Recent declines of Populus tremuloides in North America linked to climate

Forest Ecology and Management

Volumn 299, Issue , 2013, Pages 35-51

  Worrall, James J ^a   Rehfeldt, Gerald E ^b   Hamann, Andreas ^c   Hogg, Edward H ^d   Marchetti, Suzanne B ^a   Michaelian, Michael ^d   Gray, Laura K ^c  

^a USDA FOREST SERVICE   (United States)

^b ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

^d LAURENTIAN FORESTRY CENTRE   (Canada)

Author keywords

Climate envelope; Climatic niche; Decline; Die off; Dieback; Drought

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE ENVELOPE; CLIMATIC NICHE; DECLINE; DIE-OFF; DIEBACK;

DROUGHT; ECOSYSTEMS; REFORESTATION;

CLIMATE MODELS;

BIOCLIMATOLOGY; CATERPILLAR; CLIMATE CHANGE; DECIDUOUS TREE; DEFOLIATION; FOREST COVER; MORALITY; NICHE; NUMERICAL MODEL; POPULATION DECLINE; POPULATION DISTRIBUTION; PRECIPITATION (CLIMATOLOGY); REGENERATION; TEMPERATURE EFFECT; THINNING;

UNITED STATES;

FUNGI; HEXAPODA; MALACOSOMA; POPULUS; POPULUS TREMULOIDES;

EID: 84878129069     PISSN: 03781127     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2012.12.033     Document Type: Article

References (104)

1. Anonymous, 2000. Forest Insect and Disease Conditions in the Southwestern Region, 1999. R3-00-01. USDA Forest Service, Southwestern Region, Albuquerque, New Mexico. http://www.fs.usda.gov.
2. Anonymous, 2005. Utah Forest Insect and Disease Conditions Report 2002-2004. R4-OFO-TR 05-12. USDA Forest Service, State and Private Forestry, Forest Health Protection, Intermountain Region and State of Utah Department of Natural Resources Division of Forestry, Fire, and State Lands. http://www.fs.usda.gov.
3. Anonymous, 2009a. Ecological Regions of North America. A Revision of: " Anonymous. 1997. Ecological Regions of North America: Toward a Common Perspective. Commission for Environmental Cooperation, Montreal, Quebec, Canada" Commission for Environmental Cooperation, Montréal, Québec, Canada. http://www.epa.gov/wed/pages/ecoregions/na_eco.htm.
4. Anonymous, 2009b. Federal Forest Health Highlights for 2009. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Forestry - Forest Health Unit. http://fhm.fs.fed.us/fhh/fhh_09/mn_fhh_09.pdf.
5. Anonymous, 2009c. Wisconsin Forest Health Protection Annual Report 2009. Wisconsin Forest Health Protection Program, Division of Forestry, WI Dept of Natural Resources. http://fhm.fs.fed.us/fhh/fhh_09/wi_fhh_09.pdf.
6. Anonymous, 2010. Utah Forest Insect and Disease Conditions Report 2005-2009. R4-OFO-Report 10-01. USDA Forest Service, State and Private Forestry, Forest Health Protection, Intermountain Region and State of Utah Department of Natural Resources Division of Forestry, Fire, and State Lands. http://www.fs.usda.gov.
7. Anonymous, 2011a. 2011 Minnesota Forest Health Highlights. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources, Division of Forestry, Forest Health Unit. http://fhm.fs.fed.us/fhh/fhh_10/mn_fhh_10.pdf.
8. Anonymous, 2011b. Michigan Forest Health Highlights 2011. Michigan Department of Natural Resources. <>. http://fhm.fs.fed.us/fhh/fhh_11/MI_FHH_2011.pdf.
9. Anonymous, 2012. NOAA NCEP CPC Global Monthly Soil Moisture. NOAA/National Weather Service, National Centers for Environmental Prediction, Climate Prediction Center, Camp Springs, Maryland. (accessed 22.01.01). http://iridl.ldeo.columbia.edu.
10. Baker, F.S., 1925. Aspen in the Central Rocky Mountain Region. Department Bulletin No. 1291. US Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC.
11. Bartos, D.L., 2001. Landscape dynamics of aspen and conifer forests. In: Shepperd, W.D., Binkley, D., Bartos, D.L., Stohlgren, T.J., Eskew, L.G. (Eds.), Sustaining Aspen in Western Landscapes: Symposium Proceedings: June 13-15, 2000, Grand Junction, Colorado. Proceedings RMRS-P-18. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, Colorado, pp. 5-14.
12. Bartos, D.L., 2008. Great basin aspen ecosystems. In: Chambers, J.C., Devoe, N., Evenden, A. (Eds.), Collaborative Management and Research in the Great Basin: Examining the Issues and Developing a Framework for Action. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-204. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, Colorado, pp. 57-60.
13. Bartos D.L., Campbell R.B. Decline of quaking aspen in the interior west: examples from Utah. Rangelands 1998, 20:17-24.
14. Beaubien E., Hamann A. Spring flowering response to climate change between 1936 and 2006 in Alberta, Canada. BioScience 2011, 61:514-524.
15. Binkley D. Age distribution of aspen in Rocky Mountain National Park, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 2008, 255:797-802.
16. Bonsal B., Regier M. Historical comparison of the 2001/2002 drought in the Canadian prairies. Climate Research 2007, 33:229-242.
17. Boyce J.S. Forest Pathology 1961, McGraw-Hill, New York. third ed.
18. Breiman L. Random forests. Machine Learning 2001, 45:5-32.
19. Candau, J.-N., Abt, V., Keatley, L., 2002. Bioclimatic Analysis of Declining Aspen Stands in Northeastern Ontario. Forest Research Report No. 154. Ontario Forest Research Institute, Queen's Printer for Ontario, Ontario.
20. Cayford J.H., Wheaton M.P.H., Hildahl V., Nairn L.D. Injury to trees from winter drying and frost in Manitoba and Saskatchewan in 1958. The Forestry Chronicle 1959, 35:282-290.
21. Churchill G.B., John H.H., Duncan D.P., Hodson A.C. Long-term effects of defoliation of aspen by the forest tent caterpillar. Ecology 1964, 45:630-636.
22. Cleland, D.T., Leefers, L.A., Dickmann, D.I., 2001. Ecology and management of aspen: a lake states perspective. In: Shepperd, W.D., Binkley, D., Bartos, D.L., Stohlgren, T.J., Eskew, L.G. (Eds.), Sustaining Aspen in Western Landscapes: Symposium Proceedings: June 13-15, 2000, Grand Junction, Colorado. Proceedings RMRS-P-18. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, Colorado, pp. 81-99.
23. Cooke B.J., Lorenzetti F., Roland J. On the duration and distribution of forest tent caterpillar outbreaks in east-central Canada. Journal of the Entomological Society of Ontario 2009, 140:3-18.
24. Core Writing Team, Pachauri, R.K., Reisinger, A. (Eds.), 2008. Climate change 2007: synthesis report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Geneva, Switzerland.
25. Crookston, N.L., 2012. Research on Forest Climate Change: Potential Effects of Global Warming on Forests and Plant Climate Relationships in Western North America and Mexico. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Moscow Forestry Sciences Laboratory, Moscow, Idaho. Climate Data and Predictions. <> (accessed 01.03.12). http://forest.moscowfsl.wsu.edu/climate.
26. Crookston N.L., Rehfeldt G.E., Dixon G.E., Weiskittel A.R. Addressing climate change in the forest vegetation simulator to assess impacts on landscape forest dynamics. Forest Ecology and Management 2010, 260:1198-1211.
27. Currit N., St.Clair S.B. Assessing the impact of extreme climatic events on aspen defoliation using MODIS imagery. Geocarto International 2010, 25:133-147.
28. Day T. Degree-Days: Theory and Application. TM41: 2006 2006, The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers, London.
29. Dudley, M., 2011. Aspen Mortality in the Colorado and Southern Wyoming Rocky Mountains: Extent, Severity, and Causal Factors. Master's Thesis, Department of Bioagricultural Science and Pest Management. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.
30. Evans, D.M., 2010. A Spatiotemporal Analysis of Aspen Decline in Southern Utah's Cedar Mountain, Using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems. Master's Thesis, Wildland Resources. Utah State University, Logan, Utah, <>. http://www.cnr.usu.edu.
31. Fairweather M.L., Geils B.W., Manthei M. Aspen decline on the Coconino national forest. Proceedings of the 55th Western International Forest Disease Work Conference, 2007 October 15-19, Sedona, Arizona 2008, 53-62. Oregon Department of Forestry, Salem, Oregon. M.G. McWilliams (Ed.).
32. Fan Y., van den Dool H. Climate prediction center global monthly soil moisture data set at 0.5° resolution for 1948 to present. Journal of Geophysical Research 2004, 109:1-8. D10102 .
33. Fralish, J.S., 1972. Youth, maturity, and old age. In: Aspen Symposium Proceedings. General Technical Report NC-1. US Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, MN, pp. 52-58.
34. Fralish J.S. Ecological and historical aspects of aspen succession in northern Wisconsin. Transactions of the Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, Arts and Letters 1975, 63:54-65.
35. GLOBE Task Team, 1999. The Global Land One-Kilometer Base Elevation (GLOBE) Digital Elevation Model. Version 1.0. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Geophysical Data Center, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado, USA. <>. http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/topo/globe.shtml.
36. Gray L.K., Gylander T., Mbogga M.S., Chen P.-Y., Hamann A. Assisted migration to address climate change: recommendations for aspen reforestation in western Canada. Ecological Applications 2011, 21:1591-1603.
37. Gray L.K., Hamann A. Tracking suitable habitat for tree populations under climate change in western North America. Climatic Change 2012, 1-15. .
38. Griffin D.H., Schaedle M., DeVit M.J., Manion P.D. Clonal variation of Populus tremuloides responses to diurnal drought stress. Tree Physiology 1991, 8:297-304.
39. Guyon, J., Hoffman, J.T., 2011. Survey of Aspen Disease in the Intermountain Region. OFO-PR-11-01. Forest Health Protection, USDA Forest Service, State and Private Forestry, Intermountain Region. <>. http://www.fs.usda.gov.
40. Hamann A., Wang T. Potential effects of climate change on ecosystem and tree species distribution in British Columbia. Ecology 2006, 87:2773-2786.
41. Hanna P., Kulakowski D. The influences of climate on aspen dieback. Forest Ecology and Management 2012, 274:91-98.
42. Hanninen H. Climate warming and the risk of frost damage to boreal forest trees: identification of critical ecophysiological traits. Tree Physiology 2006, 26:889-898.
43. Hansen J., Sato M., Ruedy R., Lo K., Lea D.W., Medina-Elizade M. Global temperature change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2006, 103:14288-14293.
44. Hennon P.E., D'Amore D.V., Schaberg P.G., Wittwer D.T., Shanley C.S. Shifting climate, altered niche, and a dynamic conservation strategy for yellow-cedar in the north Pacific coastal rainforest. BioScience 2012, 62:147-158.
45. Hogg E.H. Climate and the southern limit of the western Canadian boreal forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 1994, 24:1835-1845.
46. Hogg E.H. Temporal scaling of moisture and the forest-grassland boundary in western Canada. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 1997, 84:115-122.
47. Hogg E.H., Brandt J.P., Kochtubajda B. Growth and dieback of aspen forests in northwestern Alberta, Canada, in relation to climate and insects. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 2002, 32:823-832.
48. Hogg E.H., Brandt J.P., Kochtubajda B. Factors affecting interannual variation in growth of western Canadian aspen forests during 1951-2000. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 2005, 35:610-622.
49. Hogg E.H., Brandt J.P., Michaelian M. Impacts of a regional drought on the productivity, dieback, and biomass of western Canadian aspen forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 2008, 38:1373-1384.
50. Hogg E.H., Hurdle P.A. The aspen parkland in western Canada: a dry-climate analogue for the future boreal forest?. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 1995, 82:391.
51. Hogg, E.H., Schwarz, A.G., 1999. Tree-ring Analysis of Declining Aspen Stands in West-central Saskatchewan. Information Report NOR-X-359. Canadian Forestry Service, Northern Forestry Centre.
52. Huang C.-Y., Anderegg W.R.L. Large drought-induced aboveground live biomass losses in southern Rocky Mountain aspen forests. Global Change Biology 2012, 18:1016-1027.
53. Iverson L.R., Prasad A.M. Predicting abundance of 80 tree species following climate change in the eastern United States. Ecological Monographs 1998, 68:465-485.
54. Iverson L.R., Prasad A.M., Matthews S.N., Peters M. Estimating potential habitat for 134 eastern US tree species under six climate scenarios. Forest Ecology and Management 2008, 254:390-406.
55. Jones, J.R., DeByle, N.V., 1985. Climates. In: DeByle, N.V., Winokur, R.P. (Eds.), Aspen: Ecology and Management in the Western United States. General Technical Report RM-119. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colorado, pp. 57-64.
56. Kay C.E. Is aspen doomed?. Journal of Forestry 1997, May 4-11.
57. Kay C.E., Bartos D.L. Ungulate herbivory on Utah aspen: assessment of long-term exclosures. Journal of Range Management 2000, 53:145-153.
58. Krebill, R.G., 1972. Mortality of Aspen on the Gros Ventre Elk Winter Range. Research Paper INT-129. USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, Utah.
59. Krishnan P., Black T.A., Grant N.J., Barr A.G., Hogg E.H., Jassal R.S., Morgenstern K. Impact of changing soil moisture distribution on net ecosystem productivity of a boreal aspen forest during and following drought. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 2006, 139:208-223.
60. Kulakowski D., Matthews C., Jarvis D., Veblen T.T. Compounded disturbances in sub-alpine forests in western Colorado favour future dominance by quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides). Journal of Vegetation Science 2012.
61. Kulakowski D., Veblen T.T., Drinkwater S. The persistence of quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides) in the Grand Mesa area, Colorado. Ecological Applications 2004, 14:1603-1614.
62. Landhäusser S.M., Deshaies D., Lieffers V.J. Disturbance facilitates rapid range expansion of aspen into higher elevations of the Rocky Mountains under a warming climate. Journal of Biogeography 2010, 37:68-76.
63. Lieffers, V.J., Landhäusser, S.M., Hogg, E.H., 2001. Is the wide distribution of aspen a result of its greater stress tolerance? In: Shepperd, W.D., Binkley, D., Bartos, D.L., Stohlgren, T.J., Eskew, L.G. (Eds.), Sustaining Aspen in Western Landscapes: Symposium Proceedings: June 13-15, 2000, Grand Junction, Colorado. Proceedings RMRS-P-18. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, Colorado, pp. 311-323.
64. Little, Jr., E.L., 1971. Atlas of United States Trees, vol. 1. Conifers and Important Hardwoods. US Department of Agriculture. Miscellaneous Publication 1146. Digitized 1999 by US Geological Survey. <>. http://esp.cr.usgs.gov/data/atlas/little/.
65. Man R., Rice J.A. Response of aspen stands to forest tent caterpillar defoliation and subsequent overstory mortality in northeastern Ontario, Canada. Forest Ecology and Management 2010, 260:1853-1860.
66. Marchetti S.B., Worrall J.J., Eager T. Secondary insects and diseases contribute to sudden aspen decline in southwestern Colorado, USA. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 2011, 41:2315-2325.
67. Margolis E.Q., Swetnam T.W., Allen C.D. A stand-replacing fire history in upper montane forests of the southern Rocky Mountains. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 2007, 37:2227-2241.
68. Margolis E.Q., Swetnam T.W., Allen C.D. Historical stand-replacing fire in upper montane forests of the Madrean Sky islands and Mogollon plateau, southwestern USA. Fire Ecology 2011, 7:88-107.
69. Mbogga M.S., Hamann A., Wang T. Historical and projected climate data for natural resource management in western Canada. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 2009, 149:881-890.
70. Meinecke, E.P., 1929. Quaking Aspen: A Study in Applied Forest Pathology. Technical Bulletin No. 155. US Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC.
71. Michaelian M., Hogg E.H., Hall R.J., Arsenault E. Massive mortality of aspen following severe drought along the southern edge of the Canadian boreal forest. Global Change Biology 2011, 17:2084-2094.
72. Moulinier J., Lorenzetti F., Bergeron Y. Gap dynamics in aspen stands of the Clay Belt of northwestern Quebec following a forest tent caterpillar outbreak. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 2011, 41:1606-1617.
73. Ohms, S.R., 2003. Restoration of Aspen in Different Stages of Mortality in Southern Utah. Master's Thesis, Range Science, Utah State University, Logan, Utah.
74. Oukrop, C.M., Evans, D.M., Bartos, D.L., Ramsey, R.D., Ryel, R.J., 2011. Moderate-scale Mapping Methods of Aspen Stand Types: A Case Study for Cedar Mountain in Southern Utah. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-259.
75. Packard F.M. Wildlife and aspen in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Ecology 1942, 23:478-482.
76. Peterson A.M., Elliot-Fisk D.L. Phytogeography of deciduous trees in the White Mountains, California-Nevada. Plant Biology of Eastern California 1987, vol. 2:59-68. University of California, White Mountain Research Station, Los Angeles. C.A. Hall, V. Doyle-Jones (Eds.).
77. Pielke R.A., Doesken N., Bliss O., Green T., Chaffin C., Salas J.D., Woodhouse C.A., Lukas J.J., Wolter K. Drought 2002 in Colorado: an unprecedented drought or a routine drought?. Pure and Applied Geophysics 2005, 162:1455-1479.
78. Prettyman, D.H., 2002. Forest Soil-Climate-Site Index Relationships for Minnesota. Minnesota Report 228-1922. Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Minnesota. <>. http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/cropsystems/DD6062.html.
79. Régnière, J., Saint-Amant, R., 2008. BioSIM 9 User's Manual. Information Report LAU-X-129. Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Sainte-Foy, Quebec, Canada.
80. Rehfeldt, G.E., 2006. A Spline Model of Climate for the Western United States. General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-165. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins, Colorado.
81. Rehfeldt G.E., Crookston N.L., Sáenz-Romero C., Campbell E.M. North American vegetation model for land-use planning in a changing climate: a solution to large classification problems. Ecological Applications 2012, 22:119-141.
82. Rehfeldt G.E., Ferguson D.E., Crookston N.L. Aspen, climate, and sudden decline in western USA. Forest Ecology and Management 2009, 258:2353-2364.
83. Rogers P. Using forest health monitoring to assess aspen forest cover change in the southern Rockies ecoregion. Forest Ecology and Management 2002, 155:223-236.
84. Rogers P.C., Leffler A.J., Ryel R.J. Landscape assessment of a stable aspen community in southern Utah, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 2010, 259:487-495.
85. Rogers P.C., Shepperd W.D., Bartos D.L. Aspen in the Sierra Nevada: regional conservation of a continental species. Natural Areas Journal 2007, 27:183-193.
86. Sáenz-Romero C., Rehfeldt G., Crookston N., Duval P., St-Amant R., Beaulieu J., Richardson B. Spline models of contemporary, 2030, 2060 and 2090 climates for Mexico and their use in understanding climate-change impacts on the vegetation. Climatic Change 2010, 102:595-623.
87. Scarr, T.A., Ryall, K.L., Hodge, P., 2012. Forest Health Conditions in Ontario, 2011. Queen's Printer for Ontario, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. <>. http://www.mnr.gov.on.
88. Schier, G.A., 1975. Deterioration of Aspen Clones in the Middle Rocky Mountains. Research Paper INT-170. USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, Utah.
89. Schier, G.A., Campbell, R.B., 1980. Variation among Healthy and Deteriorating Aspen Clones. Research Paper INT-264. USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, Utah.
90. Schreiber S.G., Hacke U.G., Hamann A., Thomas B.R. Genetic variation of hydraulic and wood anatomical traits in hybrid poplar and trembling aspen. New Phytologist 2011, 190:150-160.
91. Shepperd, W.D., 1993. Initial Growth, Development, and Clonal Dynamics of Regenerated Aspen in the Rocky Mountains. Research Paper RM-312. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colorado.
92. Shields W.J., Bockheim J.G. Deterioration of trembling aspen clones in the Great Lakes region. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 1981, 11:530-537.
93. Sinclair W.A., Lyon H.H. Diseases of Trees and Shrubs 2005, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York. 2nd ed.
94. Sperry J.S., Nichols K.L., Sullivan J.E.M., Eastlack S.E. Xylem embolism in ring-porous, diffuse-porous, and coniferous trees of northern Utah and interior Alaska. Ecology 1994, 75:1736-1752.
95. St.Clair S.B., Guyon J., Donaldson J. Quaking aspen's current and future status in western North America: the role of succession, climate, biotic agents and its clonal nature. Progress in Botany 71 2010, 371-400. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg. U. Lüttge, W. Beyschlag, B. Büdel, D. Francis (Eds.).
96. St.Clair S.B., Mock K.E., LaMalfa E.M., Campbell R.B., Ryel R.J. Genetic contributions to phenotypic variation in physiology, growth, and vigor of western aspen (Populus tremuloides) clones. Forest Science 2010, 56:222-230.
97. St.Clair S.B., Monson S.D., Smith E.A., Cahill D.G., Calder W.J. Altered leaf morphology, leaf resource dilution and defense chemistry induction in frost-defoliated aspen (Populus tremuloides). Tree Physiology 2009, 29:1259-1268.
98. Weigle, W.G., Frothingham, E.H., 1911. The Aspens: Their Growth and Management. Bulletin 93. USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC.
99. Wells P.V. Postglacial vegetational history of the Great Plains. Science 1970, 167:1574-1582. (New York, N.Y.).
100. Wiken, E., Nava, F.J., Griffith, G., 2011. North American Terrestrial Ecoregions - Level III. Commission for Environmental Cooperation, Montreal, Canada. .
101. Wilkowske, C.D., Allen, D.V., Phillips, J.V., 2003. Drought Conditions in Utah during 1999-2002: A Historical Perspective. USGS Fact Sheet 037-03. http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/fs-037-03/.
102. Worrall J.J., Egeland L., Eager T., Mask R.A., Johnson E.W., Kemp P.A., Shepperd W.D. Rapid mortality of Populus tremuloides in southwestern Colorado, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 2008, 255:686-696.
103. Worrall J.J., Marchetti S.B., Egeland L., Mask R.A., Eager T., Howell B. Effects and etiology of sudden aspen decline in southwestern Colorado, USA. Forest Ecology and Management 2010, 260:638-648.
104. Zegler T.J., Moore M.M., Fairweather M.L., Ireland K.B., Fulé P.Z. Populus tremuloides mortality near the southwestern edge of its range. Forest Ecology and Management 2012, 282:196-207.