메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 299, Issue , 2013, Pages 70-80

Wolf, elk, and aspen food web relationships: Context and complexity

Author keywords

Fire; Trophic cascades; Ungulates

Indexed keywords

CONTRIBUTING FACTOR; ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS; ECOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS; INTEGRATED APPROACH; POPULUS TREMULOIDES; SCIENTIFIC FINDINGS; TROPHIC CASCADES; UNGULATES;

EID: 84878152181     PISSN: 03781127     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2013.01.014     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (22)

References (154)
  • 1
    • 84989487639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Forests too deer: edge effects in northern Wisconsin
    • Alverson W.S., Waller D.M., Solheim S.L. Forests too deer: edge effects in northern Wisconsin. Cons. Biol. 2003, 2:348-358.
    • (2003) Cons. Biol. , vol.2 , pp. 348-358
    • Alverson, W.S.1    Waller, D.M.2    Solheim, S.L.3
  • 2
    • 0038561215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interactions among fire, aspen, and elk affect insect diversity: reversal of a community response
    • Bailey J., Witham T.G. Interactions among fire, aspen, and elk affect insect diversity: reversal of a community response. Ecology 2002, 83:1701-1712.
    • (2002) Ecology , vol.83 , pp. 1701-1712
    • Bailey, J.1    Witham, T.G.2
  • 3
    • 0030618986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of elk on aspen in the winter range in Rocky Mountain National Park
    • Baker W.L., Munroe J.A., Hessl A.E. The effects of elk on aspen in the winter range in Rocky Mountain National Park. Ecography 1997, 20:155-165.
    • (1997) Ecography , vol.20 , pp. 155-165
    • Baker, W.L.1    Munroe, J.A.2    Hessl, A.E.3
  • 6
    • 0035208721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aspen persistence near the national elk refuge and gros ventre valley elk feedgrounds of Wyoming, USA
    • Barnett D.T., Stohlgren T.J. Aspen persistence near the national elk refuge and gros ventre valley elk feedgrounds of Wyoming, USA. Landsc. Ecol. 2001, 16:569-580.
    • (2001) Landsc. Ecol. , vol.16 , pp. 569-580
    • Barnett, D.T.1    Stohlgren, T.J.2
  • 7
    • 0000317551 scopus 로고
    • Early succession in aspen communities following fire in western Wyoming
    • Bartos D.J., Mueggler W.J. Early succession in aspen communities following fire in western Wyoming. J. Range Manage. 1981, 34:315-318.
    • (1981) J. Range Manage. , vol.34 , pp. 315-318
    • Bartos, D.J.1    Mueggler, W.J.2
  • 8
    • 84878116972 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wolf Palette
    • Orion Magazine July/August.
    • Bass, R. 2005. Wolf Palette. Orion Magazine July/August.
    • (2005)
    • Bass, R.1
  • 9
    • 0001723327 scopus 로고
    • Tree growth as affected by soil moisture availability
    • Bassett J.R. Tree growth as affected by soil moisture availability. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 1963, 28:436-438.
    • (1963) Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. , vol.28 , pp. 436-438
    • Bassett, J.R.1
  • 10
    • 33745890313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Soil treatment dynamics after harvesting and slash treatments in boreal aspen stands
    • Belleau A., Brais S., pare D. Soil treatment dynamics after harvesting and slash treatments in boreal aspen stands. Soil. Sc. Soc. Am. J. 2006, 70:1189-1199.
    • (2006) Soil. Sc. Soc. Am. J. , vol.70 , pp. 1189-1199
    • Belleau, A.1    Brais, S.2    pare, D.3
  • 11
    • 0034903637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A mammalian predator-prey imbalance: grizzly bear and wolf extinction affect avian neotropical migrants
    • Berger J., Stacey P.B., Bellis L., Johnson M.P. A mammalian predator-prey imbalance: grizzly bear and wolf extinction affect avian neotropical migrants. Ecol. Appl. 2001, 11:947-960.
    • (2001) Ecol. Appl. , vol.11 , pp. 947-960
    • Berger, J.1    Stacey, P.B.2    Bellis, L.3    Johnson, M.P.4
  • 12
    • 84878117862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wolves, elk, and aspen in the winter range of Jasper National Park
    • Beschta R.L., Ripple W.J. Wolves, elk, and aspen in the winter range of Jasper National Park. Canada. Can. J. For. Res. 2007, 37:1-13.
    • (2007) Canada. Can. J. For. Res. , vol.37 , pp. 1-13
    • Beschta, R.L.1    Ripple, W.J.2
  • 13
    • 69249210877 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large predators and trophic cascades in terrestrial ecosystems of the western United States
    • Beschta R.L., Ripple W.J. Large predators and trophic cascades in terrestrial ecosystems of the western United States. Biol. Cons. 2009, 142:2401-2414.
    • (2009) Biol. Cons. , vol.142 , pp. 2401-2414
    • Beschta, R.L.1    Ripple, W.J.2
  • 14
    • 84878147455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wolves, elk, and willow on Yellowstone National Park's Northern Range. M.S. Thesis. University of Alberta, Edmonton.
    • Beyer, H., 2006. Wolves, elk, and willow on Yellowstone National Park's Northern Range. M.S. Thesis. University of Alberta, Edmonton.
    • (2006)
    • Beyer, H.1
  • 15
    • 42149100529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Water tables constrain height recovery of willows on Yellowstone's Northern Range
    • Bilyeu D.M., Cooper D.J., Hobbs N.T. Water tables constrain height recovery of willows on Yellowstone's Northern Range. Ecol. Appl. 2008, 18:80-92.
    • (2008) Ecol. Appl. , vol.18 , pp. 80-92
    • Bilyeu, D.M.1    Cooper, D.J.2    Hobbs, N.T.3
  • 18
    • 84857556229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate change intensification of herbivore impacts on tree recruitment
    • Brodie J., Post E., Watson F., Berger J. Climate change intensification of herbivore impacts on tree recruitment. Proc. R. Soc. B 2012, 279:1366-1370.
    • (2012) Proc. R. Soc. B , vol.279 , pp. 1366-1370
    • Brodie, J.1    Post, E.2    Watson, F.3    Berger, J.4
  • 19
    • 0001295491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vigilance, patch use, and habitat selection: foraging under predation risk
    • Brown J.S. Vigilance, patch use, and habitat selection: foraging under predation risk. Evol. Ecol. Res. 1999, 1:49-71.
    • (1999) Evol. Ecol. Res. , vol.1 , pp. 49-71
    • Brown, J.S.1
  • 20
    • 5344279171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hazardous duty pay and the foraging cost of predation
    • Brown J.S., Kotler B.P. Hazardous duty pay and the foraging cost of predation. Ecol. Lett. 2004, 7:999-1014.
    • (2004) Ecol. Lett. , vol.7 , pp. 999-1014
    • Brown, J.S.1    Kotler, B.P.2
  • 21
    • 0001346990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ecology of fear: optimal foraging game theory and trophic interactions
    • Brown J.S., Laundré W., Gurung M. The ecology of fear: optimal foraging game theory and trophic interactions. J. Mammal. 1999, 80:385-399.
    • (1999) J. Mammal. , vol.80 , pp. 385-399
    • Brown, J.S.1    Laundré, W.2    Gurung, M.3
  • 22
    • 33746831204 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complex interactions shaping aspen dynamics in the greater Yellowstone ecosystem
    • Brown K., Hansen A.J., Keane R.E., Graumlich L.J. Complex interactions shaping aspen dynamics in the greater Yellowstone ecosystem. Landscape Ecol. 2006, 21:933-951.
    • (2006) Landscape Ecol. , vol.21 , pp. 933-951
    • Brown, K.1    Hansen, A.J.2    Keane, R.E.3    Graumlich, L.J.4
  • 23
    • 0000820748 scopus 로고
    • Habitat selection, foraging behavior, and dietary nutrition of elk in burned aspen forest
    • Canon S.K., Urness P.J., DeByle N.V. Habitat selection, foraging behavior, and dietary nutrition of elk in burned aspen forest. J. Range Manage. 1987, 40:433-438.
    • (1987) J. Range Manage. , vol.40 , pp. 433-438
    • Canon, S.K.1    Urness, P.J.2    DeByle, N.V.3
  • 24
    • 0001488965 scopus 로고
    • Cascading trophic interactions and lake productivity
    • Carpenter S.R., Kitchell J.F., Hodgson J.R. Cascading trophic interactions and lake productivity. Bioscience 1985, 35:634-639.
    • (1985) Bioscience , vol.35 , pp. 634-639
    • Carpenter, S.R.1    Kitchell, J.F.2    Hodgson, J.R.3
  • 25
    • 0001857198 scopus 로고
    • Eruption of ungulate populations, with emphasis on the Himalayan thar in New Zealand
    • Caughley G. Eruption of ungulate populations, with emphasis on the Himalayan thar in New Zealand. Ecology 1970, 51:53-72.
    • (1970) Ecology , vol.51 , pp. 53-72
    • Caughley, G.1
  • 26
    • 0036184999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trembling aspen site index in relation to environmental measures of site quality at two spatial scales
    • Chen H.Y.H., Krestov P.V., Klinka A. Trembling aspen site index in relation to environmental measures of site quality at two spatial scales. Can. J. For. Res. 2002, 32:112-119.
    • (2002) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.32 , pp. 112-119
    • Chen, H.Y.H.1    Krestov, P.V.2    Klinka, A.3
  • 27
    • 0002191628 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nutrition and food
    • Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, D. Toweill, J.W. Thomas (Eds.)
    • Cook J.G. Nutrition and food. North American Elk: Ecology and Management 2002, 344-345. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. D. Toweill, J.W. Thomas (Eds.).
    • (2002) North American Elk: Ecology and Management , pp. 344-345
    • Cook, J.G.1
  • 28
    • 69449086310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wolf presence and increased willow consumption by Yellowstone elk: implications for trophic cascades
    • Creel S., Christianson D. Wolf presence and increased willow consumption by Yellowstone elk: implications for trophic cascades. Ecology 2009, 90:2454-2466.
    • (2009) Ecology , vol.90 , pp. 2454-2466
    • Creel, S.1    Christianson, D.2
  • 29
    • 51549104438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Time and space in general models of antipredator response: tests with wolves and elk
    • Creel S., Winnie J.A., Christianson D., Liley S. Time and space in general models of antipredator response: tests with wolves and elk. Anim. Behav. 2008, 76:1139-1146.
    • (2008) Anim. Behav. , vol.76 , pp. 1139-1146
    • Creel, S.1    Winnie, J.A.2    Christianson, D.3    Liley, S.4
  • 30
    • 0033526979 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mesopredator release and avifaunal extinctions in a fragmented system
    • Crooks K.R., Soulé M.E. Mesopredator release and avifaunal extinctions in a fragmented system. Nature 1999, 400:563-566.
    • (1999) Nature , vol.400 , pp. 563-566
    • Crooks, K.R.1    Soulé, M.E.2
  • 32
    • 0842327218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trophic trickles rather than cascades: conditional top-down and bottom-up dynamics in a chenopod Austral shrubland
    • Dawes-Gromadski T.Z. Trophic trickles rather than cascades: conditional top-down and bottom-up dynamics in a chenopod Austral shrubland. Austral Ecol. 2002, 27:490-508.
    • (2002) Austral Ecol. , vol.27 , pp. 490-508
    • Dawes-Gromadski, T.Z.1
  • 33
    • 84878126075 scopus 로고
    • Wildlife. In: Debyle, N.F., Winokur, R.P. (Eds.). Aspen: Ecology and Management in the Western United States. RM-119. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Ft. Collins, CO
    • DeByle, N.V., 1985. Wildlife. In: Debyle, N.F., Winokur, R.P. (Eds.). Aspen: Ecology and Management in the Western United States. RM-119. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Ft. Collins, CO, pp. 125-155.
    • (1985) , pp. 125-155
    • DeByle, N.V.1
  • 34
    • 84878151196 scopus 로고
    • Aspen: ecology and management in the Western United States. General Technical Report RM-119. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Ft. Collins, CO.
    • DeByle, N.V., Winokur, R.P., 1985. Aspen: ecology and management in the Western United States. General Technical Report RM-119. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Ft. Collins, CO.
    • (1985)
    • DeByle, N.V.1    Winokur, R.P.2
  • 36
    • 84878146064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complexity of food webs in a large mammal system
    • Dissertation. Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR
    • Eisenberg, C. 2012. Complexity of food webs in a large mammal system. Dissertation. Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 239pp.
    • (2012) , pp. 239
    • Eisenberg, C.1
  • 37
    • 0004229975 scopus 로고
    • University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL
    • Elton C.S. Animal Ecology 1926, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.
    • (1926) Animal Ecology
    • Elton, C.S.1
  • 38
    • 77955914331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using ecological function to develop recovery criteria for depleted species: sea otters and kelp forests in the Aleutian archipelago
    • Estes J.A., Tinker M.T., Bodkin J.L. Using ecological function to develop recovery criteria for depleted species: sea otters and kelp forests in the Aleutian archipelago. Conserv. Biol. 2010, 24:852-860.
    • (2010) Conserv. Biol. , vol.24 , pp. 852-860
    • Estes, J.A.1    Tinker, M.T.2    Bodkin, J.L.3
  • 40
    • 77951138731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The responses of prey fish to temporal variation in predation risk: sensory habituation or risk assessment?
    • Ferrari M.C.O., Elvidge C.K., Jackson C.D., Chivers D.P., Brown G.E. The responses of prey fish to temporal variation in predation risk: sensory habituation or risk assessment?. Behav. Ecol 2010, 10.1093/beheco/arq023.
    • (2010) Behav. Ecol
    • Ferrari, M.C.O.1    Elvidge, C.K.2    Jackson, C.D.3    Chivers, D.P.4    Brown, G.E.5
  • 41
    • 18444369359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wolves influence elk movements: behavior shapes a trophic cascade in Yellowstone National Park
    • Fortin D., Beyer H., Boyce M.S., Smith D.W., Duchesne T., Mao J.S. Wolves influence elk movements: behavior shapes a trophic cascade in Yellowstone National Park. Ecology 2005, 86:1320-1330.
    • (2005) Ecology , vol.86 , pp. 1320-1330
    • Fortin, D.1    Beyer, H.2    Boyce, M.S.3    Smith, D.W.4    Duchesne, T.5    Mao, J.S.6
  • 43
    • 15544363266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptive behavioral strategies
    • Smithsonian Institute Press, Washington, DC, D.E. Toweill, J.W. Thomas (Eds.)
    • Geist V. Adaptive behavioral strategies. North American elk: Ecology and Management 2002, 389-433. Smithsonian Institute Press, Washington, DC. D.E. Toweill, J.W. Thomas (Eds.).
    • (2002) North American elk: Ecology and Management , pp. 389-433
    • Geist, V.1
  • 45
    • 0001030091 scopus 로고
    • Community structure, population control, and competition
    • Hairston N.G., Smith F.E., Slobodkin L.B. Community structure, population control, and competition. Am. Nat. 1960, 94:421-425.
    • (1960) Am. Nat. , vol.94 , pp. 421-425
    • Hairston, N.G.1    Smith, F.E.2    Slobodkin, L.B.3
  • 46
    • 0035093124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Terrestrial trophic cascades: how much do they trickle?
    • Halaj J., Wise D.H. Terrestrial trophic cascades: how much do they trickle?. Am. Nat. 2001, 57:262-281.
    • (2001) Am. Nat. , vol.57 , pp. 262-281
    • Halaj, J.1    Wise, D.H.2
  • 47
    • 48849096342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recoupling fire and aspen recruitment after wolf reintroduction in Yellowstone National Park, USA
    • Halofsky J., Ripple W.J. Recoupling fire and aspen recruitment after wolf reintroduction in Yellowstone National Park, USA. For. Ecol. Manage. 2008, 256:1004-1008.
    • (2008) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.256 , pp. 1004-1008
    • Halofsky, J.1    Ripple, W.J.2
  • 48
    • 84858987713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influences of climate on aspen dieback
    • Hanna P., Kulakowski D. The influences of climate on aspen dieback. For. Ecol. Manage. 2012, 274:91-98.
    • (2012) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.274 , pp. 91-98
    • Hanna, P.1    Kulakowski, D.2
  • 49
    • 0036309530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elk population dynamics in areas with and without predation by recolonizing wolves in Banff national Park
    • Hebblewhite M., Pletscher D.H., Paquet P.C. Elk population dynamics in areas with and without predation by recolonizing wolves in Banff national Park. Can. J. Zool. 2002, 80:789-799.
    • (2002) Can. J. Zool. , vol.80 , pp. 789-799
    • Hebblewhite, M.1    Pletscher, D.H.2    Paquet, P.C.3
  • 51
    • 26444520447 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial decomposition of predation risk using resource selection functions: an example in a wolf-elk predator-prey system
    • Hebblewhite M., Merrill E.H., McDonald T.L. Spatial decomposition of predation risk using resource selection functions: an example in a wolf-elk predator-prey system. Oikos 2005, 111:101-111.
    • (2005) Oikos , vol.111 , pp. 101-111
    • Hebblewhite, M.1    Merrill, E.H.2    McDonald, T.L.3
  • 52
    • 0036342902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interactive effects of human activities, herbivory and fire on quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) age structures in western Wyoming
    • Hessl A., Graumlich L. Interactive effects of human activities, herbivory and fire on quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) age structures in western Wyoming. J. Biogeogr. 2002, 29:889-902.
    • (2002) J. Biogeogr. , vol.29 , pp. 889-902
    • Hessl, A.1    Graumlich, L.2
  • 54
    • 46749129435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impacts of a regional drought on the productivity, dieback, and biomass of Western Canadian forests
    • Hogg E.H., Brandt J.P., Michaelean M.E. Impacts of a regional drought on the productivity, dieback, and biomass of Western Canadian forests. Can. J. For. Res. 2008, 38:1373-1384.
    • (2008) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.38 , pp. 1373-1384
    • Hogg, E.H.1    Brandt, J.P.2    Michaelean, M.E.3
  • 55
    • 35348975608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aspen patch and migratory bird relationships in the Northern Yellowstone Ecosystem
    • Hollenbeck J., Ripple W.J. Aspen patch and migratory bird relationships in the Northern Yellowstone Ecosystem. Landsc. Ecol. 2008, 22:1411-1425.
    • (2008) Landsc. Ecol. , vol.22 , pp. 1411-1425
    • Hollenbeck, J.1    Ripple, W.J.2
  • 56
    • 0038458305 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • White-tailed deer impact on the vegetation dynamics of a northern hardwood forest
    • Horsley S.B., Stout S.L., deCalesta D.S. White-tailed deer impact on the vegetation dynamics of a northern hardwood forest. Ecol. Appl. 2003, 13:98-118.
    • (2003) Ecol. Appl. , vol.13 , pp. 98-118
    • Horsley, S.B.1    Stout, S.L.2    deCalesta, D.S.3
  • 58
    • 0026579951 scopus 로고
    • Playing chutes and ladders: heterogeneity and the relative roles of bottom-up and top-down forces in natural communities
    • Hunter M.D., Price P.W. Playing chutes and ladders: heterogeneity and the relative roles of bottom-up and top-down forces in natural communities. Ecology 1992, 73:724-732.
    • (1992) Ecology , vol.73 , pp. 724-732
    • Hunter, M.D.1    Price, P.W.2
  • 59
    • 20744453517 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental conditions and aspen regeneration failure
    • USDA Forest Service. Tech. Rept. R1-60
    • Jacobi, W.R., Kelly, E.F., Troendle, C.A. Anqwin, P.A., Wettstein, C.A., 1998. Environmental conditions and aspen regeneration failure. USDA Forest Service. Tech. Rept. R1-60, 25pp.
    • (1998) , pp. 25
    • Jacobi, W.R.1    Kelly, E.F.2    Troendle, C.A.3    Anqwin, P.A.4    Wettstein, C.A.5
  • 60
    • 84878138441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multiple factors affect aspen regeneration on the Uncomphagre Plateau, West-Central Colorado. USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P18.
    • Johnston, B.C., 2001. Multiple factors affect aspen regeneration on the Uncomphagre Plateau, West-Central Colorado. USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P18.
    • (2001)
    • Johnston, B.C.1
  • 61
    • 36448966446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elk browsing decreases above-ground growth of water-stressed willows by modifying plant architecture
    • Johnston D.B., Cooper D.J., Hobbs N.T. Elk browsing decreases above-ground growth of water-stressed willows by modifying plant architecture. Oecologia 2007, 154:467-478.
    • (2007) Oecologia , vol.154 , pp. 467-478
    • Johnston, D.B.1    Cooper, D.J.2    Hobbs, N.T.3
  • 62
    • 21044448983 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Removal of encroaching conifers to regenerate degraded aspen stands in the Sierra Nevada
    • Jones B.E., Rickman T.H., Vazquez A., Sado Y., Tate K.W. Removal of encroaching conifers to regenerate degraded aspen stands in the Sierra Nevada. Restor. Ecol. 2005, 13:372-379.
    • (2005) Restor. Ecol. , vol.13 , pp. 372-379
    • Jones, B.E.1    Rickman, T.H.2    Vazquez, A.3    Sado, Y.4    Tate, K.W.5
  • 63
    • 34848840723 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recponciling diversgent interpretations of quaking aspen decline on the Northern Colorado Front range
    • Kashian D.M., Romme W.H., Regan C.M. Recponciling diversgent interpretations of quaking aspen decline on the Northern Colorado Front range. Ecol. Appl. 2007, 17:1296-1311.
    • (2007) Ecol. Appl. , vol.17 , pp. 1296-1311
    • Kashian, D.M.1    Romme, W.H.2    Regan, C.M.3
  • 65
    • 77956562807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are wolves saving Yellowstone's aspen? A landscape-level test of a behaviorally mediated trophic cascade
    • Kauffman M., Brodie J.F., Jules E.S. Are wolves saving Yellowstone's aspen? A landscape-level test of a behaviorally mediated trophic cascade. Ecology 2010, 91:2742-2755.
    • (2010) Ecology , vol.91 , pp. 2742-2755
    • Kauffman, M.1    Brodie, J.F.2    Jules, E.S.3
  • 66
    • 84878160831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of burned aspen communities in Jackson Hole, Wyoming. USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-18.
    • Kay, C.E. 2001. Evaluation of burned aspen communities in Jackson Hole, Wyoming. USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-18.
    • (2001)
    • Kay, C.E.1
  • 67
    • 79958032372 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Medoscale synchrony in quaking aspen establishment across the interior western US
    • Kaye M. Medoscale synchrony in quaking aspen establishment across the interior western US. For. Ecol. Manage. 2011, 262:389-397.
    • (2011) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.262 , pp. 389-397
    • Kaye, M.1
  • 68
    • 0003584518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Browse Evaluation by Analysis of Growth Form
    • Montana Fish Wildlife & Parks, Helena, MT.
    • Keigley, R.B., Frisina, M.R., 1998. Browse Evaluation by Analysis of Growth Form. Montana Fish Wildlife & Parks, Helena, MT.
    • (1998)
    • Keigley, R.B.1    Frisina, M.R.2
  • 69
    • 79953084120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aspen recovery since wolf reintroduction on the Northern Yellowstone Winter Range
    • Kimble D.S., Tyers D.B., Robison-Cox J., Sowell B.F. Aspen recovery since wolf reintroduction on the Northern Yellowstone Winter Range. Range. Ecol. and Manage. 2011, 64:119-130.
    • (2011) Range. Ecol. and Manage. , vol.64 , pp. 119-130
    • Kimble, D.S.1    Tyers, D.B.2    Robison-Cox, J.3    Sowell, B.F.4
  • 71
    • 6344256861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The persistence of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) in the Grand Mesa area
    • Kulakowski D., Veblen T.T., Drinkwater S. The persistence of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) in the Grand Mesa area. Colorado. Ecol. Appl. 2004, 14:1603-1614.
    • (2004) Colorado. Ecol. Appl. , vol.14 , pp. 1603-1614
    • Kulakowski, D.1    Veblen, T.T.2    Drinkwater, S.3
  • 72
    • 33745809852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influences of infrequent fire, elevation and pre-fire vegetation on the persistence of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) in the Flat Tops area, Colorado
    • Kulakowski D.T., Veblen T., Kurzel B.P. Influences of infrequent fire, elevation and pre-fire vegetation on the persistence of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) in the Flat Tops area, Colorado. J. Biogeogr. 2006, 33:1397-1413.
    • (2006) J. Biogeogr. , vol.33 , pp. 1397-1413
    • Kulakowski, D.T.1    Veblen, T.2    Kurzel, B.P.3
  • 73
    • 45049087359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differential snowpack accumulation and water dynamics in aspen and conifer communities: implications for water yield and ecosystem function
    • Lamalfa E.M., Ryel R.J. Differential snowpack accumulation and water dynamics in aspen and conifer communities: implications for water yield and ecosystem function. Ecosystems 2008, 11:569-581.
    • (2008) Ecosystems , vol.11 , pp. 569-581
    • Lamalfa, E.M.1    Ryel, R.J.2
  • 74
    • 0038721210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aspen age structure in the northern Yellowstone ecosystem, USA
    • Larsen E.J., Ripple W.J. Aspen age structure in the northern Yellowstone ecosystem, USA. For. Ecol. Manage. 2003, 179:469-482.
    • (2003) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.179 , pp. 469-482
    • Larsen, E.J.1    Ripple, W.J.2
  • 75
    • 27144459444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aspen stand conditions on elk winter ranges in the Northern Yellowstone Ecosystem, USA
    • Larsen E.J., Ripple W.J. Aspen stand conditions on elk winter ranges in the Northern Yellowstone Ecosystem, USA. Nat. Areas J. 2005, 25:326-338.
    • (2005) Nat. Areas J. , vol.25 , pp. 326-338
    • Larsen, E.J.1    Ripple, W.J.2
  • 76
    • 0034752346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wolves, elk, and bison: re-establishing the " landscape of fear" in Yellowstone National Park
    • Laundré J.W., Hernandez L., Altendorf K.B. Wolves, elk, and bison: re-establishing the " landscape of fear" in Yellowstone National Park. Can. J. Zool. 2001, 79:1401-1409.
    • (2001) Can. J. Zool. , vol.79 , pp. 1401-1409
    • Laundré, J.W.1    Hernandez, L.2    Altendorf, K.B.3
  • 77
    • 84878130146 scopus 로고
    • Ecological interactions between marine mammals, commercial fisheries, and their prey: Unraveling the tangled web. In: Proceedings of the Marine Birds and Mammals in Arctic Food Webs Symposium, Newfoundland, 1992. Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada, Ottawa.
    • Lavigne, D.M. 1995. Ecological interactions between marine mammals, commercial fisheries, and their prey: Unraveling the tangled web. In: Proceedings of the Marine Birds and Mammals in Arctic Food Webs Symposium, Newfoundland, 1992. Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment Canada, Ottawa.
    • (1995)
    • Lavigne, D.M.1
  • 79
    • 84878119668 scopus 로고
    • A Sand County Almanac, and Sketches Here and There, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
    • Leopold A., 1949. A Sand County Almanac, and Sketches Here and There, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
    • (1949)
    • Leopold, A.1
  • 80
    • 0000347288 scopus 로고
    • A survey of over-populated deer ranges in the United States
    • Leopold A., Sowls L.K., Spencer D.L. A survey of over-populated deer ranges in the United States. J. Wildl. Manage. 1947, 11:162-183.
    • (1947) J. Wildl. Manage. , vol.11 , pp. 162-183
    • Leopold, A.1    Sowls, L.K.2    Spencer, D.L.3
  • 81
    • 0031440770 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonlethal effects in the ecology of predator-prey interactions
    • Lima S. Nonlethal effects in the ecology of predator-prey interactions. Bioscience 1998, 48:25-34.
    • (1998) Bioscience , vol.48 , pp. 25-34
    • Lima, S.1
  • 82
    • 0025252617 scopus 로고
    • Behavioral decisions made under the risk of predation: a review and prospectus
    • Lima S.L., Dill L.M. Behavioral decisions made under the risk of predation: a review and prospectus. Can. J. Zool. 1990, 68:619-640.
    • (1990) Can. J. Zool. , vol.68 , pp. 619-640
    • Lima, S.L.1    Dill, L.M.2
  • 83
    • 0000930018 scopus 로고
    • The trophic-dy aspect of ecology
    • Lindeman R. The trophic-dy aspect of ecology. Ecology 1942, 23:399-418.
    • (1942) Ecology , vol.23 , pp. 399-418
    • Lindeman, R.1
  • 84
    • 84878128741 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adaptations of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) for defense against herbivores, Forest Ecol. Manage.
    • Lindroth, R.L., St. Clair, S.B. 2013. Adaptations of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) for defense against herbivores, Forest Ecol. Manage. 299, 14-21.
    • (2013) , vol.299 , pp. 14-21
    • Lindroth, R.L.1    St Clair, S.B.2
  • 85
    • 63849168984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Douglas-fir growth in mountain ecosystems: water limits tree growth from stand to region
    • Littell J.S., Peterson D.L., Joelker M.T. Douglas-fir growth in mountain ecosystems: water limits tree growth from stand to region. Ecol. Monogr. 2008, 78:349-368.
    • (2008) Ecol. Monogr. , vol.78 , pp. 349-368
    • Littell, J.S.1    Peterson, D.L.2    Joelker, M.T.3
  • 86
    • 0002467390 scopus 로고
    • Relation between birth rates and death rates
    • Lotka A.J. Relation between birth rates and death rates. Science 1907, 26:121-130.
    • (1907) Science , vol.26 , pp. 121-130
    • Lotka, A.J.1
  • 87
    • 84878129978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wolves, elk, and willows: alternate states and transition thresholds on Yellowstone's Northern Range
    • Dissertation. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO.
    • Marshall, K.N., 2012. Wolves, elk, and willows: alternate states and transition thresholds on Yellowstone's Northern Range. Dissertation. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO.
    • (2012)
    • Marshall, K.N.1
  • 88
    • 0032492131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trophic cascades and trophic trickles in pelagic food webs
    • McAnn K.S., Hastings A., Strong D.R. Trophic cascades and trophic trickles in pelagic food webs. Proc. R. Soc. London 1998, 265:205-209.
    • (1998) Proc. R. Soc. London , vol.265 , pp. 205-209
    • McAnn, K.S.1    Hastings, A.2    Strong, D.R.3
  • 89
    • 0028668989 scopus 로고
    • Wolves, moose, and tree rings on Isle Royale
    • McLaren B.E., Peterson R.O. Wolves, moose, and tree rings on Isle Royale. Science 1994, 266:1555-1558.
    • (1994) Science , vol.266 , pp. 1555-1558
    • McLaren, B.E.1    Peterson, R.O.2
  • 90
    • 84860509178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is science in danger of sanctifying the wolf?
    • Mech D. Is science in danger of sanctifying the wolf?. Biol. Conserv. 2012, 150:143-149.
    • (2012) Biol. Conserv. , vol.150 , pp. 143-149
    • Mech, D.1
  • 91
    • 0034734087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Top-down and bottom-up community regulation in marine rocky intertidal habitats
    • Menge B.A. Top-down and bottom-up community regulation in marine rocky intertidal habitats. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 2005, 250:257-289.
    • (2005) J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. , vol.250 , pp. 257-289
    • Menge, B.A.1
  • 92
    • 0000391655 scopus 로고
    • Species diversity gradients: synthesis of the roles of predation, competition, and temporal heterogeneity
    • Menge B.A., Sutherland J.P. Species diversity gradients: synthesis of the roles of predation, competition, and temporal heterogeneity. Am. Nat. 1976, 110:351-369.
    • (1976) Am. Nat. , vol.110 , pp. 351-369
    • Menge, B.A.1    Sutherland, J.P.2
  • 93
    • 0028163542 scopus 로고
    • The keystone species concept: variation in interaction strength in a rocky intertidal habitat
    • Menge B., Berlow E.L., Blanchette C.A., Navarrete S.A., Yamada S.B. The keystone species concept: variation in interaction strength in a rocky intertidal habitat. Ecol. Mono. 1994, 64:249-296.
    • (1994) Ecol. Mono. , vol.64 , pp. 249-296
    • Menge, B.1    Berlow, E.L.2    Blanchette, C.A.3    Navarrete, S.A.4    Yamada, S.B.5
  • 94
    • 55849146352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clonal dynamics in western North American aspen (Populus tremuloides)
    • Mock K.E., Rowe C.A., Hooten M.B., Dewoody J., Hipkins V.D. Clonal dynamics in western North American aspen (Populus tremuloides). Mol. Ecol. 2008, 17:4827-4844.
    • (2008) Mol. Ecol. , vol.17 , pp. 4827-4844
    • Mock, K.E.1    Rowe, C.A.2    Hooten, M.B.3    Dewoody, J.4    Hipkins, V.D.5
  • 95
    • 84878145742 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of the potential effects of climate change on quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) in the Western United States and a new tool for surveying sudden aspen decline. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-235. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Albany, CA
    • Morelli, T.L., Carr, S.C., 2011. A review of the potential effects of climate change on quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) in the Western United States and a new tool for surveying sudden aspen decline. Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-235. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Albany, CA, 31p.
    • (2011) , pp. 31
    • Morelli, T.L.1    Carr, S.C.2
  • 96
    • 0024897365 scopus 로고
    • Age distribution and reproduction of intermountain aspen stands
    • Mueggler W.F. Age distribution and reproduction of intermountain aspen stands. West. J. Appl. For. 1989, 4:41-45.
    • (1989) West. J. Appl. For. , vol.4 , pp. 41-45
    • Mueggler, W.F.1
  • 97
    • 0000808798 scopus 로고
    • " Community structure, population control, and competition" , -A critique
    • Murdoch W.W. " Community structure, population control, and competition" , -A critique. Am. Nat. 1966, 100:219-226.
    • (1966) Am. Nat. , vol.100 , pp. 219-226
    • Murdoch, W.W.1
  • 98
    • 84878147175 scopus 로고
    • 1954. Unpublished field notes on elk and wolves. Olaus J. Murie Papers, Teton Science School Archives, Murie Museum, Jackson, WY.
    • Murie, O.J., 1926-1954. Unpublished field notes on elk and wolves. Olaus J. Murie Papers, Teton Science School Archives, Murie Museum, Jackson, WY.
    • (1926)
    • Murie, O.J.1
  • 99
    • 0030823534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large animals and system-level characteristics in river corridors
    • Naiman R.J., Rogers K.H. Large animals and system-level characteristics in river corridors. Bioscience 1997, 47:521-529.
    • (1997) Bioscience , vol.47 , pp. 521-529
    • Naiman, R.J.1    Rogers, K.H.2
  • 100
    • 0030422753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Keystone predation and interaction strength: interactive effects of predators on their main prey
    • Navarrete S.A., Menge B. Keystone predation and interaction strength: interactive effects of predators on their main prey. Ecol. Monogr. 1996, 66:409-429.
    • (1996) Ecol. Monogr. , vol.66 , pp. 409-429
    • Navarrete, S.A.1    Menge, B.2
  • 101
    • 44749092034 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stand characteristics of three forest types within the dry interior forests of British Columbia, Canada: implications for biodiversity
    • Oaten D.K., Larsen K.W. Stand characteristics of three forest types within the dry interior forests of British Columbia, Canada: implications for biodiversity. For. Ecol. Manage. 2008, 256:114-120.
    • (2008) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.256 , pp. 114-120
    • Oaten, D.K.1    Larsen, K.W.2
  • 102
    • 0034045554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The logic and realism of the hypothesis of exploitation ecosystems
    • Oksanen L., Oksanen T. The logic and realism of the hypothesis of exploitation ecosystems. Am. Nat. 2000, 155:703-723.
    • (2000) Am. Nat. , vol.155 , pp. 703-723
    • Oksanen, L.1    Oksanen, T.2
  • 103
    • 0002246196 scopus 로고
    • A note on trophic complexity and species diversity
    • Paine R.T. A note on trophic complexity and species diversity. Am. Nat. 1969, 103:91-93.
    • (1969) Am. Nat. , vol.103 , pp. 91-93
    • Paine, R.T.1
  • 104
    • 0000149002 scopus 로고
    • Food webs: linkage, interaction strength and community infrastructure
    • Paine R.T. Food webs: linkage, interaction strength and community infrastructure. J. Anim. Ecol. 1980, 49:667-685.
    • (1980) J. Anim. Ecol. , vol.49 , pp. 667-685
    • Paine, R.T.1
  • 105
    • 80755152810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of bison on willow and cottonwood in northern Yellowstone National Park
    • Painter L., Ripple W.J. Effects of bison on willow and cottonwood in northern Yellowstone National Park. For. Ecol. Manage. 2012, 264:150-158.
    • (2012) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.264 , pp. 150-158
    • Painter, L.1    Ripple, W.J.2
  • 106
    • 0028165502 scopus 로고
    • Food webs, trophic cascades, and community structure
    • Polis G.A. Food webs, trophic cascades, and community structure. Austral Ecol. 1994, 19:121-136.
    • (1994) Austral Ecol. , vol.19 , pp. 121-136
    • Polis, G.A.1
  • 107
    • 0030472660 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Food web complexity and community dynamics
    • Polis G.A., Strong D.R. Food web complexity and community dynamics. Am. Nat. 1996, 147:813-846.
    • (1996) Am. Nat. , vol.147 , pp. 813-846
    • Polis, G.A.1    Strong, D.R.2
  • 108
    • 0025694323 scopus 로고
    • Effects of fish in river food webs
    • Power M.E. Effects of fish in river food webs. Science 1990, 250:811-814.
    • (1990) Science , vol.250 , pp. 811-814
    • Power, M.E.1
  • 109
    • 0026592785 scopus 로고
    • Top-down and bottom-up forces in food webs: do plants have primacy?
    • Power M.E. Top-down and bottom-up forces in food webs: do plants have primacy?. Ecology 1992, 73:733-746.
    • (1992) Ecology , vol.73 , pp. 733-746
    • Power, M.E.1
  • 110
    • 84855965030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drivers of plant community dynamics in sagebrush steppe ecosystems: cattle grazing, heat and water stress
    • Doctoral dissertation. Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR.
    • Reisner, M.D., 2010. Drivers of plant community dynamics in sagebrush steppe ecosystems: cattle grazing, heat and water stress. Doctoral dissertation. Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR.
    • (2010)
    • Reisner, M.D.1
  • 111
    • 4043155503 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wolves and the ecology of fear: can predation risk structure ecosystems?
    • Ripple W.J., Beschta R.L. Wolves and the ecology of fear: can predation risk structure ecosystems?. Bioscience 2004, 54:755-766.
    • (2004) Bioscience , vol.54 , pp. 755-766
    • Ripple, W.J.1    Beschta, R.L.2
  • 112
    • 34547548036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Restoring Yellowstone's aspen with wolves
    • Ripple W.J., Beschta R.L. Restoring Yellowstone's aspen with wolves. Biol. Conserv. 2007, 138:514-519.
    • (2007) Biol. Conserv. , vol.138 , pp. 514-519
    • Ripple, W.J.1    Beschta, R.L.2
  • 113
    • 84856231291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trophic Cascades in Yellowstone: the first 15 years after wolf reintroduction
    • Ripple W.J., Beschta R.L. Trophic Cascades in Yellowstone: the first 15 years after wolf reintroduction. Biol. Conserv. 2011, 145:205-213.
    • (2011) Biol. Conserv. , vol.145 , pp. 205-213
    • Ripple, W.J.1    Beschta, R.L.2
  • 114
    • 0033924188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Historic aspen recruitment, elk, and wolves, in northern Yellowstone National Park, USA
    • Ripple W.J., Larsen E.J. Historic aspen recruitment, elk, and wolves, in northern Yellowstone National Park, USA. Biol. Conserv. 2000, 95:361-370.
    • (2000) Biol. Conserv. , vol.95 , pp. 361-370
    • Ripple, W.J.1    Larsen, E.J.2
  • 115
    • 0034771761 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trophic cascades among wolves, elk, and aspen on Yellowstone National Park's Northern Range
    • Ripple W.J., Larsen E.J., Renkin R.A., Smith D. Trophic cascades among wolves, elk, and aspen on Yellowstone National Park's Northern Range. Biol. Conserv. 2001, 102:227-234.
    • (2001) Biol. Conserv. , vol.102 , pp. 227-234
    • Ripple, W.J.1    Larsen, E.J.2    Renkin, R.A.3    Smith, D.4
  • 116
    • 77954958945 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large predators, deer, and trophic cascades in boreal and temperate ecosystems
    • Island Press, Washington, DC, J. Terborgh, J. Estes (Eds.)
    • Ripple W.J., Rooney T.P., Beschta R.L. Large predators, deer, and trophic cascades in boreal and temperate ecosystems. Trophic Cascades: Predators, Prey, and the Changing Dynamics of Nature 2010, 141-161. Island Press, Washington, DC. J. Terborgh, J. Estes (Eds.).
    • (2010) Trophic Cascades: Predators, Prey, and the Changing Dynamics of Nature , pp. 141-161
    • Ripple, W.J.1    Rooney, T.P.2    Beschta, R.L.3
  • 117
    • 84861660539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lessons from the wolf
    • Robbins J. Lessons from the wolf. Sci. Am. 2004, 29:84-91.
    • (2004) Sci. Am. , vol.29 , pp. 84-91
    • Robbins, J.1
  • 118
    • 0036161610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using forest health monitoring to assess aspen forest cover change in the southern Rockies ecoregion
    • Rogers P. Using forest health monitoring to assess aspen forest cover change in the southern Rockies ecoregion. For. Ecol. Manage. 2002, 155:223-236.
    • (2002) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.155 , pp. 223-236
    • Rogers, P.1
  • 119
    • 84878136131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A functional framework for improved management of western North American aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx). For. Sci. (in press).
    • Rogers, P.C., Landhäuser, S.M, Pino, B., Ryel, R.J., 2013. A functional framework for improved management of western North American aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx). For. Sci. (in press).
    • (2013)
    • Rogers, P.C.1    Landhäuser, S.M.2    Pino, B.3    Ryel, R.J.4
  • 120
    • 0028980843 scopus 로고
    • Aspen, elk, and fire in the northern range of Yellowstone National Park
    • Romme W.H., Turner M.G., Wallace L.L., Walker J.S. Aspen, elk, and fire in the northern range of Yellowstone National Park. Ecology 1995, 76:2097-2106.
    • (1995) Ecology , vol.76 , pp. 2097-2106
    • Romme, W.H.1    Turner, M.G.2    Wallace, L.L.3    Walker, J.S.4
  • 121
    • 0345104831 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aspen's ecological role in the west.
    • Shepperd, W.D., Binkley, D., Bartos, D.L., Stohlgren, T.J., Eskew, L.G. (Eds.), Sustaining Aspen in Western Landscapes: Symposium Proceedings; 13-15 June 2000, Grand Junction, CO. USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-18
    • Romme, W.H., Floyd-Hanna, L, Hanna, D.D., Bartlett, E., 2001. Aspen's ecological role in the west. In: Shepperd, W.D., Binkley, D., Bartos, D.L., Stohlgren, T.J., Eskew, L.G. (Eds.), Sustaining Aspen in Western Landscapes: Symposium Proceedings; 13-15 June 2000, Grand Junction, CO. USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-18, pp. 242-259.
    • (2001) , pp. 242-259
    • Romme, W.H.1    Floyd-Hanna, L.2    Hanna, D.D.3    Bartlett, E.4
  • 122
    • 0030613986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Behaviorally mediated trophic cascades: effects of predation risk on food web interactions
    • Schmitz O.J., Beckerman A.P., O'Brien K.M. Behaviorally mediated trophic cascades: effects of predation risk on food web interactions. Ecology 1997, 78:1388-1399.
    • (1997) Ecology , vol.78 , pp. 1388-1399
    • Schmitz, O.J.1    Beckerman, A.P.2    O'Brien, K.M.3
  • 123
    • 0034072299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trophic cascades in terrestrial systems: a review of the effects of carnivore removals on plants
    • Schmitz O.J., Hamback P.A., Beckerman A.P. Trophic cascades in terrestrial systems: a review of the effects of carnivore removals on plants. Am. Nat. 2000, 155:141-153.
    • (2000) Am. Nat. , vol.155 , pp. 141-153
    • Schmitz, O.J.1    Hamback, P.A.2    Beckerman, A.P.3
  • 124
    • 0347093664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecosystem response to global climate change: moving beyond color mapping
    • Schmitz O.J., Post E., Burns C.E., Johnston K.M. Ecosystem response to global climate change: moving beyond color mapping. Bioscience 2003, 53:1199-1205.
    • (2003) Bioscience , vol.53 , pp. 1199-1205
    • Schmitz, O.J.1    Post, E.2    Burns, C.E.3    Johnston, K.M.4
  • 125
    • 33745112886 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alternative dynamic regimes and trophic control of plant succession
    • Schmitz O.J., Kalies E.L., Booth M.G. Alternative dynamic regimes and trophic control of plant succession. Ecosystems 2006, 9:659-672.
    • (2006) Ecosystems , vol.9 , pp. 659-672
    • Schmitz, O.J.1    Kalies, E.L.2    Booth, M.G.3
  • 126
    • 84878154910 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quaking Aspen Persistence in Three Oregon Landscapes
    • M.S. Thesis. Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR.
    • Seager, S.T., 2010. Quaking Aspen Persistence in Three Oregon Landscapes. M.S. Thesis. Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR.
    • (2010)
    • Seager, S.T.1
  • 127
    • 84878162715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns and consequences of ungulate herbivory on aspen in western North America
    • Seager, S.T., Eisenberg, C., St. Clair, S., 2013. Patterns and consequences of ungulate herbivory on aspen in western North America. For. Ecol. Manage. 299, 81-90.
    • (2013) For. Ecol. Manage , vol.299 , pp. 81-90
    • Seager, S.T.1    Eisenberg, C.2    St Clair, S.3
  • 128
    • 84878142501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (Eds.), Sustaining Aspen in Western Landscapes: Symposium Proceedings; 13-15 June 2000, Grand Junction, CO. USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-18. Rocky Mountain Research Station, Grand Junction, CO.
    • Shepperd, W.D., Binkley, D., Bartos, D.L., Stohlgren, T.J., Eskew, L.G. (Eds.), 2001a. Sustaining Aspen in Western Landscapes: Symposium Proceedings; 13-15 June 2000, Grand Junction, CO. USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-P-18. Rocky Mountain Research Station, Grand Junction, CO.
    • (2001)
    • Shepperd, W.D.1    Binkley, D.2    Bartos, D.L.3    Stohlgren, T.J.4    Eskew, L.G.5
  • 129
    • 0034869762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Above- and below-ground effects of aspen clonal regeneration and succession to conifers
    • Shepperd W.D., Bartos D.L., Mata S.A. Above- and below-ground effects of aspen clonal regeneration and succession to conifers. Can. J. For. Res. 2001, 31:739-745.
    • (2001) Can. J. For. Res. , vol.31 , pp. 739-745
    • Shepperd, W.D.1    Bartos, D.L.2    Mata, S.A.3
  • 130
    • 0142216218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mammal population regulation, keystone processes, and ecosystem dynamics
    • Sinclair A.R.E. Mammal population regulation, keystone processes, and ecosystem dynamics. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London. 2003, 358:1729-1740.
    • (2003) Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London. , vol.358 , pp. 1729-1740
    • Sinclair, A.R.E.1
  • 131
    • 0000657948 scopus 로고
    • Habitat partitioning and wildfire relationships of cervids in Glacier National Park, Montana
    • Singer F.J. Habitat partitioning and wildfire relationships of cervids in Glacier National Park, Montana. J. Wildl. Manage. 1979, 43:437-444.
    • (1979) J. Wildl. Manage. , vol.43 , pp. 437-444
    • Singer, F.J.1
  • 132
    • 84878130779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (Ed.), Effects of Grazing by Wild Ungulates in Yellowstone National Park. Technical Report NPS/NRYELL/NRTR/96-01. USDI NPS Natural Resource Program Center. Denver, CO, USA.
    • Singer, F.J. (Ed.), 1996. Effects of Grazing by Wild Ungulates in Yellowstone National Park. Technical Report NPS/NRYELL/NRTR/96-01. USDI NPS Natural Resource Program Center. Denver, CO, USA.
    • (1996)
    • Singer, F.J.1
  • 133
    • 20744436551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Twenty-year change in aspen dominance in pure aspen and mixed aspen/conifer stands on the Uncompahgre Plateau, Colorado, USA
    • Smith A., Smith F.W. Twenty-year change in aspen dominance in pure aspen and mixed aspen/conifer stands on the Uncompahgre Plateau, Colorado, USA. For. Ecol. Manage. 2005, 213:338-348.
    • (2005) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.213 , pp. 338-348
    • Smith, A.1    Smith, F.W.2
  • 135
    • 79958052429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of conifer succession, physiographic conditions, and herbivory on quaking aspen regeneration after fire
    • Smith E.A., O'Loughlin D., Buck J.R., St.Clair S.B. The influence of conifer succession, physiographic conditions, and herbivory on quaking aspen regeneration after fire. For. Ecol. Manage. 2011, 262:325-330.
    • (2011) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.262 , pp. 325-330
    • Smith, E.A.1    O'Loughlin, D.2    Buck, J.R.3    St Clair, S.B.4
  • 136
    • 84878128176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leader, YNP Wolf Project, 2012. Personal Communication in Mammoth, Wyoming, on September 19
    • Smith, D., Leader, YNP Wolf Project, 2012. Personal Communication in Mammoth, Wyoming, on September 19, 2012.
    • (2012)
    • Smith, D.1
  • 137
    • 0141873335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecological effectiveness: conservation goals for interactive species
    • Soulé M.E., Estes J.A., Berger J., Martinez Del Rio C. Ecological effectiveness: conservation goals for interactive species. Conserv. Biol. 2003, 17:1238-1250.
    • (2003) Conserv. Biol. , vol.17 , pp. 1238-1250
    • Soulé, M.E.1    Estes, J.A.2    Berger, J.3    Martinez Del Rio, C.4
  • 138
    • 13544273971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strongly interaction species: conservation policy, management, and ethics
    • Soulé M.E., Estes J.A., Miller B., Honnold D.L. Strongly interaction species: conservation policy, management, and ethics. Bioscience 2005, 55:168-176.
    • (2005) Bioscience , vol.55 , pp. 168-176
    • Soulé, M.E.1    Estes, J.A.2    Miller, B.3    Honnold, D.L.4
  • 139
    • 79952660642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quaking aspen's current and future status in Western North America: the role of succession, climate, biotic agents, and its clonal nature
    • St.Clair S.B., Guyon J., Donadlson J. Quaking aspen's current and future status in Western North America: the role of succession, climate, biotic agents, and its clonal nature. Prog. Bot. 2010, 71:374-400.
    • (2010) Prog. Bot. , vol.71 , pp. 374-400
    • St Clair, S.B.1    Guyon, J.2    Donadlson, J.3
  • 140
    • 0026549291 scopus 로고
    • Are trophic cascades all wet? Differentiation and donor control in speciose systems
    • Strong D. Are trophic cascades all wet? Differentiation and donor control in speciose systems. Ecology 1992, 73:745-754.
    • (1992) Ecology , vol.73 , pp. 745-754
    • Strong, D.1
  • 142
    • 0021576542 scopus 로고
    • Chapman and Hall, New York
    • Taylor R.J. Predation 1984, Chapman and Hall, New York.
    • (1984) Predation
    • Taylor, R.J.1
  • 146
    • 84878123924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of ungulate herbivory management on ecosystem patterns and processes: future directions of the Starkey Project
    • In: Wisdom, M.J., technical editor, The Starkey Project: A Synthesis of Long-Term Studies of Elk and Mule Deer. Reprinted from the 2004 Transactions of the North American Wildlife and natural Resources Conference, Alliance Communications group, Lawrence, KS,
    • Vavra, M., Wisdom, M.J., Kie, J.G., Cook, J.G., Riggs, R.A., 2005. The role of ungulate herbivory management on ecosystem patterns and processes: future directions of the Starkey Project. In: Wisdom, M.J., technical editor, The Starkey Project: A Synthesis of Long-Term Studies of Elk and Mule Deer. Reprinted from the 2004 Transactions of the North American Wildlife and natural Resources Conference, Alliance Communications group, Lawrence, KS, pp. 233-239.
    • (2005) , pp. 233-239
    • Vavra, M.1    Wisdom, M.J.2    Kie, J.G.3    Cook, J.G.4    Riggs, R.A.5
  • 147
    • 28044446296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of climate, harvest, and wolf predation on Yellowstone elk, 1961-2004
    • Vucetich J.A., Smith D.W., Stahler D.R. Influence of climate, harvest, and wolf predation on Yellowstone elk, 1961-2004. Oikos 2005, 111:259-270.
    • (2005) Oikos , vol.111 , pp. 259-270
    • Vucetich, J.A.1    Smith, D.W.2    Stahler, D.R.3
  • 148
    • 20444471600 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Yellowstone's ungulates after wolves; expectation, realizations, and predictions
    • White P.J., Garrott R.A. Yellowstone's ungulates after wolves; expectation, realizations, and predictions. Biol. Conserv. 2005, 125:141-152.
    • (2005) Biol. Conserv. , vol.125 , pp. 141-152
    • White, P.J.1    Garrott, R.A.2
  • 149
    • 0032449881 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aspen, elk, and fire in the Rocky Mountain national parks of North America
    • White C.A., Olmsted C.E., Kay C.E. Aspen, elk, and fire in the Rocky Mountain national parks of North America. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 1998, 26:449-462.
    • (1998) Wildl. Soc. Bull. , vol.26 , pp. 449-462
    • White, C.A.1    Olmsted, C.E.2    Kay, C.E.3
  • 150
    • 0042405059 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predation risk and the functional response of elk-aspen herbivory
    • White C.A., Feller M.C., Bayley S. Predation risk and the functional response of elk-aspen herbivory. For. Ecol. Manage. 2003, 181:77-97.
    • (2003) For. Ecol. Manage. , vol.181 , pp. 77-97
    • White, C.A.1    Feller, M.C.2    Bayley, S.3
  • 151
    • 84855400633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in elk distribution and group sizes after wolf restoration
    • White P.J., Proffit K.M., Lemke T.O. Changes in elk distribution and group sizes after wolf restoration. Am. Midl. Nat. 2012, 167:174-187.
    • (2012) Am. Midl. Nat. , vol.167 , pp. 174-187
    • White, P.J.1    Proffit, K.M.2    Lemke, T.O.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.