Wolf presence and increased willow consumption by Yellowstone elk: Implications for trophic cascades

Ecology

Volumn 90, Issue 9, 2009, Pages 2454-2466

  Creel, Scott ^a   Christianson, David ^a  

^a MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Antipredator behavior; Canis lupus; Cervus elaphus; Elk; Nonconsumptive effect; Predation; Risk effect; Salix spp.; Trophic cascade; Willow; Wolf; Yellowstone

Indexed keywords

ANTIPREDATOR DEFENSE; CANID; DECIDUOUS TREE; DEER; FECES; FOOD CONSUMPTION; HERB; POPULATION SIZE; PREDATION RISK; SNOW; TROPHIC CASCADE; VEGETATION DYNAMICS;

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; DEER; DEMOGRAPHY; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; FEMALE; FOOD CHAIN; MALE; PHYSIOLOGY; TIME; UNITED STATES; WEATHER; WILLOW; WOLF;

ANIMALS; DEER; DEMOGRAPHY; FEEDING BEHAVIOR; FEMALE; FOOD CHAIN; MALE; MONTANA; SALIX; TIME FACTORS; WEATHER; WOLVES; WYOMING;

GREATER YELLOWSTONE ECOSYSTEM; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES;

CANIDAE; CANIS FAMILIARIS; CANIS LUPUS; CERVUS ELAPHUS; SALIX;

EID: 69449086310     PISSN: 00129658     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1890/08-2017.1     Document Type: Article

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