메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 17, Issue 5, 2003, Pages 1238-1250

Ecological Effectiveness: Conservation Goals for Interactive Species

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONSERVATION; ENDANGERED SPECIES; ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT; ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY; INTERSPECIFIC INTERACTION; RARITY;

EID: 0141873335     PISSN: 08888892     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2003.01599.x     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (336)

References (104)
  • 2
    • 0035132470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Re-colonizing carnivores and naïve prey: Conservation lessons from Pleistocene extinctions
    • Berger, J., J. E. Swenson, and I. Per Illson. 2001. Re-colonizing carnivores and naïve prey: conservation lessons from Pleistocene extinctions. Science 291:1036-1039.
    • (2001) Science , vol.291 , pp. 1036-1039
    • Berger, J.1    Swenson, J.E.2    Per Illson, I.3
  • 3
    • 0032824116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantifying variation in the strengths of species intereactions
    • Berlow, E. L., C. J. Briggs, M. E. Power, S. A. Navarrete, and B. A. Menge. 1999. Quantifying variation in the strengths of species intereactions. Ecology 80:2206-2224.
    • (1999) Ecology , vol.80 , pp. 2206-2224
    • Berlow, E.L.1    Briggs, C.J.2    Power, M.E.3    Navarrete, S.A.4    Menge, B.A.5
  • 4
    • 0002480090 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating the role of carnivores in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem
    • T. W. Clark, A. P. Curlee, S. C. Minta, P.M. Kareiva, editors. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut
    • Boyce, M. S., and E. M. Anderson. 1999. Evaluating the role of carnivores in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Pages 265-283 in T. W. Clark, A. P. Curlee, S. C. Minta, P.M. Kareiva, editors. Carnivores in ecosystems: the Yellowstone experience. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut.
    • (1999) Carnivores in Ecosystems: The Yellowstone Experience , pp. 265-283
    • Boyce, M.S.1    Anderson, E.M.2
  • 5
    • 0025672436 scopus 로고
    • Control of a desert-grassland transition by a keystone rodent guild
    • Brown, J. H., and E. J. Heske. 1990. Control of a desert-grassland transition by a keystone rodent guild. Science 250:1705-1707.
    • (1990) Science , vol.250 , pp. 1705-1707
    • Brown, J.H.1    Heske, E.J.2
  • 6
    • 0001346990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The ecology of fear: Optimal foraging, game theory, and trophic interactions
    • Brown, J. S., J. W. Laundre, and M. Gurung. 1999. The ecology of fear: optimal foraging, game theory, and trophic interactions. Journal of Mammalogy 80:385-399.
    • (1999) Journal of Mammalogy , vol.80 , pp. 385-399
    • Brown, J.S.1    Laundre, J.W.2    Gurung, M.3
  • 7
    • 0035958686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complex species interactions and the dynamics of ecological systems: Long term experiments
    • Brown, J. H., T. G. Whitham, S. K. Morgan Ernest, and C. A. Gehring. 2001. Complex species interactions and the dynamics of ecological systems: long term experiments. Science 293:643-650.
    • (2001) Science , vol.293 , pp. 643-650
    • Brown, J.H.1    Whitham, T.G.2    Morgan Ernest, S.K.3    Gehring, C.A.4
  • 10
    • 0003561179 scopus 로고
    • General technical report PNW-GTR-275. U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon
    • Carey, A. B. 1991. The biology of arboreal rodents in Douglas-fir forests. General technical report PNW-GTR-275. U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon.
    • (1991) The Biology of Arboreal Rodents in Douglas-fir Forests
    • Carey, A.B.1
  • 11
    • 0040714079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecological scale and forest development: Squirrels, dietary fungi, and vascular plants in managed and unmanaged forests
    • Carey, A. B., J. Kershner, B. Biswell, and L. Dominguez de Toledo. 1999. Ecological scale and forest development: squirrels, dietary fungi, and vascular plants in managed and unmanaged forests. Wildlife Monographs 142.
    • (1999) Wildlife Monographs , vol.142
    • Carey, A.B.1    Kershner, J.2    Biswell, B.3    Dominguez De Toledo, L.4
  • 12
    • 0002022807 scopus 로고
    • Population dynamics and yield of a moose population without predators
    • Cederlund, G. N., and H. K. G. Sand. 1991. Population dynamics and yield of a moose population without predators. Alces 27:31-40.
    • (1991) Alces , vol.27 , pp. 31-40
    • Cederlund, G.N.1    Sand, H.K.G.2
  • 13
    • 0013244008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in structure of a boreal forest community following intense herbivory by moose
    • Connor, K. J., W. B. Ballard, T. Dilworth, S. Mahoney, and D. Anions. 2000. Changes in structure of a boreal forest community following intense herbivory by moose. Alces 36:111-132.
    • (2000) Alces , vol.36 , pp. 111-132
    • Connor, K.J.1    Ballard, W.B.2    Dilworth, T.3    Mahoney, S.4    Anions, D.5
  • 14
    • 0142004866 scopus 로고
    • Elk responses to precipitation, density, and winter weather under natural regulation management in Yellowstone National Park
    • Coughenour, M. B., and F. J. Singer. 1995. Elk responses to precipitation, density, and winter weather under natural regulation management in Yellowstone National Park. Ecological Applications 6: 573-593.
    • (1995) Ecological Applications , vol.6 , pp. 573-593
    • Coughenour, M.B.1    Singer, F.J.2
  • 15
    • 0029668183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural regulation of cervidae along a 1000 km latitudinal gradient: Change in trophic dominance
    • Crête, M., and M. Manseau. 1996. Natural regulation of cervidae along a 1000 km latitudinal gradient: change in trophic dominance. Evolutionary Ecology 11:51-62.
    • (1996) Evolutionary Ecology , vol.11 , pp. 51-62
    • Crête, M.1    Manseau, M.2
  • 16
    • 0033526979 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mesopredator release and avifaunal extinctions in a fragmented system
    • Crooks, K. R., and M. E. Soulé. 1999. Mesopredator release and avifaunal extinctions in a fragmented system. Nature 400:563-566.
    • (1999) Nature , vol.400 , pp. 563-566
    • Crooks, K.R.1    Soulé, M.E.2
  • 17
    • 0002101763 scopus 로고
    • Toward an understanding of community resilience and the potential effects of enrichment to the benthos at McMurdo Sound, Antarctica
    • B. C. Parker, editor. Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas
    • Dayton, P. K. 1972. Toward an understanding of community resilience and the potential effects of enrichment to the benthos at McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Pages 81-96 in B. C. Parker, editor. Proceedings on the colloquium on conservation problems in Antarctica. Allen Press, Lawrence, Kansas.
    • (1972) Proceedings on the Colloquium on Conservation Problems in Antarctica , pp. 81-96
    • Dayton, P.K.1
  • 18
    • 0028161096 scopus 로고
    • Impact of deer on interior forest songbirds in northwestern Pennsylvania
    • DeCalesta, D. 1994. Impact of deer on interior forest songbirds in northwestern Pennsylvania. Journal of Wildlife Management 58: 711-717.
    • (1994) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.58 , pp. 711-717
    • DeCalesta, D.1
  • 19
    • 0024910695 scopus 로고
    • Magnification of secondary production by kelp detrius in coastal marine ecosystems
    • Duggins, D. O., C. A. Simenstad, and J. A. Estes. 1989. Magnification of secondary production by kelp detrius in coastal marine ecosystems. Science 245:170-173.
    • (1989) Science , vol.245 , pp. 170-173
    • Duggins, D.O.1    Simenstad, C.A.2    Estes, J.A.3
  • 20
    • 0024221547 scopus 로고
    • Latitudinal variation in size structure of the West Coast purple sea urchins: A correlation with headlands
    • Ebert, T. A., and M. P. Russell. 1988. Latitudinal variation in size structure of the West Coast purple sea urchins: a correlation with headlands. Limnology and Oceanography 33:286-294.
    • (1988) Limnology and Oceanography , vol.33 , pp. 286-294
    • Ebert, T.A.1    Russell, M.P.2
  • 21
    • 0034799016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Correlates of population recovery goals in endangered birds
    • Elphick, C. S., J. M. Reed, and J. M. Bonta. 2001. Correlates of population recovery goals in endangered birds. Conservation Biology 15: 1285-1291.
    • (2001) Conservation Biology , vol.15 , pp. 1285-1291
    • Elphick, C.S.1    Reed, J.M.2    Bonta, J.M.3
  • 22
    • 0024910695 scopus 로고
    • Magnification of secondary production by kelp detritus in coastal ecosystems
    • Estes, J. A. 1989. Magnification of secondary production by kelp detritus in coastal ecosystems. Science 245:170-173.
    • (1989) Science , vol.245 , pp. 170-173
    • Estes, J.A.1
  • 23
    • 0030482477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of large, mobile predators in aquatic food webs: Examples from sea otters and kelp forests
    • S. P. R. Greenstreet and M. L. Tasker, eds. Fishing News Books, Oxford
    • Estes, J. A. 1996. The influence of large, mobile predators in aquatic food webs: examples from sea otters and kelp forests. Pages 65-72 in S. P. R. Greenstreet and M. L. Tasker, eds. Aquatic predators and their prey. Fishing News Books, Oxford.
    • (1996) Aquatic Predators and their Prey , pp. 65-72
    • Estes, J.A.1
  • 24
    • 0002991754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predators, ecological role of
    • S. A. Levin, editor, Academic Press, San Diego
    • Estes, J. A., K. Crooks, and R. Holt. 2001. Predators, ecological role of. Pages 857-878 in S. A. Levin, editor, Encyclopedia of biodiversity. Academic Press, San Diego.
    • (2001) Encyclopedia of Biodiversity , pp. 857-878
    • Estes, J.A.1    Crooks, K.2    Holt, R.3
  • 25
    • 0028976890 scopus 로고
    • Sea otters and kelp forests in Alaska: Generality and variation in a community ecological paradigm
    • Estes, J. A., and D. O. Duggins. 1995. Sea otters and kelp forests in Alaska: generality and variation in a community ecological paradigm. Ecological Monographs 65:75-100.
    • (1995) Ecological Monographs , vol.65 , pp. 75-100
    • Estes, J.A.1    Duggins, D.O.2
  • 26
    • 9244225332 scopus 로고
    • Sea otters: Their role in structuring nearshore communities
    • Estes, J. A., and J. F. Palmisano. 1974. Sea otters: their role in structuring nearshore communities. Science 185:1058-1060.
    • (1974) Science , vol.185 , pp. 1058-1060
    • Estes, J.A.1    Palmisano, J.F.2
  • 27
    • 0032538599 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Killer whale predation on sea otters linking oceanic and nearshore ecosystems
    • Estes, J. A., M. T. Tinker, T. M. Williams, and D. F. Doak. 1998. Killer whale predation on sea otters linking oceanic and nearshore ecosystems. Science 282:473-476.
    • (1998) Science , vol.282 , pp. 473-476
    • Estes, J.A.1    Tinker, M.T.2    Williams, T.M.3    Doak, D.F.4
  • 29
    • 0025594933 scopus 로고
    • Forest size and structure: Competitive and predatory effects on small mammal communities
    • Fonseca, G. A. B., and J. G. Robinson. 1990. Forest size and structure: competitive and predatory effects on small mammal communities. Biological. Conservation 53:265-294.
    • (1990) Biological. Conservation , vol.53 , pp. 265-294
    • Fonseca, G.A.B.1    Robinson, J.G.2
  • 30
    • 0024229452 scopus 로고
    • Kelp communities and sea otters: Keystone species or just another brick in the wall?
    • G. R. VanBlaricom and J. A. Estes, editors. Springer-Verlag, Berlin
    • Foster, M. S., and D. R. Schiel. 1988. Kelp communities and sea otters: keystone species or just another brick in the wall? Pages 92-115 in G. R. VanBlaricom and J. A. Estes, editors. The community ecology of sea otters. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
    • (1988) The Community Ecology of Sea Otters , pp. 92-115
    • Foster, M.S.1    Schiel, D.R.2
  • 31
    • 0000339564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biological and logistical explanations of variation in wolf population density
    • Fuller, T. K., and D. Murray. 1999. Biological and logistical explanations of variation in wolf population density. Animal Conservation 1:153-159.
    • (1999) Animal Conservation , vol.1 , pp. 153-159
    • Fuller, T.K.1    Murray, D.2
  • 33
    • 0034799241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Authorship and the use of biological information in endangered species recovery plans
    • Gerber, L. R., and C. B. Schultz. 2001. Authorship and the use of biological information in endangered species recovery plans. Conservation Biology 15:1308-1314.
    • (2001) Conservation Biology , vol.15 , pp. 1308-1314
    • Gerber, L.R.1    Schultz, C.B.2
  • 34
    • 0021576811 scopus 로고
    • Revolutionary disequilibrium and Pleistocene extinctions
    • Chapter 11 P. S. Martin and R. G. Klein, editors. University of Arizona Press, Tucson
    • Graham, R. W., and E. L. Lundelius. 1984. Revolutionary disequilibrium and Pleistocene extinctions. Chapter 11 in P. S. Martin and R. G. Klein, editors. Quaternary extinctions: a prehistoric revolution. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.
    • (1984) Quaternary Extinctions: A Prehistoric Revolution
    • Graham, R.W.1    Lundelius, E.L.2
  • 36
    • 0000601932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Abiotic factors
    • M. L. Hunter, Jr., editor. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom
    • Hansen, A., and J. Rotella. 1999. Abiotic factors. Pages 161-209 in M. L. Hunter, Jr., editor. Maintaining biodiversity in forest ecosystems. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
    • (1999) Maintaining Biodiversity in Forest Ecosystems , pp. 161-209
    • Hansen, A.1    Rotella, J.2
  • 37
    • 0022166836 scopus 로고
    • Food availability, sea urchin grazing, and kelp forest community structure
    • Harrold, C., and D. C. Reed. 1985. Food availability, sea urchin grazing, and kelp forest community structure. Ecology 66:1160-1169.
    • (1985) Ecology , vol.66 , pp. 1160-1169
    • Harrold, C.1    Reed, D.C.2
  • 38
    • 0001388097 scopus 로고
    • The effect of wolf predation and snow cover on musk ox group size
    • Heard, D. C. 1992. The effect of wolf predation and snow cover on musk ox group size. The American Naturalist 139:190-204.
    • (1992) The American Naturalist , vol.139 , pp. 190-204
    • Heard, D.C.1
  • 39
    • 0032732654 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of coyote removal on the faunal community in western Texas
    • Henke, S. E., and F. C. Bryant. 1999. Effects of coyote removal on the faunal community in western Texas. Journal of Wildlife Management 63:1066-1081.
    • (1999) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.63 , pp. 1066-1081
    • Henke, S.E.1    Bryant, F.C.2
  • 41
    • 17444423729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Functional importance vs keystoneness: Reformulating some questions in theoretical ecology
    • Hurlburt, S. H. 1997. Functional importance vs keystoneness: reformulating some questions in theoretical ecology. Australian Journal of Ecology 22:369-382.
    • (1997) Australian Journal of Ecology , vol.22 , pp. 369-382
    • Hurlburt, S.H.1
  • 42
    • 0035958751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems
    • Jackson, J. B. C., et al. 2001. Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems. Science 293:629-638.
    • (2001) Science , vol.293 , pp. 629-638
    • Jackson, J.B.C.1
  • 44
    • 0032512672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chain reactions linking acorns to gypsy moth outbreaks and lyme disease risk
    • Jones, C. G., R. S. Ostfeld, M. P. Richard, E. M. Schauber, and J. O. Wolff. 1998. Chain reactions linking acorns to gypsy moth outbreaks and lyme disease risk. Science 279:1023-1026.
    • (1998) Science , vol.279 , pp. 1023-1026
    • Jones, C.G.1    Ostfeld, R.S.2    Richard, M.P.3    Schauber, E.M.4    Wolff, J.O.5
  • 45
    • 51249162269 scopus 로고
    • Aboriginal overkill, the role of Native Americans in structuring western ecosystems
    • Kay, C. E. 1994. Aboriginal overkill, the role of Native Americans in structuring western ecosystems. Human Nature 5:359-398.
    • (1994) Human Nature , vol.5 , pp. 359-398
    • Kay, C.E.1
  • 47
    • 0033744923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seasonal inhibitory effects of marine plants on sea urchins: Structuring communities the algal way
    • Konar, B. 2000. Seasonal inhibitory effects of marine plants on sea urchins: structuring communities the algal way. Oecologia 125: 208-217.
    • (2000) Oecologia , vol.125 , pp. 208-217
    • Konar, B.1
  • 48
    • 0041313953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The stability of boundary regions between kelp beds and deforested areas
    • Konar, B., and J. A. Estes. 2003. The stability of boundary regions between kelp beds and deforested areas. Ecology 84:174-185.
    • (2003) Ecology , vol.84 , pp. 174-185
    • Konar, B.1    Estes, J.A.2
  • 49
    • 0034496404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Application of the new keystone-species concept to prairie dogs: How well does it work?
    • Kotliar, N. B. 2000. Application of the new keystone-species concept to prairie dogs: how well does it work? Conservation Biology 14: 1715-1721.
    • (2000) Conservation Biology , vol.14 , pp. 1715-1721
    • Kotliar, N.B.1
  • 50
    • 0033781088 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global perspectives on pollination disruptions
    • Kremen, C., and T. Ricketts. 2000. Global perspectives on pollination disruptions. Conservation Biology 14:1226-1228.
    • (2000) Conservation Biology , vol.14 , pp. 1226-1228
    • Kremen, C.1    Ricketts, T.2
  • 55
    • 0000890960 scopus 로고
    • Thresholds and breakpoints in ecosystems with a multiplicity of stable states
    • May, R. M. 1977. Thresholds and breakpoints in ecosystems with a multiplicity of stable states. Nature 269:471-477.
    • (1977) Nature , vol.269 , pp. 471-477
    • May, R.M.1
  • 56
    • 0028668989 scopus 로고
    • Wolves, moose and tree rings on Isle Royale
    • McLaren, B. E., and R. O. Peterson. 1994. Wolves, moose and tree rings on Isle Royale. Science 266:1555-1558.
    • (1994) Science , vol.266 , pp. 1555-1558
    • McLaren, B.E.1    Peterson, R.O.2
  • 57
    • 0002334448 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Herbivores and the ecology of forest understory birds
    • W. J. McShea, H. B. Underwood, and J. H. Rappole, editors. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
    • McShea, W. J., and J. H. Rappole. 1997. Herbivores and the ecology of forest understory birds. Pages 298-309 in W. J. McShea, H. B. Underwood, and J. H. Rappole, editors. The science of overabundance. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.
    • (1997) The Science of Overabundance , pp. 298-309
    • McShea, W.J.1    Rappole, J.H.2
  • 59
    • 0028176254 scopus 로고
    • Ungulate population models with predation: A case study with the North American moose
    • Messier, F. 1994. Ungulate population models with predation: a case study with the North American moose. Ecology 75:478-488.
    • (1994) Ecology , vol.75 , pp. 478-488
    • Messier, F.1
  • 60
    • 0013653339 scopus 로고
    • Moose-wolf dynamics and natural regulation of moose populations
    • Messier, F., and M. Crête. 1985. Moose-wolf dynamics and natural regulation of moose populations. Oecologia 65:503-512.
    • (1985) Oecologia , vol.65 , pp. 503-512
    • Messier, F.1    Crête, M.2
  • 63
    • 0001292689 scopus 로고
    • Impacts of white-tailed deer on endangered and threatened vascular plants
    • Miller, S. G., S. P. Bratton, and J. Hadidian. 1992. Impacts of white-tailed deer on endangered and threatened vascular plants. Natural Areas Journal 12:67-74.
    • (1992) Natural Areas Journal , vol.12 , pp. 67-74
    • Miller, S.G.1    Bratton, S.P.2    Hadidian, J.3
  • 64
    • 0001544867 scopus 로고
    • The history and current status of the keystone species concept
    • Mills, L. S., M. E. Soulé, and D. Doak. 1992. The history and current status of the keystone species concept. BioScience 43:219-224.
    • (1992) BioScience , vol.43 , pp. 219-224
    • Mills, L.S.1    Soulé, M.E.2    Doak, D.3
  • 66
    • 0022855467 scopus 로고
    • Ecosystem alternation of boreal forest streams by beaver (Castor canadensis)
    • Naiman, R. J., J. M Milillo, and J. M. Hobbie. 1986. Ecosystem alternation of boreal forest streams by beaver (Castor canadensis). Ecology 67:1254-1369.
    • (1986) Ecology , vol.67 , pp. 1254-1369
    • Naiman, R.J.1    Milillo, J.M.2    Hobbie, J.M.3
  • 67
    • 0002287387 scopus 로고
    • Deer social organization and wolf predation in northeastern Minnesota
    • Nelson, M. E., and L. D. Mech. 1981. Deer social organization and wolf predation in northeastern Minnesota. Wildlife Monographs 77.
    • (1981) Wildlife Monographs , vol.77
    • Nelson, M.E.1    Mech, L.D.2
  • 68
    • 0001489341 scopus 로고
    • Stability in grazing systems: An application of predator-prey graphs
    • Noy-Mier, I. 1975. Stability in grazing systems: an application of predator-prey graphs. Journal of Ecology 63:459-481.
    • (1975) Journal of Ecology , vol.63 , pp. 459-481
    • Noy-Mier, I.1
  • 69
    • 0034045554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The logic and realism of the hypothesis of exploitation ecosystems
    • Oksanen, L., and T. Oksanen. 2000. The logic and realism of the hypothesis of exploitation ecosystems. The American Naturalist 155: 703-723.
    • (2000) The American Naturalist , vol.155 , pp. 703-723
    • Oksanen, L.1    Oksanen, T.2
  • 73
    • 0002596015 scopus 로고
    • Foodweb complexity and species diversity
    • Paine, R. T. 1966. Foodweb complexity and species diversity. The American Naturalist 100:65-75.
    • (1966) The American Naturalist , vol.100 , pp. 65-75
    • Paine, R.T.1
  • 74
    • 0002246196 scopus 로고
    • A note on trophic complexity and community stability
    • Paine, R. T. 1969. A note on trophic complexity and community stability. The American Naturalist 1103:91-93.
    • (1969) The American Naturalist , vol.1103 , pp. 91-93
    • Paine, R.T.1
  • 75
    • 0000149002 scopus 로고
    • Food webs: Linkage, interaction strength, and community infrastructure
    • Paine, R. T. 1980. Food webs: linkage, interaction strength, and community infrastructure. Journal of Animal Ecology 49:667-685.
    • (1980) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.49 , pp. 667-685
    • Paine, R.T.1
  • 76
    • 0001497613 scopus 로고
    • Long term population dynamics of sea urchins in a central California kelp forest: Rare recruitment and rapid decline
    • Pearse, J. S., and A. H. Hines. 1987. Long term population dynamics of sea urchins in a central California kelp forest: rare recruitment and rapid decline. Marine Ecology Progress Series 39:275-283.
    • (1987) Marine Ecology Progress Series , vol.39 , pp. 275-283
    • Pearse, J.S.1    Hines, A.H.2
  • 77
    • 0142004863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term changes in willow distribution on the winter range of Rocky Mountain National Park
    • F. J. Singer and L. C. Zeigenfuss, compilers. Final report to the National Park Service Natural Resources Ecology Laboratory. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
    • Peinetti, H. R., M. Kalkhan, and M. B. Coughenour. 2001. Long-term changes in willow distribution on the winter range of Rocky Mountain National Park. Pages 24-45 in F. J. Singer and L. C. Zeigenfuss, compilers. Ecological evaluation of the abundance and effects of elk in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, 1994-1999. Final report to the National Park Service Natural Resources Ecology Laboratory. Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.
    • (2001) Ecological Evaluation of the Abundance and Effects of Elk in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, 1994-1999 , pp. 24-45
    • Peinetti, H.R.1    Kalkhan, M.2    Coughenour, M.B.3
  • 78
    • 0033081182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wolf-moose interactions on Isle Royale: The end of natural regulation?
    • Peterson, R. O. 1999. Wolf-moose interactions on Isle Royale: the end of natural regulation? Ecological Applications. 9:10-16.
    • (1999) Ecological Applications , vol.9 , pp. 10-16
    • Peterson, R.O.1
  • 79
    • 0142004864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Living alongside canids: Lessons from the extermination and recovery of red and grey wolves in the contiguous United States
    • In press D. MacDonald and C. Sillero, editors. Oxford University Press, New York
    • Phillips, M. K., E. E. Bangs, L. D. Mech, B. T. Kelly, and B. Fazio. 2003. Living alongside canids: lessons from the extermination and recovery of red and grey wolves in the contiguous United States. In press in D. MacDonald and C. Sillero, editors. The biology and conservation of wild canids. Oxford University Press, New York.
    • (2003) The Biology and Conservation of Wild Canids
    • Phillips, M.K.1    Bangs, E.E.2    Mech, L.D.3    Kelly, B.T.4    Fazio, B.5
  • 80
    • 0033613443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecosystem consequences of wolf behavioral response to climate
    • Post, E., R. O. Peterson, N. C. Stenseth, and B. E. McLaren. 1999. Ecosystem consequences of wolf behavioral response to climate. Nature 401:905-907.
    • (1999) Nature , vol.401 , pp. 905-907
    • Post, E.1    Peterson, R.O.2    Stenseth, N.C.3    McLaren, B.E.4
  • 82
    • 0033924188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Historic aspen recruitment, elk, and wolves in northern Yellowstone National Park, USA
    • Ripple, W. J., and E. J. Larsen. 2000. Historic aspen recruitment, elk, and wolves in northern Yellowstone National Park, USA. Biological Conservation 95:361-370.
    • (2000) Biological Conservation , vol.95 , pp. 361-370
    • Ripple, W.J.1    Larsen, E.J.2
  • 83
    • 0028980843 scopus 로고
    • Aspen, elk, and fire in northern Yellowstone National Park
    • Romme, W. H., M. G. Turner, L. L. Wallace, and J. S. Walker. 1995. Aspen, elk, and fire in northern Yellowstone National Park. Ecology 76:2097-2106.
    • (1995) Ecology , vol.76 , pp. 2097-2106
    • Romme, W.H.1    Turner, M.G.2    Wallace, L.L.3    Walker, J.S.4
  • 85
    • 0033605739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of keystone predation by small changes in ocean temperature
    • Sanford, E. 1999. Regulation of keystone predation by small changes in ocean temperature. Science 283:2095-2097.
    • (1999) Science , vol.283 , pp. 2095-2097
    • Sanford, E.1
  • 87
    • 0029750304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Density dependence, stochasticity, compensation, and predator regulation
    • Sinclair, A. R. E., and R. P. Pech. 1996. Density dependence, stochasticity, compensation, and predator regulation. Oikos 75:882-891.
    • (1996) Oikos , vol.75 , pp. 882-891
    • Sinclair, A.R.E.1    Pech, R.P.2
  • 88
    • 0032458201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Thunder on the Yellowstone revisited: An assessment of management of native ungulates by natural regulation, 1968-1993
    • Singer, F. J., D. M. Swift, M. B. Coughenour, and J. D. Varley. 1998a. Thunder on the Yellowstone revisited: an assessment of management of native ungulates by natural regulation, 1968-1993. Wildlife Society Bulletin 26:375-390.
    • (1998) Wildlife Society Bulletin , vol.26 , pp. 375-390
    • Singer, F.J.1    Swift, D.M.2    Coughenour, M.B.3    Varley, J.D.4
  • 90
    • 23644432492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecological evaluation of ungulate overabundance in U.S. national parks: A case study
    • F. J. Singer and L. C. Zeigenfuss, compilers. Open file report 02-208. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, and Natural Resources Ecology Lab, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
    • Singer, F. J., L. C. Zeigenfuss, B. Lubow, and M. J. Rock. 2002. Ecological evaluation of ungulate overabundance in U.S. national parks: a case study. Pages 205-248 in F. J. Singer and L. C. Zeigenfuss, compilers. Ecological evaluation of the abundance and effects of elk herbivory in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, 1994-1999. Open file report 02-208. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, and Natural Resources Ecology Lab, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado.
    • (2002) Ecological Evaluation of the Abundance and Effects of Elk Herbivory in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, 1994-1999 , pp. 205-248
    • Singer, F.J.1    Zeigenfuss, L.C.2    Lubow, B.3    Rock, M.J.4
  • 91
    • 0141901075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of grazing ungulates and large keystone predators on plants, community structure, and ecosystem processes in national parks
    • C. Zabel and R. G. Anthony, editors. Cambridge University Press, New York
    • Singer, F. J., G. Wang, and N. T. Hobbs. 2003. The role of grazing ungulates and large keystone predators on plants, community structure, and ecosystem processes in national parks. Pages 444-486 in C. Zabel and R. G. Anthony, editors. Mammal community dynamics: conservation and management in coniferous forests of western North America. Cambridge University Press, New York.
    • (2003) Mammal Community Dynamics: Conservation and Management in Coniferous Forests of Western North America , pp. 444-486
    • Singer, F.J.1    Wang, G.2    Hobbs, N.T.3
  • 93
    • 0002360385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rewilding and biodiversity as complementary tools for continental conservation
    • Soulé, M. E., and R. K. Noss. 1998. Rewilding and biodiversity as complementary tools for continental conservation. Wild Earth Fall:18-28.
    • (1998) Wild Earth , vol.FALL , pp. 18-28
    • Soulé, M.E.1    Noss, R.K.2
  • 94
    • 0032834618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protecting nature at regional and continental scales: A conservation biology program for the new millennium
    • Soulé, M. E., and J. Terborgh. 1999. Protecting nature at regional and continental scales: a conservation biology program for the new millennium. BioScience 49:809-817.
    • (1999) BioScience , vol.49 , pp. 809-817
    • Soulé, M.E.1    Terborgh, J.2
  • 97
    • 0016353829 scopus 로고
    • Multiple stable points in natural communities
    • Sutherland, J. P. 1974. Multiple stable points in natural communities. The American Naturalist 108:859-873.
    • (1974) The American Naturalist , vol.108 , pp. 859-873
    • Sutherland, J.P.1
  • 99
    • 0035976635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecological meltdown in predator-free forest fragments
    • Terborgh, J., et al. 2001. Ecological meltdown in predator-free forest fragments. Science 294:1923-1925.
    • (2001) Science , vol.294 , pp. 1923-1925
    • Terborgh, J.1
  • 100
    • 0024191101 scopus 로고
    • Effects of foraging by sea otters on mussel-dominated intertidal communities
    • G. R. VanBlaricom and J. A. Estes, editors. Springer-Verlag, Berlin
    • VanBlaricom, G. R. 1988. Effects of foraging by sea otters on mussel-dominated intertidal communities. Pages 408-491 in G. R. VanBlaricom and J. A. Estes, editors. The community ecology of sea otters. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
    • (1988) The Community Ecology of Sea Otters , pp. 408-491
    • Vanblaricom, G.R.1
  • 101
    • 0030826913 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The white-tailed deer: A keystone herbivore
    • Waller, D. M., and W. S. Alverson. 1997. The white-tailed deer: a keystone herbivore. Wildlife Society Bulletin 25:217-226.
    • (1997) Wildlife Society Bulletin , vol.25 , pp. 217-226
    • Waller, D.M.1    Alverson, W.S.2
  • 103
    • 0033889603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inter-decadal patterns of population and dietary change in sea otters at Amchitka Island, Alaska
    • Watt, J., D. B. Siniff, and J. A. Estes. 2000. Inter-decadal patterns of population and dietary change in sea otters at Amchitka Island, Alaska. Oecologia 124:289-298.
    • (2000) Oecologia , vol.124 , pp. 289-298
    • Watt, J.1    Siniff, D.B.2    Estes, J.A.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.