Socioeconomic status and the health of youth: A multilevel, multidomain approach to conceptualizing pathways

Psychological Bulletin

Volumn 139, Issue 3, 2013, Pages 606-654

  Schreier, Hannah M C ^a   Chen, Edith ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^b NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Physical environment; Physical health; Social environment; Socioeconomic status; Youth

Indexed keywords

EID: 84877119675     PISSN: 00332909     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1037/a0029416     Document Type: Article

References (370)

1. Adler, N. E., Boyce, T., Chesney, M. A., Cohen, S., Folkman, S., Kahn, R. L., & Syme, S. L. (1994). Socioeconomic status and health. The challenge of the gradient. American Psychologist, 49, 15-24.
2. Adler, N. E., & Newman, K. (2002). Socioeconomic disparities in health: Pathways and policies. Health Affairs, 21(2), 60-76.
3. Adler, N. E., & Stewart, J. (2010). Health disparities across the lifespan:Meaning, methods, and mechanisms. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1186, 5-23.
4. Akinbami, L. J., Moorman, J. E., Garbe, P. L., & Sondik, E. J. (2009). Status of childhood asthma in the United States, 1980-2007. Pediatrics, 123, S131-S145.
5. Akinbami, L. J., & Schoendorf, K. C. (2002). Trends in childhood asthma: Prevalence, health care utilization, and mortality. Pediatrics, 110, 315- 322.
6. Alexander, K. L., Entwisle, D. R., & Dauber, S. L. (1996). Children in motion: School transfers and elementary school performance. Journal of Educational Research, 90, 3-12.
7. Amre, D. K., Infante-Rivard, C., Gautrin, D., & Malo, J.-L. (2002). Socioeconomic status and utilization of health care services among asthmatic children. Journal of Asthma, 39, 625-631.
8. Andersen, R. E., Crespo, C. J., Bartlett, S. J., Cheskin, L. J., & Pratt, M. (1998). Relationship of physical activity and television watching with body weight and level of fatness among children: Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Journal of the American Medical Association, 279, 938 -942.
9. Anderson, E. (1999). Code of the street: Decency, violence, and the moral life of the inner city. New York, NY: Norton.
10. Aneshensel, C. S., & Sucoff, C. A. (1996). The neighborhood context of adolescent mental health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 37, 293-310.
11. Banks, J., Marmot, M., Oldfield, Z., & Smith, J. P. (2006). Disease and disadvantage in the United States and in England. Journal of the American Medical Association, 295, 2037-2045.
12. Barreto do Carmo, M. B., Neves Santos, D., Alves Ferreira Amorim, L. D., Fiaccone, R. L., Souza da Cunha, S., Cunha Rodrigues, L., & Barreto, M. L. (2009). Minor psychiatric disorders in mothers and asthma in children. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 44, 416-420.
13. Bartlett, S. J., Kolodner, K., Butz, A. M., Eggleston, P., Malveaux, F. J., & Rand, C. S. (2001). Maternal depressive symptoms and emergency department use among inner-city children with asthma. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 155, 347-353.
14. Baum, A., Garofalo, J. P., & Yali, A. M. (1999). Socioeconomic status and chronic stress: Does stress account for SES effects on health? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 896, 131-144.
15. Baxter, L. K., Clougherty, J. E., Laden, F., & Levy, J. I. (2007). Predictors of concentrations of nitrogen dioxide, fine particulate matter, and particle constituents inside of lower socioeconomic status urban homes. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 17, 433- 444.
16. Bell, J. F., Wilson, J. S., & Liu, G. C. (2008). Neighborhood greenness and 2-year changes in body mass index of children and youth. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 35, 547-553.
17. Belsky, J. (1984). The determinants of parenting: A process model. Child Development, 55, 83-96.
18. Bender, B., Milgrom, H., Rand, C., & Ackerson, L. (1998). Psychological factors associated with medication nonadherence in asthmatic children. Journal of Asthma, 35, 347-353.
19. Berz, J. B., Carter, A. S., Wagmiller, R. L., Horwitz, S. M., Murdock, K. K., & Briggs-Gowan, M. (2007). Prevalence and correlates of early onset asthma and wheezing in a healthy birth cohort of 2- to 3-year-olds. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 32, 154-166.
20. Billings, A. G., & Moos, R. H. (1981). The role of coping responses and social resources in attenuating the stress of life events. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 4, 139-157.
21. Björntorp, P., & Rosmond, R. (2000a). The metabolic syndrome-A neuroendocrine disorder? British Journal of Nutrition, 83, S49-S57.
22. Björntorp, P., & Rosmond, R. (2000b). Neuroendocrine abnormalities in visceral obesity. International Journal of Obesity, 24, S80-S85.
23. Björntorp, P., & Rosmond, R. (2000c). Obesity and cortisol. Nutrition, 16, 924-936.
24. Bloomberg, G. R., & Chen, E. (2005). The relationship of psychologic stress with childhood asthma. Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America, 25, 83-105.
25. Boney-McCoy, S., & Finkelhor, D. (1995). Psychosocial sequelae of violent victimization in a national youth sample. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 726 -736.
26. Booth, K. M., Pinkston, M. M., & Poston, W. S. C. (2005). Obesity and the built environment. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 105, S110-S117.
27. Boulet, L.-P., Lemie're, C., Archambault, F., Carrier, G., Descary, M. C., & Deschesnes, F. (2006). Smoking and asthma: Clinical and radiologic features, lung function, and airway inflammation. Chest, 129, 661-668.
28. Bradley, R. H., Corwyn, R. F., McAdoo, H. P., & García Coll, C. (2001). The home environments of children in the United States Part I: Variations by age, ethnicity, and poverty status. Child Development, 72, 1844-1867.
29. Bradshaw, C. P., Glaser, B. A., Calhoun, G. B., & Bates, J. M. (2006). Beliefs and practices of the parents of violent and oppositional adolescents: An ecological perspective. Journal of Primary Prevention, 27, 245-263.
30. Brauer, M., Hoek, G., Van Vliet, P., Meliefste, K., Fischer, P. H., Wijga, A., & Brunekreef, B. (2002). Air pollution from traffic and the development of respiratory infections and asthmatic and allergic symptoms in children. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 166, 1092-1098.
31. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1977). Toward an experimental ecology of human development. American Psychologist, 32, 513-531.
32. Bronfenbrenner, U., & Evans, G. W. (2000). Developmental science in the 21st century: Emerging questions, theoretical models, research designs and empirical findings. Social Development, 9, 115-125.
33. Brook, U., & Tepper, I. (1997). Self image, coping and familial interaction among asthmatic children in Israel. Patient Education and Counseling, 30, 187-192.
34. Buonocore, J. J., Lee, H. J., & Levy, J. I. (2009). The influence of traffic on air quality in an urban Neighborhood: A community-university partnership. American Journal of Public Health, 99, S629-S635.
35. Burton, L. M. (1990). Teenage childbearing as an alternative life-course strategy in multigeneration black families. Human Nature, 1, 123-143.
36. Bussing, R., Burket, R. C., & Kelleher, E. T. (1996). Prevalence of anxiety disorders in a clinic-based sample of pediatric asthma patients. Psychosomatics, 37, 108-115.
37. Cagney, K. A., & Browning, C. R. (2004). Exploring neighborhood-level variation in asthma and other respiratory diseases: The contribution of neighborhood social context. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 19, 229-236.
38. Campbell, K., & Crawford, D. (2001). Family food environments as determinants of preschool-aged children's eating behaviours: Implications for obesity prevention policy. A review. Australian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, 58, 19-25.
39. Campbell, K., Crawford, D., Jackson, M., Cashel, K., Worsley, A., Gibbons, K., & Birch, L. L. (2002). Family food environments of 5- to 6-year-old-children: Does socioeconomic status make a difference? Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 11, S553-S561.
40. Carver, A., Timperio, A., & Crawford, D. (2008). Playing it safe: The influence of neighbourhood safety on children's physical activity-A review. Health & Place, 14, 217-227.
41. Castro, M., Schechtman, K. B., Halstead, J., & Bloomberg, G. (2001). Risk factors for asthma morbidity and mortality in a large metropolitan city. Journal of Asthma, 38, 625-635.
42. Caughy, M. O., O'Campo, P. J., & Muntaner, C. (2003). When being alone might be better: Neighborhood poverty, social capital, and child mental health. Social Science & Medicine, 57, 227-237.
43. Ceballo, R., & Hurd, N. (2008). Neighborhood context, SES, and parenting: Including a focus on acculturation among Latina mothers. Applied Developmental Science, 12, 176-180.
44. Cecil-Karb, R., & Grogan-Kaylor, A. (2009). Childhood body mass index in community context: Neighborhood safety, television viewing, and growth trajectories of BMI. Health & Social Work, 34, 169-177.
45. Cesaroni, G., Farchi, S., Davoli, M., Forastiere, F., & Perucci, C. A. (2003). Individual and area-based indicators of socioeconomic status and childhood asthma. European Respiratory Journal, 22, 619-624.
46. Chakraborty, J., & Zandbergen, P. A. (2007). Children at risk: Measuring racial/ethnic disparities in potential exposure to air pollution at school and home. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 61, 1074- 1079.
47. Chang, J., Delfino, R. J., Gillen, D., Tjoa, T., Nickerson, B., & Cooper, D. (2009). Repeated respiratory hospital encounters among children with asthma and residential proximity to traffic. Occupational & Environmental Medicine, 66, 90-98.
48. Chen, E., Chim, L. S., Strunk, R. C., & Miller, G. E. (2007). The role of the social environment in children and adolescents with asthma. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 176, 644-649.
49. Chen, E., Fisher, E. B., Bacharier, L. B., & Strunk, R. C. (2003). Socioeconomic status, stress, and immune markers in adolescents with asthma. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65, 984 -992.
50. Chen, E., Hanson, M. D., Paterson, L. Q., Griffin, M. J., Walker, H. A., & Miller, G. E. (2006). Socioeconomic status and inflammatory processes in childhood asthma: The role of psychological stress. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 117, 1014 -1020.
51. Chen, E., Matthews, K. A., & Boyce, W. T. (2002). Socioeconomic differences in children's health: How and why do these relationships change with age? Psychological Bulletin, 128, 295-329.
52. Chen, E., & Miller, G. E. (2007). Stress and inflammation in exacerbations of asthma. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 21, 993-999.
53. Chen, E., Miller, G. E., Walker, H. A., Arevalo, J. M., Sung, C. Y., & Cole, S. W. (2009). Genome-wide transcriptional profiling linked to social class in asthma. Thorax, 64, 38-43.
54. Chen, E., Schreier, H. M. C., Strunk, R. C., & Brauer, M. (2008). Chronic traffic-related air pollution and stress interact to predict biologic and clinical outcomes in asthma. Environmental Health Perspectives, 116, 970-975.
55. Chew, G. L., Perzanowski, M. S., Miller, R. L., Correa, J. C., Hoepner, L. A., Jusino, C. M.,. .. Kinney, P. L. (2003). Distribution and determinants of mouse allergen exposure in low-income New York City apartments. Environmental Health Perspectives, 111, 1348-1351.
56. Chrousos, G. P. (2000). The role of stress and the hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal axis in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome: Neuroendocrine and target tissue-related causes. International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders, 24, S50-S55.
57. Chung, H. L., & Steinberg, L. (2006). Relations between neighborhood factors, parenting behaviors, peer deviance, and delinquency among serious juvenile offenders. Developmental Psychology, 42, 319-331.
58. Claudio, L., Stingone, J. A., & Godbold, J. (2006). Prevalence of childhood asthma in urban communities: The impact of ethnicity and income. Annals of Epidemiology, 16, 332-340.
59. Clougherty, J. E., Levy, J. I., Kubzansky, L. D., Ryan, P. B., Suglia, S. F., Canner, M. J., & Wright, R. J. (2007). Synergistic effects of trafficrelated air pollution and exposure to violence on urban asthma etiology. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115, 1140 -1146.
60. Cohen, D. A., Finch, B. K., Bower, A., & Sastry, N. (2006). Collective efficacy and obesity: The potential influence of social factors on health. Social Science & Medicine, 62, 769-778.
61. Cohen, D. A., Inagami, S., & Finch, B. (2008). The built environment and collective efficacy. Health & Place, 14, 198 -208.
62. Cohen, R. T., Canino, G. J., Bird, H. R., & Celedon, J. C. (2008). Violence, abuse, and asthma in Puerto Rican children. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 178, 453-459.
63. Cohen, S., Evans, G. W., Stokols, D., & Krantz, D. S. (1986). Behavior, health, and environmental stress. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
64. Cole, S. W. (2009). Social regulation of human gene expression. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18, 132-137.
65. Combs-Ronto, L. A., Olson, S. L., Lunkenheimer, E. S., & Sameroff, A. J. (2009). Interactions between maternal parenting and children's early disruptive behavior: Bidirectional associations across the transition from preschool to school entry. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37, 1151-1163.
66. Conger, R. D., Ge, X., Elder, G. H., & Lorenz, F. O. (1994). Economic stress, coercive family process, and developmental problems of adolescents. Child Development, 65, 541-561.
67. Coon, K. A., Goldberg, J., Rogers, B. L., & Tucker, K. L. (2001). Relationships between use of television during meals and children's food consumption patterns. Pediatrics, 107(1), e7.
68. Cope, S. F., Ungar, W. J., & Glazier, R. H. (2008). Socioeconomic factors and asthma control in children. Pediatric Pulmonology, 43, 745-752.
69. Corapci, F., & Wachs, T. D. (2002). Does parental mood or efficacy mediate the influence of environmental chaos upon parenting behavior? Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 48, 182-201.
70. Cradock, A. L., Kawachi, I., Colditz, G. A., Gortmaker, S. L., & Buka, S. L. (2009). Neighborhood social cohesion and youth participation in physical activity in Chicago. Social Science & Medicine, 68, 427-435.
71. Crain, E. F., Walter, M., O'Connor, G. T., Mitchell, H., Gruchalla, R. S., Kattan, M.,. .. Stout, J. W. (2002). Home and allergic characteristics of children with asthma in seven U.S. urban communities and design of an environmental intervention: The Inner-City Asthma Study. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110, 939-945.
72. Crespo, C. J., Smit, E., Troiano, R. P., Bartlett, S. J., Macera, C. A., & Andersen, R. E. (2001). Television watching, energy intake, and obesity in US children: Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 155, 360-365.
73. Cui, M., Donnellan, M. B., & Conger, R. D. (2007). Reciprocal influences between parents' marital problems and adolescent internalizing and externalizing behavior. Developmental Psychology, 43, 1544-1552.
74. Dales, R. E., Choi, B., Chen, Y., & Tang, M. (2002). Influence of family income on hospital visits for asthma among Canadian school children. Thorax, 57, 513-517.
75. Dales, R., Wheeler, A. J., Mahmud, M., Frescura, A.-M., & Liu, L. (2009). The influence of neighborhood roadways on respiratory symptoms among elementary schoolchildren. Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, 51, 654-660.
76. Dallman, M. F., la Fleur, S. E., Pecoraro, N. C., Gomez, F., Houshyar, H., & Akana, S. F. (2004). Minireview: Glucocorticoids-Food intake, abdominal obesity, and wealthy nations in 2004. Endocrinology, 145, 2633.
77. Darling, N. L., & Steinberg, L. (1997). Community influences on adolescent achievement and deviance. In J. Brooks-Gunn, G. J. Duncan, & J. L. Aber (Eds.), Neighborhood poverty: Vol. 2. Policy implications in studying neighborhoods (pp. 120-131). New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation.
78. Darmon, N., & Drewnowski, A. (2008). Does social class predict diet quality? American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 87, 1107-1117.
79. Davison, K. K., Cutting, T. M., & Birch, L. L. (2003). Parents' activityrelated parenting practices predict girls' physical activity. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 35, 1589 -1595.
80. DeCarlo Santiago, C., & Wadsworth, M. E. (2009). Coping with family conflict: What's helpful and what's not for low-income adolescents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 18, 192-202.
81. Dedovic, K., Duchesne, A., Andrews, J., Engert, V., & Pruessner, J. C. (2009). The brain and the stress axis: The neural correlates of cortisol regulation in response to stress. NeuroImage, 47, 864-871.
82. Delva, J., Johnston, L. D., & O'Malley, P. M. (2007). The epidemiology of overweight and related lifestyle behaviors: Racial/ethnic and socioeconomic status differences among American youth. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 33, S178 -S186.
83. Delva, J., O'Malley, P. M., & Johnston, L. D. (2006). Racial/ethnic and socioeconomic status differences in overweight and health-related behaviors among American students: National trends 1986-2003. Journal of Adolescent Health, 39, 536 -545.
84. De Silva, M. J., McKenzie, K., Harpham, T., & Huttly, S. R. A. (2005). Social capital and mental illness: A systematic review. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 59, 619 - 627.
85. de Vries, S. I., Bakker, I., van Mechelen, W., & Hopman-Rock, M. (2007). Determinants of activity-friendly neighborhoods for children: Results from the SPACE study. American Journal of Health Promotion, 21, 312-316.
86. Dey, A. N., & Bloom, B. (2005). Summary health statistics for U.S. children: National Health Interview Survey, 2003 (Vital and Health Statistics Series 10, No. 223). Washington, DC: National Center for Health Statistics.
87. Diette, G. B., Hansel, N. N., Buckley, T. J., Curtin-Brosnan, J., Eggleston, P. A., Matsui, E. C.,... Breysse, P. N.. (2007). Home indoor pollutant exposures among inner-city children with and without asthma. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115, 1665-1669.
88. Diez Roux, A. V. (2001). Investigating neighborhood and area effects on health. American Journal of Public Health, 91, 1783-1789.
89. Diez Roux, A. V., & Mair, C. (2010). Neighborhoods and health. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1186, 125-145.
90. Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., & Pettit, G. S. (1990). Mechanisms in the cycle of violence. Science, 250, 1678-1683.
91. Dowda, M., Ainsworth, B. E., Addy, C. L., Saunders, R., & Riner, W. (2001). Environmental influences, physical activity, and weight status in 8-to 16-year-olds. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 155, 711-717.
92. Downey, G., & Coyne, J. C. (1990). Children of depressed parents: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 50-76.
93. Duke, N. N., Borowsky, I. W., & Pettingell, S. L. (2012). Parent perceptions of neighborhood: Relationships with US youth physical activity and weight status. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 16, 149-157.
94. Duncan, D. T., Johnson, R. M., Molnar, B. E., & Azrael, D. (2009). Association between neighborhood safety and overweight status among urban adolescents. BMC Public Health, 9, 289.
95. Dupéré, V., & Perkins, D. D. (2007). Community types and mental health: A multilevel study of local environmental stress and coping. American Journal of Community Psychology, 39, 107-119.
96. Edwards, J., Walters, S., & Griffiths, R. K. (1994). Hospital admissions for asthma in preschool children: Relationship to major roads in Birmingham, United Kingdom. Archives of Environmental Health, 49, 223-227.
97. Elgar, F. J., Curtis, L. J., McGrath, P. J., Waschbusch, D. A., & Stewart, S. H. (2003). Antecedent-consequence conditions in maternal mood and child adjustment: A four-year cross-lagged study. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 32, 362-374.
98. Elgar, F. J., McGrath, P. J., Waschbusch, D. A., Stewart, S. H., & Curtis, L. J. (2004). Mutual influences on maternal depression and child adjustment problems. Clinical Psychology Review, 24, 441-459.
99. El-Sheikh, M., Harger, J., & Whitson, S. M. (2001). Exposure to interparental conflict and children's adjustment and physical health: The moderating role of vagal tone. Child Development, 72, 1617-1636.
100. Emery, R. E., & Laumann-Billings, L. (1998). An overview of the nature, causes, and consequences of abusive family relationships. Toward differentiating maltreatment and violence. American Psychologist, 53, 121-135.
101. Entwisle, D. R., Alexander, K. L., & Olson, L. S. (2000). Early work histories of urban youth. American Sociological Review, 65, 279-297.
102. Entwisle, D. R., Alexander, K. L., Olson, L. S., & Ross, K. (1999). Paid work in early adolescence. Journal of Early Adolescence, 19, 363-388.
103. Epstein, L. H., Dearing, K. K., Handley, E. A., Roemmich, J. N., & Paluch, R. A. (2006). Relationship of mother and child food purchases as a function of price: A pilot study. Appetite, 47, 115-118.
104. Ernst, P., Demissie, K., Joseph, L., Locher, U., & Becklake, M. R. (1995). Socioeconomic status and indicators of asthma in children. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 152, 570-575.
105. Estabrooks, P. A., Lee, R. E., & Gyurcsik, N. C. (2003). Resources for physical activity participation: Does availability and accessibility differ by neighborhood socioeconomic status? Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 25, 100-104.
106. Evans, G. W. (2004). The environment of childhood poverty. American Psychologist, 59, 77-92.
107. Evans, G. W., Bullinger, M., & Hygge, S. (1998). Chronic noise exposure and physiological response: A prospective study of children living under environmental stress. Psychological Science, 9, 75-77.
108. Evans, G. W., Gonnella, C., Marcynyszyn, L. A., Gentile, L., & Salpekar, N. (2005). The role of chaos in poverty and children's socioemotional adjustment. Psychological Science, 16, 560-565.
109. Evans, G. W., Hygge, S., & Bullinger, M. (1995). Chronic noise and psychological stress. Psychological Science, 6, 333-338.
110. Evans, G. W., & Kantrowitz, E. (2002). Socioeconomic status and health: The potential role of environmental risk exposure. Annual Review of Public Health, 23, 303-331.
111. Evans, G. W., & Kim, P. (2007). Childhood poverty and health: Cumulative risk exposure and stress dysregulation. Psychological Science, 18, 953-957.
112. Evans, G. W., & Kim, P. (2010). Multiple risk exposure as a potential explanatory mechanism for the socioeconomic status- health gradient. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1186, 174-189.
113. Evans, G. W., Lepore, S. J., Shejwal, B. R., & Palsane, M. N. (1998). Chronic residential crowding and children's well-being: An ecological perspective. Child Development, 69, 1514-1523.
114. Evans, G. W., Lercher, P., & Kofler, W. W. (2002). Crowding and children's mental health: The role of house type. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 22, 221-231.
115. Evans, G. W., Lercher, P., Meis, M., Ising, H., & Kofler, W. W. (2001). Community noise exposure and stress in children. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 109, 1023-1027.
116. Evans, G. W., & Marcynyszyn, L. A. (2004). Environmental justice, cumulative environmental risk, and health among low- and middleincome children in upstate New York. American Journal of Public Health, 94, 1942-1944.
117. Evans, G. W., Wells, N. M., Chan, H. Y., & Saltzman, H. (2000). Housing quality and mental health. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 526-530.
118. Evenson, K. R., Scott, M. M., Cohen, D. A., & Voorhees, C. C. (2007). Girls' perception of neighborhood factors on physical activity, sedentary behavior, and BMI. Obesity, 15, 430-445.
119. Everson, S. A., Maty, S. C., Lynch, J. W., & Kaplan, G. A. (2002). Epidemiologic evidence for the relation between socioeconomic status and depression, obesity, and diabetes. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 53, 891-895.
120. Fauth, R. C., Leventhal, T., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (2007). Welcome to the neighborhood? Long-term impacts of moving to low-poverty neighborhoods on poor children's and adolescents' outcomes. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 17, 249 -284.
121. Feinglass, J., Lin, S., Thompson, J., Sudano, J., Dunlop, D., Song, J., & Baker, D. W. (2007). Baseline health, socioeconomic status, and 10-year mortality among older middle-aged Americans: Findings from the Health and Retirement Study, 1992-2002. Journals of Gerontology: Series B. Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 62, S209-S217.
122. Feunekes, G. I., Stafleu, A., de Graaf, C., & van Staveren, W. A. (1997). Family resemblance in fat intake in the Netherlands. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 51, 793-799.
123. Fiese, B. H., & Schwartz, M. (2008). Reclaiming the family table: Mealtimes and child health and wellbeing. Social Policy Report, 22(4). Retrieved from http://www.srcd.org
124. Finkelhor, D., & Dziuba-Leatherman, J. (1994). Children as victims of violence: A national survey. Pediatrics, 94, 413-420.
125. Fite, P. J., Colder, C. R., Lochman, J. E., & Wells, K. C. (2006). The mutual influence of parenting and boys' externalizing behavior problems. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 27, 151-164.
126. Fitzpatrick, K. M., & Boldizar, J. P. (1993). The prevalence and consequences of exposure to violence among African-American youth. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 424-430.
127. Fitzpatrick, K. M., Wright, D. R., Piko, B. F., & LaGory, M. (2005). Depressive symptomatology, exposure to violence, and the role of social capital among African American adolescents. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 75, 262-274.
128. Ford, P. B., & Dzewaltowski, D. A. (2008). Disparities in obesity prevalence due to variation in the retail food environment: Three testable hypotheses. Nutrition Reviews, 66, 216 -228.
129. Forero, R., Bauman, A., Young, L., Booth, M., & Nutbeam, D. (1996). Asthma, health behaviors, social adjustment, and psychosomatic symptoms in adolescence. Journal of Asthma, 33, 157-164.
130. Franzini, L., Elliott, M. N., Cuccaro, P., Schuster, M., Gilliland, M. J., Grunbaum, J. A.,... Tortolero, S. R. (2009). Influences of physical and social neighborhood environments on children's physical activity and obesity. American Journal of Public Health, 99, 271-278.
131. French, S. A., Story, M., & Jeffery, R. W. (2001). Environmental influences on eating and physical activity. Annual Review of Public Health, 22, 309-335.
132. Furstenberg, F. F., Jr. (with Belzer, A., Davis, C., Levine, J. A., Morrow, K., & Washington, M.). (1993). How families manage risk and opportunity in dangerous neighborhoods. In W. J. Wilson (Ed.), Sociology and the public agenda (pp. 231-258). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
133. Gable, S., Chang, Y., & Krull, J. L. (2007). Television watching and frequency of family meals are predictive of overweight onset and persistence in a national sample of school-aged children. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 107, 53- 61.
134. Gable, S., & Lutz, S. (2000). Household, parent, and child contributions to childhood obesity. Family Relations, 49, 293-300.
135. Galambos, N. L., Sears, H. A., Almeida, D. M., & Kolaric, G. C. (1995). Parents' work overload and problem behavior in young adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 5, 201-223.
136. Gallo, L. C., & Matthews, K. A. (1999). Do negative emotions mediate the association between socioeconomic status and health? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 896, 226 -245.
137. Garasky, S., Stewart, S. D., Gundersen, C., Lohman, B. J., & Eisenmann, J. C. (2009). Family stressors and child obesity. Social Science Research, 38, 755-766.
138. Gauderman, W. J., Vora, H., McConnell, R., Berhane, K., Gilliland, F., Thomas, D.,... Peters, J. (2007). Effect of exposure to traffic on lung development from 10 to 18 years of age: A cohort study. Lancet, 369, 571-577.
139. Gee, G. C., & Payne-Sturges, D. C. (2004). Environmental health disparities: A framework integrating psychosocial and environmental concepts. Environmental Health Perspectives, 112, 1645-1653.
140. Gibson, E. L., Wardle, J., & Watts, C. J. (1998). Fruit and vegetable consumption, nutritional knowledge and beliefs in mothers and children. Appetite, 31, 205-228.
141. Gillman, M. W., Rifas-Shiman, S. L., Frazier, A. L., Rockett, H. R., Camargo, C. A., Jr., Field, A. E.,... Colditz, G. A. (2000). Family dinner and diet quality among older children and adolescents. Archives of Family Medicine, 9, 235-240.
142. Giskes, K., Turrell, G., Patterson, C., & Newman, B. (2002). Socioeconomic differences in fruit and vegetable consumption among Australian adolescents and adults. Public Health Nutrition, 5, 663-669.
143. Goodman, E., & Whitaker, R. C. (2002). A prospective study of the role of depression in the development and persistence of adolescent obesity. Pediatrics, 110, 497-504.
144. Goossens, L., Braet, C., Van Vlierberghe, L., & Mels, S. (2009). Loss of control over eating in overweight youngsters: The role of anxiety, depression and emotional eating. European Eating Disorders Review, 17, 68-78.
145. Gordian, M. E., Haneuse, S., & Wakefield, J. (2006). An investigation of the association between traffic exposure and the diagnosis of asthma in children. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 16, 49-55.
146. Gordon-Larsen, P., McMurray, R. G., & Popkin, B. M. (2000). Determinants of adolescent physical activity and inactivity patterns. Pediatrics, 105(6), e83.
147. Gordon-Larsen, P., Nelson, M. C., Page, P., & Popkin, B. M. (2006). Inequality in the built environment underlies key health disparities in physical activity and obesity. Pediatrics, 117, 417-424.
148. Gortmaker, S. L., Must, A., Sobol, A. M., Peterson, K., Colditz, G. A., & Dietz, W. H. (1996). Television viewing as a cause of increasing obesity among children in the United States, 1986-1990. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 150, 356 -362.
149. Grant, K. E., Compas, B. E., Stuhlmacher, A. F., Thurm, A. E., McMahon, S. D., & Halpert, J. A. (2003). Stressors and child and adolescent psychopathology: Moving from markers to mechanisms of risk. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 447-466.
150. Greenberger, E., O'Neil, R., & Nagel, S. K. (1994). Linking workplace and homeplace: Relations between the nature of adults' work and their parenting behaviors. Developmental Psychology, 30, 990-1002.
151. Greenberger, E., & Steinberg, L. (1986). When teenagers work: The psychological and social costs of adolescent employment. New York, NY: Basic Books.
152. Grineski, S., Bolin, B., & Boone, C. (2007). Criteria air pollution and marginalized populations: Environmental inequity in metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona. Social Science Quarterly, 88, 535-554.
153. Gross, H. E., Shaw, D. S., & Moilanen, K. L. (2008). Reciprocal associations between boys' externalizing problems and mothers' depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 693-709.
154. Gross, H. E., Shaw, D. S., Moilanen, K. L., Dishion, T. J., & Wilson, M. N. (2008). Reciprocal models of child behavior and depressive symptoms in mothers and fathers in a sample of children at risk for early conduct problems. Journal of Family Psychology, 22, 742-751.
155. Grych, J. H., Fincham, F. D., Jouriles, E. N., & McDonald, R. (2000). Interparental conflict and child adjustment: Testing the mediational role of appraisals in the cognitive-contextual framework. Child Development, 71, 1648-1661.
156. Gupta, R. S., Zhang, X., Sharp, L. K., Shannon, J. J., & Weiss, K. B. (2009). The protective effect of community factors on childhood asthma. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 123, 1297-304.
157. Gutman, L. M., McLoyd, V. C., & Tokoyawa, T. (2005). Financial strain, neighborhood stress, parenting behaviors, and adolescent adjustment in urban African American families. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 15, 425-449.
158. Haire-Joshu, D., & Nanney, M. S. (2002). Prevention of overweight and obesity in children: Influences on the food environment. Diabetes Educator, 28, 415-423.
159. Hamer, M., & Stamatakis, E. (2008). Inflammation as an intermediate pathway in the association between psychosocial stress and obesity. Physiology & Behavior, 94, 536 -539.
160. Hammack, P. L., Robinson, W. L., Crawford, I., & Li, S. T. (2004). Poverty and depressed mood among urban African-American adolescents: A family stress perspective. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 13, 309-323.
161. Hancox, R. J., Milne, B. J., & Poulton, R. (2005). Association of television viewing during childhood with poor educational achievement. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 159, 614.
162. Hansel, N. N., Breysse, P. N., McCormack, M. C., Matsui, E. C., Curtin-Brosnan, J., Williams, D. L.,... Diette, G. B. (2008). A longitudinal study of indoor nitrogen dioxide levels and respiratory symptoms in inner-city children with asthma. Environmental Health Perspectives, 116, 1428-1432.
163. Hanushek, E. A., Kain, J. F., & Rivkin, S. G. (2004). Why public schools lose teachers. Journal of Human Resources, 39, 326-354.
164. Harden, K. P., Turkheimer, E., & Loehlin, J. C. (2007). Genotype by environment interaction in adolescents' cognitive aptitude. Behavior Genetics, 37, 273-283.
165. Harrell, J. S., Bangdiwala, S. I., Deng, S., Webb, J. P., & Bradley, C. (1998). Smoking initiation in youth: The roles of gender, race, socioeconomics, and developmental status. Journal of Adolescent Health, 23, 271-279.
166. Hearn, M. D., Baranowski, T., Baranowski, J., Doyle, C., Smith, M., Lin, L. S., & Resnicow, K. (1998). Environmental influences on dietary behavior among children: Availability and accessibility of fruits and vegetables enable consumption. Journal of Health Education, 29, 26- 32.
167. Hedley, A. A., Ogden, C. L., Johnson, C. L., Carroll, M. D., Curtin, L. R., & Flegal, K. M. (2004). Prevalence of overweight and obesity among US children, adolescents, and adults, 1999-2002. Journal of the American Medical Association, 291, 2847-2850.
168. Hirschman, C., & Voloshin, I. (2007). The structure of teenage employment: Social background and the jobs held by high school seniors. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 25, 189-203.
169. Hoerr, S. L., Hughes, S. O., Fisher, J. O., Nicklas, T. A., Liu, Y., & Shewchuk, R. M. (2009). Associations among parental feeding styles and children's food intake in families with limited incomes. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 6, 55.
170. Hotamisligil, G. S. (2006). Inflammation and metabolic disorders. Nature, 444, 860-867.
171. Houston, D., Wu, J., Ong, P., & Winer, A. (2004). Structural disparities of urban traffic in Southern California: Implications for vehicle-related air pollution exposure in minority and high-poverty neighborhoods. Journal of Urban Affairs, 26, 565-592.
172. Ilgen, E., Karfich, N., Levsen, K., Angerer, J., Schneider, P., Heinrich, J.,. .. Begerow, J. (2001). Aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmospheric environment: Part I. Indoor versus outdoor sources, the influence of traffic. Atmospheric Environment, 35, 1235-1252.
173. Inagami, S., Cohen, D. A., Finch, B. K., & Asch, S. M. (2006). You are where you shop: Grocery store locations, weight, and neighborhoods. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 31, 10-17.
174. Ising, H., & Ising, M. (2002). Chronic cortisol increases in the first half of the night caused by road traffic noise. Noise & Health, 4(16), 13-21.
175. Ising, H., Lange-Asschenfeldt, H., Moriske, H. J., Born, J., & Eilts, M. (2004). Low frequency noise and stress: Bronchitis and cortisol in children exposed chronically to traffic noise and exhaust fumes. Noise & Health, 6(23), 21-28.
176. Janssen, I., Boyce, W. F., Simpson, K., & Pickett, W. (2006). Influence of individual- and area-level measures of socioeconomic status on obesity, unhealthy eating, and physical inactivity in Canadian adolescents. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 83, 139-145.
177. Jenkins, S. K., Rew, L., & Sternglanz, R. W. (2005). Eating behaviors among school-age children associated with perceptions of stress. Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing, 28, 175-191.
178. Johnson, S. L., & Birch, L. L. (1994). Parents' and children's adiposity and eating style. Pediatrics, 94, 653-661.
179. Johnson, W., & Krueger, R. F. (2005). Genetic effects on physical health: Lower at higher income levels. Behavior Genetics, 35, 579-590.
180. Johnson, W., Kyvik, K. O., Mortensen, E. L., Skytthe, A., Batty, G. D., & Deary, I. J. (2010). Education reduces the effects of genetic susceptibilities to poor physical health. International Journal of Epidemiology, 39, 406-414.
181. Johnston, C., & Mash, E. J. (2001). Families of children with attentiondeficit/ hyperactivity disorder: Review and recommendations for future research. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 4, 183-207.
182. Jones, N. C., Thornton, C. A., Mark, D., & Harrison, R. M. (2000). Indoor/outdoor relationships of particulate matter in domestic homes with roadside, urban and rural locations. Atmospheric Environment, 34, 2603-2612.
183. Juhn, Y. J., Sauver, J. S., Katusic, S., Vargas, D., Weaver, A., & Yunginger, J. (2005). The influence of neighborhood environment on the incidence of childhood asthma: A multilevel approach. Social Science & Medicine, 60, 2453-2464.
184. Kang, D. H., Coe, C. L., & McCarthy, D. O. (1996). Academic examinations significantly impact immune responses, but not lung function, in healthy and well-managed asthmatic adolescents. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 10, 164-181.
185. Kang, D. H., Coe, C. L., McCarthy, D. O., & Ershler, W. B. (1997). Immune responses to final exams in healthy and asthmatic adolescents. Nursing Research, 46, 12-19.
186. Kaplan, G. A., & Keil, J. E. (1993). Socioeconomic factors and cardiovascular disease: A review of the literature. Circulation, 88, 1973-1998.
187. Kawachi, I., Kennedy, B. P., Lochner, K., & Prothrow-Stith, D. (1997). Social capital, income inequality, and mortality. American Journal of Public Health, 87, 1491-1498.
188. Kendler, K. S. (2001). Twin studies of psychiatric illness: An update. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 1005-1014.
189. Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K., McGuire, L., Robles, T. F., & Glaser, R. (2002). Psychoneuroimmunology: Psychological influences on immune function and health. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 537-547.
190. Kim, J. (2010). Neighborhood disadvantage and mental health: The role of neighborhood disorder and social relationships. Social Science Research, 39, 260-271.
191. Kim, J., & Ross, C. E. (2009). Neighborhood-specific and general social support: Which buffers the effect of neighborhood disorder on depression? Journal of Community Psychology, 37, 725-736.
192. Kimbro, R. T., Brooks-Gunn, J., & McLanahan, S. (2011). Young children in urban areas: Links among neighborhood characteristics, weight status, outdoor play, and television watching. Social Science & Medicine, 72, 668-676.
193. Klebanov, P. K., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Duncan, G. J. (1994). Does neighborhood and family poverty affect mothers' parenting, mental health, and social support? Journal of Marriage and the Family, 56, 441-455.
194. Klinnert, M. D., Kaugars, A. S., Strand, M., & Silveira, L. (2008). Family psychological factors in relation to children's asthma status and behavioral adjustment at age 4. Family Process, 47, 41-61.
195. Koch, F.-S., Sepa, A., & Ludvigsson, J. (2008). Psychological stress and obesity. Journal of Pediatrics, 153, 839-844.
196. Kohen, D. E., Leventhal, T., Dahinten, V. S., & McIntosh, C. N. (2008). Neighborhood disadvantage: Pathways of effects for young children. Child Development, 79, 156 -169.
197. Kotchick, B. A., & Forehand, R. (2002). Putting parenting in perspective: A discussion of the contextual factors that shape parenting practices. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 11, 255-269.
198. Kumar, R., Curtis, L. M., Khiani, S., Moy, J., Shalowitz, M. U., Sharp, L.,... Weiss, K. B. (2008). A community-based study of tobacco smoke exposure among inner-city children with asthma in Chicago. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 122, 754 -759.
199. Kyrou, I., & Tsigos, C. (2009). Stress hormones: Physiological stress and regulation of metabolism. Current Opinion in Pharmacology, 9, 787- 793.
200. La Due Lake, R. L. D., & Huckfeldt, R. (1998). Social capital, social networks, and political participation. Political Psychology, 19, 567-584.
201. Lamerz, A., Kuepper-Nybelen, J., Wehle, C., Bruning, N., Trost-Brinkhues, G., Brenner, H.,... Herpertz-Dahlmann, B. (2005). Social class, parental education, and obesity prevalence in a study of six-yearold children in Germany. International Journal of Obesity, 29, 373-380.
202. Lankford, H., Loeb, S., & Wyckoff, J. (2002). Teacher sorting and the plight of urban schools: A descriptive analysis. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 24, 37-62.
203. Lanphear, B. P., Kahn, R. S., Berger, O., Auinger, P., Bortnick, S. M., & Nahhas, R. W. (2001). Contribution of residential exposures to asthma in us children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 107(6), e98.
204. Lantz, P. M., House, J. S., Lepkowski, J. M., Williams, D. R., Mero, R. P., & Chen, J. (1998). Socioeconomic factors, health behaviors, and mortality: Results from a nationally representative prospective study of U.S. adults. Journal of the American Medical Association, 279, 1703-1708.
205. Lantz, P. M., House, J. S., Mero, R. P., & Williams, D. R. (2005). Stress, life events, and socioeconomic disparities in health: Results from the Americans' Changing Lives Study. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 46, 274.
206. Larson, N. I., Neumark-Sztainer, D., Hannan, P. J., & Story, M. (2007). Family meals during adolescence are associated with higher diet quality and healthful meal patterns during young adulthood. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 107, 1502-1510.
207. Larson, N. I., Story, M. T., & Nelson, M. C. (2009). Neighborhood environments: Disparities in access to healthy foods in the U.S. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 36, 74 - 81.
208. Law, J. H. J., & Barber, B. K. (2007). Neighborhood conditions, parenting, and adolescent functioning. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 14, 91-118.
209. Lee, J.-T., Son, J.-Y., Kim, H., & Kim, S.-Y. (2006). Effect of air pollution on asthma-related hospital admissions for children by socioeconomic status associated with area of residence. Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health, 61, 123-130.
210. Lehrer, P. M. (1998). Emotionally triggered asthma: A review of research literature and some hypotheses for self-regulation therapies. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 23, 13- 41.
211. Lehrer, P., Feldman, J., Giardino, N., Song, H.-S., & Schmaling, K. (2002). Psychological aspects of asthma. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 691-711.
212. Levy, J. I., Brugge, D., Peters, J. L., Clougherty, J. E., & Saddler, S. S. (2006). A community-based participatory research study of multifaceted in-home environmental interventions for pediatric asthmatics in public housing. Social Science & Medicine, 63, 2191-2203.
213. Levy, J. I., Welker-Hood, L. K., Clougherty, J. E., Dodson, R. E., Steinbach, S., & Hynes, H. P. (2004). Lung function, asthma symptoms, and quality of life for children in public housing in Boston: A case-series analysis. Environmental Health, 3, 13.
214. Leyden, K. M. (2003). Social capital and the built environment: The importance of walkable neighborhoods. American Journal of Public Health, 93, 1546-1551.
215. Lin, M., Chen, Y., Villeneuve, P. J., Burnett, R. T., Lemyre, L., Hertzman, C.,... Krewski, D. (2004). Gaseous air pollutants and asthma hospitalization of children with low household income in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. American Journal of Epidemiology, 159, 294-303.
216. Lin, S., Munsie, J. P., Hwang, S.-A., Fitzgerald, E., & Cayo, M. R. (2002). Childhood asthma hospitalization and residential exposure to state route traffic. Environmental Research, 88, 73- 81.
217. Lindsey, M. A., Browne, D. C., Thompson, R., Hawley, K. M., Graham, J. C., Weisbart, C.,... Kotch, J. B. (2008). Caregiver mental health, neighborhood, and social network influences on mental health needs among African American children. Social Work Research, 32, 79-88.
218. Lioret, S., Maire, B., Volatier, J. L., & Charles, M. A. (2007). Child overweight in France and its relationship with physical activity, sedentary behaviour and socioeconomic status. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 61, 509-516.
219. Liu, G. C., Wilson, J. S., Qi, R., & Ying, J. (2007). Green neighborhoods, food retail and childhood overweight: Differences by population density. American Journal of Health Promotion, 21, 317-325.
220. Liu, L. Y., Coe, C. L., Swenson, C. A., Kelly, E. A., Kita, H., & Busse, W. W. (2002). School examinations enhance airway inflammation to antigen challenge. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 165, 1062-1067.
221. Lobstein, T., Baur, L., & Uauy, R. (2004). Obesity in children and young people: A crisis in public health. Obesity Reviews, 5(Suppl. 1), 4-85.
222. Lochner, K. A., Kawachi, I., Brennan, R. T., & Buka, S. L. (2003). Social capital and neighborhood mortality rates in Chicago. Social Science & Medicine, 56, 1797-1805.
223. Lochner, K., Kawachi, I., & Kennedy, B. P. (1999). Social capital: A guide to its measurement. Health & Place, 5, 259-270.
224. Lohman, B. J., Stewart, S., Gundersen, C., Garasky, S., & Eisenmann, J. C. (2009). Adolescent overweight and obesity: Links to food insecurity and individual, maternal, and family stressors. Journal of Adolescent Health, 45, 230-237.
225. Lynch, J. W., Kaplan, G. A., & Salonen, J. T. (1997). Why do poor people behave poorly? Variation in adult health behaviours and psychosocial characteristics by stages of the socioeconomic lifecourse. Social Science & Medicine, 44, 809-819.
226. Maffeis, C. (2000). Aetiology of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents. European Journal of Pediatrics, 159, S35-S44.
227. Mamun, A. A., Lawlor, D. A., O'Callaghan, M. J., Williams, G. M., & Najman, J. M. (2005). Positive maternal attitude to the family eating together decreases the risk of adolescent overweight. Obesity Research, 13, 1422-1430.
228. Marin, T. J., Chen, E., Munch, J. A., & Miller, G. E. (2009). Doubleexposure to acute stress and chronic family stress is associated with immune changes in children with asthma. Psychosomatic Medicine, 71, 378-384.
229. Marmot, M. G., Shipley, M. J., & Rose, G. (1984). Inequalities in deathspecific explanations of a general pattern? Lancet, 323, 1003-1006.
230. Marmot, M. G., Stansfeld, S., Patel, C., North, F., Head, J., White, I.,... Smith, G. D. (1991). Health inequalities among British civil servants: The Whitehall II study. Lancet, 337, 1387-1393.
231. Martin, C. A., Warren, P. S., & Kinzig, A. P. (2004). Neighborhood socioeconomic status is a useful predictor of perennial landscape vegetation in residential neighborhoods and embedded small parks of Phoenix, AZ. Landscape and Urban Planning, 69, 355-368.
232. Martinez, F. D., Cline, M., & Burrows, B. (1992). Increased incidence of asthma in children of smoking mothers. Pediatrics, 89, 21-26.
233. Matsui, E. C., Wood, R. A., Rand, C., Kanchanaraksa, S., Swartz, L., Curtin-Brosnan, J.,... Eggleston, P. A. (2003). Cockroach allergen exposure and sensitization in suburban middle-class children with asthma. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 112, 87-92.
234. Maxwell, L. E. (1996). Multiple effects of home and day care crowding. Environment and Behavior, 28, 494 -511.
235. Maxwell, L. E. (2003). Home and school density effects on elementary school children. Environment and Behavior, 35, 566-578.
236. Maziak, W., von Mutius, E., Keil, U., Hirsch, T., Leupold, W., Rzehak, P.,... Weiland, S. K. (2004). Predictors of health care utilization of children with asthma in the community. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, 15, 166-171.
237. McConnell, R., Berhane, K., Gilliland, F., London, S. J., Islam, T., Gauderman, W. J.,... Peters, J. M. (2002). Asthma in exercising children exposed to ozone: A cohort study. Lancet, 359, 386-391.
238. McConnell, R., Islam, T., Shankardass, K., Jerrett, M., Lurmann, F., Gilliland, F.,... Berhane, K. (2010). Childhood incident asthma and traffic-related air pollution at home and school. Environmental Health Perspectives, 118, 1021-1016.
239. McCormack, M., Breysse, P., Hansel, N., Matsui, E., Tonorezos, E. S., Curtin-Brosnan, J.,... Diette, G. (2008). Common household activities are associated with elevated particulate matter concentrations in bedrooms of inner-city Baltimore pre-school children. Environmental Research, 106, 148-155.
240. McCormack, M. C., Breysse, P. N., Matsui, E. C., Hansel, N. N., Williams, D. A., Curtin-Brosnan, J.,... Diette, G. B. (2009). In-home particle concentrations and childhood asthma morbidity. Environmental Health Perspectives, 117, 294-298.
241. McLoyd, V. C. (1998). Socioeconomic disadvantage and child development. American Psychologist, 53, 185-204.
242. McNeill, L. H., Kreuter, M. W., & Subramanian, S. V. (2006). Social environment and physical activity: A review of concepts and evidence. Social Science & Medicine, 63, 1011-1022.
243. McQuaid, E. L., Kopel, S. J., Klein, R. B., & Fritz, G. K. (2003). Medication adherence in pediatric asthma: Reasoning, responsibility, and behavior. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 28, 323-333.
244. Mechanic, D., & Hansell, S. (1989). Divorce, family conflict, and adolescents' well-being. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 30, 105-116.
245. Mei, Z., Scanlon, K. S., Grummer-Strawn, L. M., Freedman, D. S., Yip, R., & Trowbridge, F. L. (1998). Increasing prevalence of overweight among U.S. low-income preschool children: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention pediatric nutrition surveillance, 1983 to 1995. Pediatrics, 101(1), e12.
246. Meijer, A. M., Griffioen, R. W., van Nierop, J. C., & Oppenheimer, L. (1995). Intractable or uncontrolled asthma: Psychosocial factors. Journal of Asthma, 32, 265-274.
247. Mellins, C. A., Brackis-Cott, E., Dolezal, C., Leu, C. S., Valentin, C., & Meyer-Bahlburg, H. F. L. (2008). Mental health of early adolescents from high-risk neighborhoods: The role of maternal HIV and other contextual, self-regulation, and family factors. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 33, 1065-1075.
248. Meltzer, H., Vostanis, P., Goodman, R., & Ford, T. (2007). Children's perceptions of neighbourhood trustworthiness and safety and their mental health. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 1208-1213.
249. Mennis, J. (2006). Socioeconomic-vegetation relationships in urban, residential land: The case of Denver, Colorado. Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 72, 911-921. Retrieved from http://www.asprs.org/a/publications/pers/2006journal/august/2006_aug_911-921.pdf
250. Merom, D., Tudor-Locke, C., Bauman, A., & Rissel, C. (2006). Active commuting to school among NSW primary school children: Implications for public health. Health & Place, 12, 678 - 687.
251. Miech, R. A., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Wright, B. R. E., & Silva, P. A. (1999). Low socioeconomic status and mental disorders: A longitudinal study of selection and causation during young adulthood. American Journal of Sociology, 104, 1096-1131.
252. Miech, R. A., Kumanyika, S. K., Stettler, N., Link, B. G., Phelan, J. C., & Chang, V. W. (2006). Trends in the association of poverty with overweight among U.S. adolescents, 1971-2004. Journal of the American Medical Association, 295, 2385-2393.
253. Mielck, A., Reitmeir, P., & Wjst, M. (1996). Severity of childhood asthma by socioeconomic status. International Journal of Epidemiology, 25, 388-393.
254. Mihalic, S., & Elliott, D. (1997). Short- and long-term consequences of adolescent work. Youth & Society, 28, 464 - 498.
255. Miller, B. D., & Wood, B. L. (1997). Influence of specific emotional states on autonomic reactivity and pulmonary function in asthmatic children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 669-677.
256. Miller, G. E., Chen, E., Fok, A. K., Walker, H., Lim, A., Nicholls, E. F.,... Kobot, M. S. (2009). Low early-life social class leaves a biological residue manifested by decreased glucocorticoid and increased proinflammatory signaling. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 14716-14721.
257. Miller, G. E., Chen, E., & Parker, K. J. (2011). Psychological stress in childhood and susceptibility to the chronic diseases of aging: Moving toward a model of behavioral and biological mechanisms. Psychological Bulletin, 137, 959-997.
258. Minaker, L. M., McCargar, L., Lambraki, I., Jessup, L., Driezen, P., Calengor, K., & Hanning, R. M. (2006). School region socio-economic status and geographic locale is associated with food behaviour of Ontario and Alberta adolescents. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 97, 357-361.
259. Moens, E., Braet, C., Bosnians, G., & Rosseel, Y. (2009). Unfavourable family characteristics and their associations with childhood obesity: A cross-sectional study. European Eating Disorders Review, 17, 315-323.
260. Moens, E., Braet, C., & Soetens, B. (2007). Observation of family functioning at mealtime: A comparison between families of children with and without overweight. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 32, 52-63.
261. Monahan, K. C., Lee, J. M., & Steinberg, L. (2011). Revisiting the impact of part-time work on adolescent adjustment: Distinguishing between selection and socialization using propensity score matching. Child Development, 82, 96-112.
262. Moore, L. L., Lombardi, D. A., White, M. J., Campbell, J. L., Oliveria, S. A., & Ellison, R. C. (1991). Influence of parents' physical activity levels on activity levels of young children. Journal of Pediatrics, 118, 215-219.
263. Moore, L. V., & Diez Roux, A. V. (2006). Associations of neighborhood characteristics with the location and type of food stores. American Journal of Public Health, 96, 325-331.
264. Morello-Frosch, R., & Shenassa, E. D. (2006). The environmental "riskscape" and social inequality: Implications for explaining maternal and child health disparities. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114, 1150- 1153.
265. Neumark-Sztainer, D., Hannan, P. J., Story, M., Croll, J., & Perry, C. (2003). Family meal patterns: Associations with sociodemographic characteristics and improved dietary intake among adolescents. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 103, 317-322.
266. Nicolai, T., Carr, D., Weiland, S. K., Duhme, H., von Ehrenstein, O., Wagner, C., & von Mutius, E. (2003). Urban traffic and pollutant exposure related to respiratory outcomes and atopy in a large sample of children. European Respiratory Journal, 21, 956-963.
267. Norman, G. J., Nutter, S. K., Ryan, S., Sallis, J. F., Calfas, K. J., & Patrick, K. (2006). Community design and access to recreational facilities as correlates of adolescent physical activity and body-mass index. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 3, S118-S128.
268. O'Connor, G. T., Neas, L., Vaughn, B., Kattan, M., Mitchell, H., Crain, E. F.,... Lippmann, M. (2008). Acute respiratory health effects of air pollution on children with asthma in U.S. inner cities. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 121, 1133-1139.
269. Ogden, C. L., Flegal, K. M., Carroll, M. D., & Johnson, C. L. (2002). Prevalence and trends in overweight among U.S. children and adolescents, 1999-2000. Journal of the American Medical Association, 288, 1728-1732.
270. Oliver, L. N., & Hayes, M. V. (2005). Neighbourhood socio-economic status and the prevalence of overweight Canadian children and youth. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 96, 415-420.
271. Oliveria, S. A., Ellison, R. C., Moore, L. L., Gillman, M. W., Garrahie, E. J., & Singer, M. R. (1992). Parent- child relationships in nutrient intake: The Framingham Children's Study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 56, 593-598.
272. Olvera, N., & Power, T. G. (2010). Brief report: Parenting styles and obesity in Mexican American children: A longitudinal study. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 35, 243-249.
273. Orpana, H. M., & Lemyre, L. (2004). Explaining the social gradient in health in Canada: Using the National Population Health Survey to examine the role of stressors. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 11, 143-151.
274. Overstreet, S., & Braun, S. (2000). Exposure to community violence and post-traumatic stress symptoms: Mediating factors. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 70, 263-271.
275. Palmer, T., & Jaworski, C. A. (2004). Exercise prescription for underprivileged minorities. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 3, 344-348.
276. Parsons, T. J., Power, C., Logan, S., & Summerbell, C. D. (1999). Childhood predictors of adult obesity: A systematic review. International Journal of Obesity & Related Metabolic Disorders, 23, S1-S107.
277. Patrick, H., & Nicklas, T. A. (2005). A review of family and social determinants of children's eating patterns and diet quality. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 24, 83-92.
278. Patrick, K., Norman, G. J., Calfas, K. J., Sallis, J. F., Zabinski, M. F., Rupp, J., & Cella, J. (2004). Diet, physical activity, and sedentary behaviors as risk factors for overweight in adolescence. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 158, 385-390.
279. Patterson, G. R., DeBaryshe, B. D., & Ramsey, E. (1989). A developmental perspective on antisocial behavior. American Psychologist, 44, 329- 335.
280. Pattillo-McCoy, M. (2000). Black picket fences: Privilege and peril among the Black middle class. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
281. Perez, L., Kunzli, N., Avol, E., Hricko, A. M., Lurmann, F., Nicholas, E.,... McConnell, R. (2009). Global goods movement and the local burden of childhood asthma in Southern California. American Journal of Public Health, 99, S622-S628.
282. Pianta, R. C., & Early, D. (2001). Turnover in kindergarten classroom membership in a national sample. Early Education and Development, 12, 239-252.
283. Pickett, K. E., & Pearl, M. (2001). Multilevel analyses of neighbourhood socioeconomic context and health outcomes: A critical review. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 55, 111-122.
284. Pincus, T., Esther, R., DeWalt, D. A., & Callahan, L. F. (1998). Social conditions and self-management are more powerful determinants of health than access to care. Annals of Internal Medicine, 129, 406-411.
285. Pollitt, R. A., Rose, K. M., & Kaufman, J. S. (2005). Evaluating the evidence for models of life course socioeconomic factors and cardiovascular outcomes: A systematic review. BMC Public Health, 5, 7.
286. Poulton, R., Caspi, A., Milne, B. J., Thomson, W. M., Taylor, A., Sears, M. R., & Moffitt, T. E. (2002). Association between children's experience of socioeconomic disadvantage and adult health: A life-course study. Lancet, 360, 1640-1645.
287. Powell, L. M., Auld, M. C., Chaloupka, F. J., O'Malley, P. M., & Johnston, L. D. (2007). Associations between access to food stores and adolescent body mass index. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 33, S301- S307.
288. Powell, L. M., Slater, S., Chaloupka, F. J., & Harper, D. (2006). Availability of physical activity-related facilities and neighborhood demographic and socioeconomic characteristics: A national study. American Journal of Public Health, 96, 1676 -1680.
289. Powell, L. M., Slater, S., Mirtcheva, D., Bao, Y., & Chaloupka, F. J. (2007). Food store availability and neighborhood characteristics in the United States. Preventive Medicine, 44, 189 -195.
290. Precht, D. H., Keiding, L., Nielsen, G. A., & Madsen, M. (2006). Smoking among upper secondary pupils with asthma: Reasons for their smoking behavior: A population-based study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 39, 141-143.
291. Proctor, M. H., Moore, L. L., Gao, D., Cupples, L. A., Bradlee, M. L., Hood, M. Y., & Ellison, R. C. (2003). Television viewing and change in body fat from preschool to early adolescence: The Framingham Children's Study. International Journal of Obesity, 27, 827-833.
292. Rauh, V. A., Chew, G. R., & Garfinkel, R. S. (2002). Deteriorated housing contributes to high cockroach allergen levels in inner-city households. Environmental Health Perspectives, 110, 323-327.
293. Rauscher, K. J., & Myers, D. J. (2008). Socioeconomic disparities in the prevalence of work-related injuries among adolescents in the United States. Journal of Adolescent Health, 42, 50 -57.
294. Rice, F., Harold, G. T., & Thapar, A. (2002). Assessing the effects of age, sex and shared environment on the genetic aetiology of depression in childhood and adolescence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43, 1039-1051.
295. Riley, A. W., Coiro, M. J., Broitman, M., Colantuoni, E., Hurley, K. M., Bandeen-Roche, K., & Miranda, J. (2009). Mental health of children of low-income depressed mothers: Influences of parenting, family environment, and raters. Psychiatric Services, 60, 329 -336.
296. Roemmich, J. N., Smith, J. R., Epstein, L. H., & Lambiase, M. (2007). Stress reactivity and adiposity of youth. Obesity, 15, 2303-2310.
297. Romero, A. J. (2005). Low-income neighborhood barriers and resources for adolescents' physical activity. Journal of Adolescent Health, 36, 253-259.
298. Rosenstreich, D. L., Eggleston, P., Kattan, M., Baker, D., Slavin, R. G., Gergen, P.,... Malveaux, F. (1997). The role of cockroach allergy and exposure to cockroach allergen in causing morbidity among inner-city children with asthma. New England Journal of Medicine, 336, 1356- 1363.
299. Rosmond, R. (2005). Role of stress in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30, 1-10.
300. Rosmond, R., & Björntorp, P. (2000). Occupational status, cortisol secretory pattern, and visceral obesity in middle-aged men. Obesity, 8, 445- 450.
301. Rudolph, K. D., & Hammen, C. (1999). Age and gender as determinants of stress exposure, generation, and reactions in youngsters: A transactional perspective. Child Development, 70, 660 - 677.
302. Ruxton, C. H., Kirk, T. R., Belton, N. R., & Holmes, M. A. (1996). Relationships between social class, nutrient intake and dietary patterns in Edinburgh schoolchildren. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 47, 341-349.
303. Sahsuvaroglu, T., Jerrett, M., Sears, M. R., McConnell, R., Finkelstein, N., Arain, A.,... Burnett, R. (2009). Spatial analysis of air pollution and childhood asthma in Hamilton, Canada: Comparing exposure methods in sensitive subgroups. Environmental Health, 8, 14.
304. Salam, M. T., Islam, T., & Gilliland, F. D. (2008). Recent evidence for adverse effects of residential proximity to traffic sources on asthma. Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine, 14, 3- 8.
305. Sallis, J. F., Prochaska, J. J., & Taylor, W. C. (2000). A review of correlates of physical activity of children and adolescents. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 32, 963-975.
306. Sallis, J. F., Zakarian, J. M., Hovell, M. F., & Hofstetter, C. R. (1996). Ethnic, socioeconomic, and sex differences in physical activity among adolescents. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 49, 125-134.
307. Sampson, R. J., Raudenbush, S. W., & Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhood and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy. Science, 277, 918-924.
308. Sandel, M., & Wright, R. J. (2006). When home is where the stress is: Expanding the dimensions of housing that influence asthma morbidity. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 91, 942-948.
309. Sarpong, S. B., Hamilton, R. G., Eggleston, P. A., & Adkinson, N. F., Jr. (1996). Socioeconomic status and race as risk factors for cockroach allergen exposure and sensitization in children with asthma. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 97, 1393-1401.
310. Scafidi, B., Sjoquist, D. L., & Stinebrickner, T. R. (2007). Race, poverty, and teacher mobility. Economics of Education Review, 26, 145-159.
311. Schreier, H. M. C., & Chen, E. (2010). Longitudinal relationships between family routines and biological profiles among youth with asthma. Health Psychology, 29, 82-90.
312. Segerstrom, S. C., & Miller, G. E. (2004). Psychological stress and the human immune system: A meta-analytic study of 30 years of inquiry. Psychological Bulletin, 130, 601- 630.
313. Shalowitz, M. U., Berry, C. A., Quinn, K. A., & Wolf, R. L. (2001). The relationship of life stressors and maternal depression to pediatric asthma morbidity in a subspecialty practice. Ambulatory Pediatrics, 1, 185-193.
314. Shankardass, K., McConnell, R., Jerrett, M., Milam, J., Richardson, J., & Berhane, K. (2009). Parental stress increases the effect of traffic-related air pollution on childhood asthma incidence. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 12406-12411.
315. Shankardass, K., McConnell, R. S., Milam, J., Berhane, K., Tatalovich, Z., Wilson, J. P., & Jerrett, M. (2007). The association between contextual socioeconomic factors and prevalent asthma in a cohort of Southern California school children. Social Science & Medicine, 65, 1792-1806.
316. Shaw, D. S., Gross, H. E., & Moilanen, K. L. (2009). Developmental transactions between boys' conduct problems and mothers' depressive symptoms. In A. Sameroff (Ed.), The transactional model of development: How children and contexts shape each other (pp. 77-96). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
317. Sheehan, K., DiCara, J. A., LeBailly, S., & Christoffel, K. K. (1997). Children's exposure to violence in an urban setting. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 151, 502-504.
318. Shelton, K. H., & Harold, G. T. (2008). Interparental conflict, negative parenting, and children's adjustment: Bridging links between parents' depression and children's psychological distress. Journal of Family Psychology, 22, 712-724.
319. Shrewsbury, V., & Wardle, J. (2008). Socioeconomic status and adiposity in childhood: A systematic review of cross-sectional studies 1990-2005. Obesity, 16, 275-284.
320. Shumow, L., & Lomax, R. (2002). Parental efficacy: Predictor of parenting behavior and adolescent outcomes. Parenting: Science and Practice, 2, 127-150.
321. Silverglade, L., Tosi, D. J., Wise, P. S., & D'Costa, A. (1994). Irrational beliefs and emotionality in adolescents with and without bronchial asthma. Journal of General Psychology, 121, 199-207.
322. Simon, A. E., Wardle, J., Jarvis, M. J., Steggles, N., & Cartwright, M. (2003). Examining the relationship between pubertal stage, adolescent health behaviours and stress. Psychological Medicine, 33, 1369-1379.
323. Simon, P. A., Zeng, Z., Wold, C. M., Haddock, W., & Fielding, J. E. (2003). Prevalence of childhood asthma and associated morbidity in Los Angeles County: Impacts of race/ethnicity and income. Journal of Asthma, 40, 535-543.
324. Singh, G. K., Siahpush, M., & Kogan, M. D. (2010). Disparities in children's exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in the United States, 2007 [Erratum]. Pediatrics, 126, 1052.
325. Skinner, J., Carruth, B. R., Moran, J., III, Houck, K., Schmidhammer, J., Reed, A.,... Ott, D. (1998). Toddlers' food preferences: Concordance with family members' preferences. Journal of Nutrition Education, 30, 17-22.
326. Spano, R., Vazsonyi, A. T., & Bolland, J. (2009). Does parenting mediate the effects of exposure to violence on violent behavior? An ecological- transactional model of community violence. Journal of Adolescence, 32, 1321-1341.
327. Spiegel, K., Leproult, R., L'Hermite-Balériaux, M., Copinschi, G., Penev, P. D., & Van Cauter, E. (2004). Leptin levels are dependent on sleep duration: Relationships with sympathovagal balance, carbohydrate regulation, cortisol, and thyrotropin. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 89, 5762-5771.
328. Starfield, B. H. (1982). Child health and socioeconomic status. American Journal of Public Health, 72, 532-534.
329. Starfield, B., Riley, A. W., Witt, W. P., & Robertson, J. (2002). Social class gradients in health during adolescence. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 56, 354-361.
330. Steptoe, A., & Feldman, P. J. (2001). Neighborhood problems as sources of chronic stress: Development of a measure of neighborhood problems, and associations with socioeconomic status and health. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 23, 177-185.
331. Sternthal, M. J., Jun, H.-J., Earls, F., & Wright, R. J. (2010). Community violence and urban childhood asthma: A multilevel analysis. European Respiratory Journal, 36, 1400-1409.
332. Stockdale, S. E., Wells, K. B., Tang, L., Belin, T. R., Zhang, L., & Sherbourne, C. D. (2007). The importance of social context: Neighborhood stressors, stress-buffering mechanisms, and alcohol, drug, and mental health disorders. Social Science & Medicine, 65, 1867-1881.
333. Sturm, R., & Datar, A. (2005). Body mass index in elementary school children, metropolitan area food prices and food outlet density. Public Health, 119, 1059-1068.
334. Sturm, R., & Datar, A. (2008). Food prices and weight gain during elementary school: 5-year update. Public Health, 122, 1140-1143.
335. Subramanian, S. V., Ackerson, L. K., Subramanyam, M. A., & Wright, R. J. (2007). Domestic violence is associated with adult and childhood asthma prevalence in India. International Journal of Epidemiology, 36, 569-579.
336. Suglia, S. F., Enlow, M. B., Kullowatz, A., & Wright, R. J. (2009). Maternal intimate partner violence and increased asthma incidence in children: Buffering effects of supportive caregiving. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 163, 244-250.
337. Suglia, S. F., Ryan, L., Laden, F., Dockery, D. W., & Wright, R. J. (2008). Violence exposure, a chronic psychosocial stressor, and childhood lung function. Psychosomatic Medicine, 70, 160 -169.
338. Taras, H. L., Sallis, J. F., Patterson, T. L., Nader, P. R., & Nelson, J. A. (1989). Television's influence on children's diet and physical activity. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 10, 176-180.
339. Tataranni, P. A., Larson, D. E., Snitker, S., Young, J. B., Flatt, J. P., & Ravussin, E. (1996). Effects of glucocorticoids on energy metabolism and food intake in humans. American Journal of Physiology- Endocrinology and Metabolism, 271, E317-E325.
340. Taveras, E. M., Rifas-Shiman, S. L., Berkey, C. S., Rockett, H. R. H., Field, A. E., Frazier, A. L.,... Gillman, M. W. (2005). Family dinner and adolescent overweight. Obesity Research, 13, 900 -906.
341. Thomson, N. C. (2007). The role of environmental tobacco smoke in the origins and progression of asthma. Current Allergy and Asthma Reports, 7, 303-309.
342. Timberlake, J. M. (2007). Racial and ethnic inequality in the duration of children's exposure to neighborhood poverty and affluence. Social Problems, 54, 319-342.
343. Timperio, A., Ball, K., Salmon, J., Roberts, R., Giles-Corti, B., Simmons, D.,... Crawford, D. (2006). Personal, family, social, and environmental correlates of active commuting to school. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 30, 45-51.
344. Toschke, A. M., Kuchenhoff, H., Koletzko, B., & von Kries, R. (2005). Meal frequency and childhood obesity. Obesity Research, 13, 1932- 1938.
345. Trost, S. G., Sallis, J. F., Pate, R. R., Freedson, P. S., Taylor, W. C., & Dowda, M. (2003). Evaluating a model of parental influence on youth physical activity. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 25, 277- 282.
346. Turkheimer, E., Haley, A., Waldron, M., D'Onofrio, B., & Gottesman, I. I. (2003). Socioeconomic status modifies heritability of IQ in young children. Psychological Science, 14, 623- 628.
347. Tuvblad, C., Grann, M., & Lichtenstein, P. (2006). Heritability for adolescent antisocial behavior differs with socioeconomic status: Gene- environment interaction. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 734-743.
348. Videon, T. M., & Manning, C. K. (2003). Influences on adolescent eating patterns: The importance of family meals. Journal of Adolescent Health, 32, 365-373.
349. Vieno, A., Nation, M., Perkins, D. D., Pastore, M., & Santinello, M. (2010). Social capital, safety concerns, parenting, and early adolescents' antisocial behavior. Journal of Community Psychology, 38, 314-328.
350. Vieweg, V. R., Johnston, C. H., Lanier, J. O., Fernandez, A., & Pandurangi, A. K. (2007). Correlation between high risk obesity groups and low socioeconomic status in school children. Southern Medical Journal, 100, 8-13.
351. Vila, G., Nollet-Clémençon, C., de Blic, J., Falissard, B., Mouren-Simeoni, M. C., & Scheinmann, P. (1999). Assessment of anxiety disorders in asthmatic children. Psychosomatics, 40, 404-413.
352. Visscher, T. L. S., & Seidell, J. C. (2001). The public health impact of obesity. Annual Review of Public Health, 22, 355-375.
353. Wamboldt, F. S., Wamboldt, M. Z., Gavin, L. A., Roesler, T. A., & Brugman, S. M. (1995). Parental criticism and treatment outcome in adolescents hospitalized for severe, chronic asthma. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 39, 995-1005.
354. Wang, H. C., McGeady, S. J., & Yousef, E. (2007). Patient, home residence, and neighborhood characteristics in pediatric emergency department visits for asthma. Journal of Asthma, 44, 95-98.
355. Weil, C. M., Wade, S. L., Bauman, L. J., Lynn, H., Mitchell, H., & Lavigne, J. (1999). The relationship between psychosocial factors and asthma morbidity in inner-city children with asthma. Pediatrics, 104, 1274-1280.
356. Weir, L. A., Etelson, D., & Brand, D. A. (2006). Parents' perceptions of neighborhood safety and children's physical activity. Preventive Medicine, 43, 212-217.
357. Weiss, K. B., & Sullivan, S. D. (2001). The health economics of asthma and rhinitis. I. Assessing the economic impact. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 107, 3-8.
358. Wickrama, K. A. T., Wickrama, K. A. S., & Bryant, C. M. (2006). Community influence on adolescent obesity: Race/ethnic differences. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35, 647-657.
359. Wolf, J. M., Miller, G. E., & Chen, E. (2008). Parent psychological states predict changes in inflammatory markers in children with asthma and healthy children. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 22, 433-441.
360. Wright, P. A., & Kloos, B. (2007). Housing environment and mental health outcomes: A levels of analysis perspective. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 27, 79-89.
361. Wright, R. J. (2006). Health effects of socially toxic neighborhoods: The violence and urban asthma paradigm. Clinics in Chest Medicine, 27, 413-421.
362. Wright, R. J., Cohen, R. T., & Cohen, S. (2005). The impact of stress on the development and expression of atopy. Current Opinion in Allergy & Clinical Immunology, 5, 23-29.
363. Wright, R. J., Cohen, S., Carey, V., Weiss, S. T., & Gold, D. R. (2002). Parental stress as a predictor of wheezing in infancy: A prospective birth-cohort study. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 165, 358-365.
364. Wright, R. J., Finn, P., Contreras, J. P., Cohen, S., Wright, R. O., Staudenmayer, J.,... Gold, D. R. (2004). Chronic caregiver stress and IgE expression, allergen-induced proliferation, and cytokine profiles in a birth cohort predisposed to atopy. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 113, 1051-1057.
365. Wright, R. J., Mitchell, H., Visness, C. M., Cohen, S., Stout, J., Evans, R., & Gold, D. R. (2004). Community violence and asthma morbidity: The Inner-City Asthma Study. American Journal of Public Health, 94, 625- 632.
366. Wright, R. J., & Steinbach, S. F. (2001). Violence: An unrecognized environmental exposure that may contribute to greater asthma morbidity in high risk inner-city populations. Environmental Health Perspectives, 109, 1085-1089.
367. Xue, Y., Leventhal, T., Brooks-Gunn, J., & Earls, F. J. (2005). Neighborhood residence and mental health problems of 5- to 11-year-olds. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 554 -563.
368. Yen, I. H., & Syme, S. L. (1999). The social environment and health: A discussion of the epidemiologic literature. Annual Review of Public Health, 20, 287-308.
369. Zhu, X., & Lee, C. (2008). Walkability and safety around elementary schools economic and ethnic disparities. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 34, 282-290.
370. Zmirou, D., Gauvin, S., Pin, I., Momas, I., Sahraoui, F., Just, J., & Labbé, A. (2004). Traffic related air pollution and incidence of childhood asthma: Results of the Vesta case- control study. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 58, 18-23.