analysis of herbal teas made from the leaves of comfrey (Symphytum officinale): reduction of N-oxides results in order of magnitude increases in the measurable concentration of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Public Health Nutr. 7:919-924.
    • (2004) Public Health Nutr. , vol.7 , pp. 919-924
    • Oberlies, N.H.1    Kim, N.C.2    Brine, D.R.3    Collins, B.J.4    Handy, R.W.5    Sparacino, C.M.6    Wani, M.C.7    Wall, M.E.8
  • 59
    • 0017856185 scopus 로고
    • Malignant neoplasms in rats fed lasiocarpine
    • Rao, M. S., and Reddy, J. K. 1978. Malignant neoplasms in rats fed lasiocarpine. Br. J. Cancer 37:289-293.
    • (1978) Br. J. Cancer , vol.37 , pp. 289-293
    • Rao, M.S.1    Reddy, J.K.2
  • 61
    • 0024580560 scopus 로고
    • Comfrey herb tea and hepatic veno-occlusive disease
    • Ridker, P. M., and McDermott, W. V. 1989. Comfrey herb tea and hepatic veno-occlusive disease. Lancet 8639:657-658.
    • (1989) Lancet , vol.8639 , pp. 657-658
    • Ridker, P.M.1    McDermott, W.V.2
  • 62
    • 0021932534 scopus 로고
    • Hepatic venocclusive disease associated with the consumption of pyrrolizidine-containing dietary supplements
    • Ridker, P. M., Ohkuma, S., McDermott, W. V., Trey, C., and Huxtable, R. J. 1985. Hepatic venocclusive disease associated with the consumption of pyrrolizidine-containing dietary supplements. Gastroenterology 88:1050-1054.
    • (1985) Gastroenterology , vol.88 , pp. 1050-1054
    • Ridker, P.M.1    Ohkuma, S.2    McDermott, W.V.3    Trey, C.4    Huxtable, R.J.5
  • 63
    • 0024789280 scopus 로고
    • Hepatotoxicity due to comfrey herb tea
    • Ridker, P. N., and McDermont, W. V. 1989. Hepatotoxicity due to comfrey herb tea. Am. J. Med. 87:701.
    • (1989) Am. J. Med. , Issue.87 , pp. 701
    • Ridker, P.N.1    McDermont, W.V.2
  • 64
    • 0036842376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comfrey toxicity revisited
    • Rode, D. 2002. Comfrey toxicity revisited. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 23:497-499.
    • (2002) Trends Pharmacol. Sci. , vol.23 , pp. 497-499
    • Rode, D.1
  • 65
    • 0028798219 scopus 로고
    • Medicinal plants in Europe containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids
    • Roeder, E. 1995. Medicinal plants in Europe containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Pharmazie 50:83-98.
    • (1995) Pharmazie , vol.50 , pp. 83-98
    • Roeder, E.1
  • 66
    • 0019887903 scopus 로고
    • Comfrey and liver damage
    • Roitman, J. N. 1981. Comfrey and liver damage. Lancet 8226:944.
    • (1981) Lancet , vol.8226 , pp. 944
    • Roitman, J.N.1
  • 67
    • 43449113884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of homeopathic treatment with comfrey on bone density around titanium implants: A digital subtraction radiography study in rats
    • Sakakura, C. E., Neto, R. S., Bellucci, M., Wenzel, A., Scaf, G., and Marcantonio, E., Jr. 2008. Influence of homeopathic treatment with comfrey on bone density around titanium implants: a digital subtraction radiography study in rats. Clin. Oral Implants Res. 19:624-628.
    • (2008) Clin. Oral Implants Res. , vol.19 , pp. 624-628
    • Sakakura, C.E.1    Neto, R.S.2    Bellucci, M.3    Wenzel, A.4    Scaf, G.5    Marcantonio Jr., E.6
  • 68
    • 1042291959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaporative light scattering detection of pyrrolizidine alkaloids
    • Schaneberg, B. T., Molyneux, R. J., and Khan, I. A. 2004. Evaporative light scattering detection of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Phytochem. Anal. 15:36-39.
    • (2004) Phytochem. Anal. , vol.15 , pp. 36-39
    • Schaneberg, B.T.1    Molyneux, R.J.2    Khan, I.A.3
  • 69
    • 0014837254 scopus 로고
    • Islet cell tumors of the pancreas found in rats given pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Amsinckia intermedia Fisch and Mey and from Heliotropium supinum L
    • Schoental, R., Fowler, M. E., and Coady, A. 1970. Islet cell tumors of the pancreas found in rats given pyrrolizidine alkaloids from Amsinckia intermedia Fisch and Mey and from Heliotropium supinum L. Cancer Res. 30:2127-2131.
    • (1970) Cancer Res. , vol.30 , pp. 2127-2131
    • Schoental, R.1    Fowler, M.E.2    Coady, A.3
  • 70
    • 0011807708 scopus 로고
    • Herbal teas and toxicity
    • Snider, S. 1991. Herbal teas and toxicity. FDA Consumer 25:30-33.
    • (1991) FDA Consumer , vol.25 , pp. 30-33
    • Snider, S.1
  • 71
    • 0034506455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The efficacy and safety of comfrey
    • Stickel, F., and Seitz, H. K. 2000. The efficacy and safety of comfrey. Public Health Nutr. 3:501-508.
    • (2000) Public Health Nutr. , vol.3 , pp. 501-508
    • Stickel, F.1    Seitz, H.K.2
  • 72
    • 0015332687 scopus 로고
    • Malignant tumors in rats given lasiocarpine
    • Svoboda, D. J., and Reddy, J. K. 1972. Malignant tumors in rats given lasiocarpine. Cancer Res. 32:908-913.
    • (1972) Cancer Res. , vol.32 , pp. 908-913
    • Svoboda, D.J.1    Reddy, J.K.2
  • 73
    • 0018830931 scopus 로고
    • Chromosomal aberrations and mutation in cultured mammalian cells induced by pyrrolizidine alkaloids
    • Takanashi, H., Umeda, M., and Hirono, I. 1980. Chromosomal aberrations and mutation in cultured mammalian cells induced by pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Mutat. Res. 78:67-77.
    • (1980) Mutat. Res. , vol.78 , pp. 67-77
    • Takanashi, H.1    Umeda, M.2    Hirono, I.3
  • 76
    • 0020683122 scopus 로고
    • An evaluation of acetone extracts from six plants in the Ames mutagenicity test
    • White, R. D., Krumperman, P. H., Cheeke, P. R., and Buhler, D. R. 1983. An evaluation of acetone extracts from six plants in the Ames mutagenicity test. Toxicol. Lett. 15:25-31.
    • (1983) Toxicol. Lett. , vol.15 , pp. 25-31
    • White, R.D.1    Krumperman, P.H.2    Cheeke, P.R.3    Buhler, D.R.4
  • 77
    • 2442667779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Workshop overview: Hepatotoxicity assessment for botanical dietary supplements
    • Willett, K. L., Roth, R. A., and Walker, L. 2004. Workshop overview: Hepatotoxicity assessment for botanical dietary supplements. Toxicol. Sci. 79:4-9.
    • (2004) Toxicol. Sci. , vol.79 , pp. 4-9
    • Willett, K.L.1    Roth, R.A.2    Walker, L.3
  • 78
    • 0024311783 scopus 로고
    • The role of flavin-containing monooxyge-nase in the N-oxidation of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid senecionine
    • Williams, D. E., Reed, R. L., Kedzierski, B., Ziegler, D. M., and Buhler, D. R. 1989. The role of flavin-containing monooxyge-nase in the N-oxidation of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid senecionine. Drug Metab. Dispos. 17:380-386.
    • (1989) Drug Metab. Dispos. , vol.17 , pp. 380-386
    • Williams, D.E.1    Reed, R.L.2    Kedzierski, B.3    Ziegler, D.M.4    Buhler, D.R.5
  • 80
    • 1342281102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simultaneous analysis of hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids and N-oxides in comfrey root by LC-ion trap mass spectrometry
    • Wuilloud, J. C., Gratze, S. R., Gamble, B. M., and Wolnik, K. A. 2004. Simultaneous analysis of hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids and N-oxides in comfrey root by LC-ion trap mass spectrometry. Analyst 129:150-156.
    • (2004) Analyst , vol.129 , pp. 150-156
    • Wuilloud, J.C.1    Gratze, S.R.2    Gamble, B.M.3    Wolnik, K.A.4
  • 81
    • 28844480954 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Formation of DHP-derived DNA adducts from metabolic activation of the prototype heliotridine-type pyrrolizidine alkaloid, lasiocarpine
    • Xia, Q., Chou, M. W., Edgar, J. A., Doerge, D. R., and Fu, P. P. 2006. Formation of DHP-derived DNA adducts from metabolic activation of the prototype heliotridine-type pyrrolizidine alkaloid, lasiocarpine. Cancer Lett. 231:138-145.
    • (2006) Cancer Lett. , vol.231 , pp. 138-145
    • Xia, Q.1    Chou, M.W.2    Edgar, J.A.3    Doerge, D.R.4    Fu, P.P.5
  • 82
    • 0018667601 scopus 로고
    • Mutagenicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the Salmonella/mammalian- microsome test
    • Yamanaka, H., Nagao, M., Sugimura, T., Furuya, T., Shirai, A., and Matsushima, T. 1979. Mutagenicity of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the Salmonella/mammalian-microsome test. Mutat. Res. 68:211-216.
    • (1979) Mutat. Res. , vol.68 , pp. 211-216
    • Yamanaka, H.1    Nagao, M.2    Sugimura, T.3    Furuya, T.4    Shirai, A.5    Matsushima, T.6
  • 83
    • 0030059519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of monocrotaline, a pyrrolizidine alkaloid, on glutathione metabolism in the rat
    • Yan, C. C., and Huxtable, R. J. 1996. Effects of monocrotaline, a pyrrolizidine alkaloid, on glutathione metabolism in the rat. Biochem. Pharmacol. 51:375-379.
    • (1996) Biochem. Pharmacol. , vol.51 , pp. 375-379
    • Yan, C.C.1    Huxtable, R.J.2
  • 84
    • 0035148592 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolic activation of the tumorigenic pyrrolizidine alkaloid, riddelliine, leading to DNA adduct formation in vivo
    • DOI 10.1021/tx000150n
    • Yang, Y. C., Yan, J., Doerge, D. R., Chan, P. C., Fu, P. P., and Chou, M. W. 2001. Metabolic activation of the tumorigenic pyrrolizidine alkaloid, riddelliine, leading to DNA adduct formation in vivo. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 14:101-109. (Pubitemid 32064380)
    • (2001) Chemical Research in Toxicology , vol.14 , Issue.1 , pp. 101-109
    • Yang, Y.-C.1    Yan, J.2    Doerge, D.R.3    Chan, P.-C.4    Fu, P.P.5    Chou, H.W.6
  • 85
    • 0025797198 scopus 로고
    • The effects of comfrey derived pyrrolizidine alkaloids on rat liver
    • Yeong, M. L., Clark, S. P., Waring, J. M., Wilson, R. D., and Wakefield, S. J. 1991. The effects of comfrey derived pyrrolizidine alkaloids on rat liver. Pathology 23:35-38.
    • (1991) Pathology , vol.23 , pp. 35-38
    • Yeong, M.L.1    Clark, S.P.2    Waring, J.M.3    Wilson, R.D.4    Wakefield, S.J.5
  • 87
    • 0021853405 scopus 로고
    • Chemical mutagenesis testing in Drosophila. IV. Results of 45 coded compounds tested for the National Toxicology Program
    • DOI 10.1002/em.2860070310
    • Yoon, J. S., Mason, J. M., Valencia, R., Woodruff, R. C., and Zimmering, S. 1985. Chemical mutagenesis testing in Drosophila. IV. Results of 45 coded compounds tested for the National Toxicology Program. Environ. Mutagen 7:349-367. (Pubitemid 15051953)
    • (1985) Environmental Mutagenesis , vol.7 , Issue.3 , pp. 349-367
    • Yoon, J.S.1    Mason, J.M.2    Valencia, R.3
  • 88
    • 0346220388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Herbal bioactivation: The good, the bad and the ugly
    • Zhou, S., Koh, H. L., Gao, Y., Gong, Z. Y., and Lee, E. J. 2004. Herbal bioactivation: The good, the bad and the ugly. Life Sci. 74:935-968.
    • (2004) Life Sci. , vol.74 , pp. 935-968
    • Zhou, S.1    Koh, H.L.2    Gao, Y.3    Gong, Z.Y.4    Lee, E.J.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.