The social environment and health: A discussion of the epidemiologic literature

Annual Review of Public Health

Volumn 20, Issue , 1999, Pages 287-308

  Yen, I H ^a   Syme, S L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Epidemiology; Social context; Socioeconomic status

Indexed keywords

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; HEALTH CARE PLANNING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTOR; SMOKING; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT; SOCIAL STATUS; SOCIOLOGY; STRESS; WORKPLACE;

EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES; HUMANS; PUBLIC HEALTH; SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0032975699     PISSN: 01637525     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.20.1.287     Document Type: Review

References (128)

1. 1. Adler NE, Boyce T, Chesney MA, Cohen S, Folkman S, et al. 1994. Socioeconomic status and health: the challenge of the gradient. Am. Psychol. 49:15-24
2. 2. Anderson RT, Sortie P, Backlund E, Johnson N, Kaplan GA. 1997. Mortality effects of community socioeconomic status. Epidemiology 8:42-47
3. 3. Bentham G, Eimermann J, Haynes R, Lovett A, Brainard J. 1995. Limiting long term illness and its associations with mortality and indicators of social deprivation. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 49:S57-64
4. 4. Berry B, Kasarda J. 1977. Contemporary Urban Ecology. New York: Macmillan. 497 pp.
5. 5. Bird ST, Bauman KE. 1998. State-level infant, neonatal, and postneonatal mortality: the contribution of selected structural socioeconomic variables. Int. J. Health Serv. 28:13-27
6. 6. Blalock HM. 1984. Contextual-effects models: theoretical and methodological issues. Annu. Rev. Social. 10:353-72
7. 7. Blaxter M. 1990. Health and Lifestyles. London: Tavistock/Routledge. 268 pp.
8. 8. Braddock M, Lupidus G, Gregorio D, Kapp M, Banco L, 1991, Population, income, and ecological correlates of child pedestrian injury. Pediatrics 88:1242-47
9. 9. Bryk AS, Raudenbush SW. 1992. Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. 265 pp.
10. 10. Carstairs V. 1981. Multiple deprivation and health state. Community Med. 3:4-13
11. 11. Carstairs V, Morris R. 1989. Deprivation and mortality: an alternative to social class? Community Med. 11:210-19
12. 12. Cassel J. 1976. Causality in the environment and health: the utility of the multiplex variables. Perspect. Biol. Med. 19:338-43
13. 13. Cassel J. 1976. The contribution of the social environment to host resistance: the Fourth Wade Hampton Frost Lecture. Am. J. Public Health 104:107-23
14. 14. Clarke LL, Farmer FL, Miller MK. 1994. Structural determinants of infant mortality in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan America. Rural Social. 59:84-99
15. 15. Collins JW, David RJ. 1997. Urban violence and African-American pregnancy outcome: an ecologic study. Ethn. Dis. 7:184-90
16. 16. Congdon P. 1995. The impact of area context on long term illness and premature mortality: an illustration of multi-level analysis. Reg. Stud. 29:327-44
17. 17. Curtis SE. 1990. Use of survey data and small area statistics to assess the link between individual morbidity and neighbourhood deprivation. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 44:62-68
18. 18. Cutter SL. 1985. Rating Places: A Geographic View im the Quality of Life. Washington, DC: Assoc. Am. Geographers. 76pp.
19. 19. Dichr P, Koepsell T, Cheadle A, Psaty BM, Wagner E, Curry S. 1993. Do communities differ in health behaviors? J. Clin. Epidemiol. 46:1141-49
20. 20. Diez-Roux AV, Nicto FJ, Muntaner C, Tyroler HA, Comstock GW, et al. 1997. Neighborhood environments and coronary heart disease: a multilevel analysis. Am. J. Epidemiol. 146:48-63
21. 21. Duncan C, Jones K, Moon G. 1996. Health-related behaviour in context: a multilevel modelling approach. Soc. Sci. Med. 42:817-30
22. 22. Durkheim E. 1951 (1897). Suicide: A Study in Sociology. New York: American Book - Knickerbocker. 405 pp.
23. 23. Durkin MS, Davidson LL, Kuhn L, O'Connor P, Barlow B. 1994. Low-income neighborhoods and the risk of severe pediatric injury: a small-area analysis in northern Manhattan. Am. J. Public Health 84:587-92
24. 24. Eachus J, Williams M, Chan P, Smith GD, Grainge M, et al. 1996. Deprivation and cause specific morbidity: evidence from the Somerset and Avon survey of health. Br. Med. J. Clin. Res. Ed. 312:287-92
25. 25. Eames M, Ben-Shlomo Y, Marmot MG. 1993. Social deprivation and premature mortality: regional comparison across England. Br. Med. J. 307:1097-102
26. 26. Earls FJ, Visher CA. 1997. Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods: A Research Update. Washington, DC: Natl. Inst. Justice
27. 27. Ellis JM. 1957. Socio-economic differentials in mortality from chronic diseases. Soc. Probl. 5:30-36
28. 28. Faris REL, Dunham HW. 1960. Mental Disorders in Urban Areas: An Ecological Study of Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses. New York: Hafner. 2nd ed. 270 pp.
29. 29. Fiscella K, Franks P. 1997. Poverty or income inequality as predictor of mortality: longitudinal cohort study. Br. Med. J. Clin. Res. Ed. 314:1724-27
30. 30. Goldstein H. 1995. Multilevel Statistical Models. London: Edward Arnold, 2nd ed. 178 pp.
31. 31. Gunnell DJ, Peters TJ, Kammerling RM, Brooks J. 1995. Relation between parasuicide, suicide, psychiatric admissions, and socioeconomic deprivation. Br. Med. J. Clin. Res. Ed. 311:226-30
32. 32. Haan M, Kaplan GA, Camacho T. 1987. Poverty and health: prospective evidence from the Alameda County Study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 125:989-98
33. 33. Haan M, Kaplan GA, Syme SL. 1989. Socioeconomic status and health: old observations and new thoughts. In Pathways to Health: The Role of Social Factors, ed. JP Bunker, DS Gomby, BH Kehrer, pp. 76-135. Menlo Park, CA: Henry J. Kaiser Family Found.
34. 34. Hertz E, Hebert JR, Landon J. 1994. Social and environmental factors and life expectancy, infant mortality, and maternal mortality rates: results of a cross-national comparison. Soc. Sci. Med. 39:105-14
35. 35. Hessler RM, Kubish P, New PK, Ellison DL, Taylor FH. 1971. Demographic context, social interaction, and perceived health status. J. Health Soc. Behav. 12: 191-99
36. 36. Hume D, Womersley J. 1985. Analysis of death rates in the population aged 60 years and over of Greater Glasgow by postcode sector of residence. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 39:357-63
37. 37. Humphreys K, Carr-Hill R. 1991. Area variations in health outcomes: artefact or ecology. Int. J. Epidemiol. 20:251-58
38. 38. Jackson JS, Brown TN, Williams DR, Torres M, Sellers SL, Brown K. 1996. Racism and the physical and mental health status of African Americans: a thirteen year national panel study. Ethn. Dis. 6:132-47
39. 39. Janowitz M. 1975. Sociological theory and social control. Am. J. Social. 81:82-108
40. 40. Jencks C, Mayer SE. 1990. The social consequences of growing up in a poor neighborhood. In Inner-City Poverty in the United Stales, ed. LE Lynn Jr, MGH McGeary. Washington, DC: Natl. Acad. Sci. 280 pp.
41. 41. Jenkins CD, Tuthill RW, Tannenbaum SI, Kirby C. 1979. Social stressors and excess mortality from hypertensive diseases. J. Hum. Stress:29-40
42. 42. Jessop E. 1996. Deprivation and mortality in non-metropolitan areas of England and Wales. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 50:524-26
43. 43. Jessop EG. 1992. Individual morbidity and neighbourhood deprivation in a nonmetropolitan area. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 46:543-46
44. 44. Jones K, Duncan C. 1995. Individuals and their ecologies: analysing the geography of chronic illness within a multilevel modelling framework. Health Place 1:27-40
45. 45. Judge K, Mulligan JA, Benzeval M. 1997. Income inequality and population health. Sac. Sci. Med. 46:567-79
46. 46. Kaplan GA, Shema SJ, Balfour JL, Yen IH. 1998. Poverty area residence and incidence of disability. Am. J. Public Health. In press
47. 47. Kaplan GA. 1996. People and places: contrasting perspectives on the association between social class and health. Int. J. Health Serv. 26:507-19
48. 48. Kaplan GA, Pamuk ER, Lynch JW, Cohen RD, Balfour JL. 1996. Inequality in income and mortality in the United States: analysis of mortality and potential pathways. Br. Med. J. Clin. Res. Ed. 312:999-1003
49. 49. Karvonen S, Rimpelä A. 1996. Socio-regional context as a determinant of adolescents' health behaviour in Finland. Soc. Sci. Med. 43:1467-74
50. 50. Kasarda JD, Janowitz M. 1974. Community attachment in mass society. Am. Sociol. Rev. 39:328-39
51. 51. Katz J, Carey VJ, Zeger SL. 1993. Estimation of design effects and diarrhea clustering within households and villages. Am. J. Epidemiol. 138:994-1006
52. 52. Kawachi I, Kennedy BP, Lochner K, Prothrow-Stith D. 1997. Social capital, income inequality, and mortality. Am. J. Public Health 87:1491-98
53. 53. Kennedy BP, Kawachi I, Lochner K, Jones C, Prothrow-Stith D. 1997. (Dis)respect and Black mortality. Ethn. Dis. 7:207-14
54. 54. Kennedy BP, Kawachi I, Prothrow-Stith D. 1996. Income distribution and mortality: cross sectional ecological study of the Robin Hood index in the United States. Br Med. J. Clin. Res. Ed. 312:1004-7; Erratum. 1996. Br. Med. J. 11:312
55. Kennedy BP, Kawachi I, Prothrow-Stith D. 1996. Income distribution and mortality: cross sectional ecological study of the Robin Hood index in the United States. Br Med. J. Clin. Res. Ed. 312:1004-7; Erratum. 1996. Br. Med. J. 11:312
56. 55. Kleinschmidt I, Hills M, Elliott P. 1995. Smoking behaviour can be predicted by neighbourhood deprivation measures. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 49:S72-77
57. 56. Krieger N. 1994. Epidemiology and the web of causation: has anyone seen the spider? Soc: Sci. Med. 39:887-903
58. 57. Krieger N, Sidney S. 1996. Racial discrimination and blood pressure: the CARDIA study of young black and white adults. Am. J. Public Health 86:1370-78
59. 58. Krieger N, Zierler S. 1996. What explains the public's health?-A call for epidemiologic theory. Epidemiology 7:107-9
60. 59. La Veist T. 1992. The political empowerment and health status of African-Americans: mapping a new territory. Am. J. Sociol. 97:1080-95
61. 60. Le Clere FB, Rogers RG, Peters K. 1998. Neighborhood social context and racial differences in women's heart disease mortality. J. Health Soc. Behav. 39:91-107
62. 61. Le Clere FB, Rogers RG, Peters KD. 1997. Ethnicity and mortality in the United States: individual and community correlates. Soc. Forces 76:169-98
63. 62. Levine RV, Miyake K, Lee M. 1989. Places rated revisited: psycho-social pathology in metropolitan areas. Environ. Behav. 21:531-53
64. 63. Logue EE, Jarjoura D. 1990. Modeling heart disease mortality with census tract rates and social class mixtures. Soc. Sci. Med. 31:545-50
65. 64. Lynch JW, Kaplan GA, Pamuk E, Cohen RD, Heck K, et al. 1998. Income inequality and mortality in metropolitan areas of the United States. Am. J. Public Health 88:1074-80
66. 65. Mackenbach JP, Kunst AE, Cavelaars AE, Groenhof F, Geurts JJ. 1997. Socioeconomic inequalities in morbidity and mortality in western Europe. The EU Working Group on Socioeconomic Inequalities in Health. Lancet 349:1655-59
67. 66. McCarron PG, Davey Smith G, Womersley JJ. 1994. Deprivation and mortality in Glasgow: changes from 1980 to 1992. Br. Med. J. 309:1481-82
68. 67. McEwen BS. 1998. Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators. New Engl. J. Med. 338:171-79
69. 68. McIsaac SJ, Wilkinson RG. 1997. Income distribution and cause-specific mortality. Eur. J. Public Health 7:45-53
70. 69. McLoone P, Buddy FA. 1994. Deprivation and mortality in Scotland, 1981 and 1991. Br. Med. J. 309:1465-70
71. 70. Morris J, Blane D, White I. 1996. Levels of mortality, education, and social conditions in the 107 local education authority areas of England. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 50:15-17
72. 71. Murdie RA. 1969. Factorial Ecology of Metropolitan Toronto, 1951-1961. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press. 212 pp.
73. 72. Neser WB, Tyroler HA, Cassel JC. 1970. Social disorganization and stroke mortality in the black population of North Carolina. Am. J. Epidemiol. 93:166-75
74. 73. Newlands M, Adamson E, Ghulam S, Saleh M, Emergy JL. 1992. Jarman Index related to post-perinatal mortality. Public Health 106:163-65
75. 74. O'Campo P, Gielen AC, Faden RR, Xue X, Kass N, Wang MC. 1995. Violence by male partners against women during the childbearing year: a contextual analysis. Am. J. Public Health 85:1092-97
76. 75. O'Campo P, Xue X, Wang MC, Caughy M. 1997. Neighborhood risk factors for low birthweight in Baltimore: a multilevel analysis. Am. J. Public Health 87:1113-18
77. 76. Park RE, Burgess EW. 1925. The City. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press. 239 pp.
78. 77. Payne JN, Coy J, Milner PC, Patterson S. 1993. Are deprivation indicators a proxy for morbidity? A comparison of the prevalence of arthritis, depression, dyspepsia, obesity and respiratory symptoms with unemployment rates and Jarman scores. J. Public Health Med. 15:161-70
79. 78. Polednak AP. 1996. Trends in US urban Black infant mortality, by degrees of residential segregation. Am. J. Public Health 86:723-26
80. 79. President's Cancer Panel. 1998. The Meaning of Race in Science - Considerations for Cancer Research, pp. 1-7. Washington, DC: Natl. Cancer Inst.
81. 80. Putnam R, 1993. The prosperous community: social capital and community life. Am. Prospect. Spring:35-42
82. 81. Reading R, Jarvis S, Openshaw S. 1993. Measurement of social inequalities in health and use of health services among children in Northumberland. Arch. Dis. Child. 68:626-31
83. 82. Reading R, Raybould S, Jarvis S. 1993. Deprivation, low birth weight, and children's height: a comparison between rural and urban areas. Br. Med. J. Clin. Res. Ed. 307:1458-62
84. 83. Rees PH. 1971. Factorial ecology: an extended definition, survey, and critique of the field. Econ. Geogr. 47:220-33
85. 84. Rivara FP, Barber M. 1985. Demographic analysis of childhood pedestrian injuries. Pediatrics 76:375-81
86. 85. Robert SA. 1998. Community-level socioeconomic status effects on adult health. J. Health Soc. Behav. 39:18-37
87. 86. Roberts RE, McBee GW, Macdonald EJ. 1970. Social status, ethnic status, and urban mortality: an ecological analysis. Texas Rep. Biol. Med. 28:13-28
88. 87. Rodgers GB. 1979. Income and inequality as determinants of mortality: an international cross-section analysis. Popul. Stud. 33:343-51
89. 88. Sampson RJ. 1998. What 'community' supplies. In The Future of Community Development: A Social Science Synthesis, ed. R Ferguson, W Dickens, Washington, DC: Brookings Inst.
90. 89. Sampson RJ, Wilson WJ. 1995. Toward a theory of race, crime, and urban inequality. In Crime and Inequality, ed. J Hagan, R Peterson, pp. 37-56. Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press
91. 90. Sastry N. 1996. Community characteristics, individual and household attributes, and child survival in Brazil, Demography 33:211-29
92. 91. Sawyer M. 1976. Income Distribution in OECD Countries. OECD Economic Outlook; Occasional Studies, pp. 3-36
93. 92. Schwab M, Syme SL. 1997. On paradigms, community participation, and the future of public health. Am. J. Public Health 87:2049-51
94. 93. Schwartz S, Susser E, Susser M. 1999. A future for epidemiology? Annu. Rev. Public Health 20:15-33
95. 94. Seeman TE, Singer BH, Rowe JW, Horwitz RI, McEwen BS. 1997. Price of adaptation - allostatic load and its health consequences. Arch. Intern. Med. 157: 2259-68
96. 95. Shaw CR, McKay HD. 1942. Juvenile Delinquency and Urban Areas: A Study of the Rates of Delinquents in Relation to Differential Characteristics of Local Communities in American Cities. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press. 451 pp.
97. 96. Shevky E, Bell W. 1955. Social Area Analysis: Theory, Illustrative Application and Computational Procedures. Westport, CT: Greenwood. 70 pp.
98. 97. Shevky E, Williams M. 1949. The Social Areas of Los Angeles. Berkeley, CA: Univ. California Press. 172 pp.
99. 98. Shouls S, Congdon P, Curtis S. 1996. Modelling inequality in reported long term illness in the UK: combining individual and area characteristics. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 50:366-76
100. 99. Shy CM. 1997. The failure of academic epidemiology: witness for the prosecution. Am. J. Epidemiol. 145:479-84
101. 100. Sloggett A, Joshi H. 1994. Higher mortality in deprived areas: community or personal disadvantage. Br. Med. J. 309:1470-74
102. 101. Soobader M-J, Le Clere FB. 1998. Aggregation and the measurement of income inequality: effects on morbidity. Soc. Sci. Med. In press
103. 102. Sooman A, Macintyre S. 1995. Health and perceptions of the local environment in socially contrasting neighbourhoods in Glasgow. Health Place 1:15-26
104. 103. Struening EL, Wallace R, Moore R. 1990. Housing conditions and the quality of children at birth. Bull. N. Y. Acad. Med. 66:463-78
105. 104. Susser M, Susser E. 1996. Choosing a future for epidemiology. I. Eras and paradigms. Am. J. Public Health 86:668-73
106. 105. Susser M, Susser E. 1996. Choosing a future for epidemiology. II. From black box to Chinese boxes and eco-epidemiology. Am. J. Public Health 86:674-77
107. 106. Syme SL. 1992. Social determinants of disease. In Public Health and Preventative Medicine, ed. JM Last, RB Wallace, pp. 953-70. Norwalk, CT: Appleton & Lange
108. 107. Syme SL. 1996. Rethinking disease: where do we go from here? Ann. Epidemiol. 6:463-68
109. 108. Taubes G. 1995. Epidemiology faces its limits. Science 269:164-69
110. 109. Terris M. 1992. The Society for Epidemiologic Research (SER) and the future of epidemiology. Am. J. Epidemiol. 136:909-15
111. 110. Townsend P, Phillimore P, Beattie A. 1988. Health and Deprivation: Inequality and the North. London: Croom Helm. 211 pp.
112. 111. van Doorslaer E, Wagstaff A, Bleichrodt H, Calonge S, Gerdtham UG, et al. 1997. Income-related inequalities in health: some international comparisons. J. Health Econ. 16:93-112
113. 112. Von Korff M, Koepsell T, Curry S, Diehr P. 1992. Multi-level analysis in epidemiologic research on health behaviors and outcomes. Am. J. Epidemiol. 135:1077-82
114. 113. Waitzman NJ, Smith KR. 1998. Phantom of the area: poverty residence and mortality in the U.S. Am. J. Public Health 88: 973-76
115. 114. Waitzman NJ, Smith KR. 1998. Separate but lethal: the effects of economic segregation on mortality in metropolitan America. Milbank Meml. Fund Q. 76:341-74
116. 115. Wasserman CR, Shaw GM, Selvin S, Gould JB, Syme SL. 1998. Socioeconomic status, neighborhood social conditions and neural tube defects. Am. J. Public Health. 88:1674-80
117. 116. Whyte WF. 1943. Street Corner Society: The Social Structure of an Italian Slum. Chicago: Univ. Chicago Press. 284 pp.
118. 117. Wilcox MA, Smith SJ, Johnson IR, Maynard PV, Chilvers CE. 1995. The effect of social deprivation on birthweight, excluding physiological and pathological effects. Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 102:918-24
119. 118. Wilkinson RG. 1986. Socioeconomic differences in mortality: interpreting the data on their size and trends. In Class and Health - Research and Longitudinal Data, ed. RG Wilkinson, pp. 1-20. London: Tavistock
120. 119. Wilkinson RG. 1992. Income distribution and life expectancy. Br. Med. J. 304:165-68
121. 120. Williams DR. 1997. Race and health: basic questions, emerging directions. Ann. Epidemiol. 7:322-33
122. 121. Williams DR, Chung A-M. Racism and health. 1999. In Health in Black America, ed. RC Gibson, JS Jackson. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. In press
123. 122. Williams DR, Yu Y, Jackson JS, Anderson NB. 1997. Racial differences in physical and mental health: socio-economic status, stress and discrimination. J. Health Psychol. 2:335-51
124. 123. Wirth L. 1938. Urbanism as a way of life. Am. J. Sociol. 44:3-24
125. 124. Yen IH, Kaplan GA. 1998. Neighborhood social environment and risk of death: multilevel evidence from the Alameda County Study. Am. J. Epidemiol. In press
126. 125. Yen IH, Kaplan GA. 1998. Poverty area residence and prospective change in physical activity level: evidence from the Alameda County Study. Am. J. Public Health. 88:1709-12
127. 126. Yen IH, Kaplan GA. 1998. Poverty area residence and change in depression and perceived health status. Int. J. Epidemiol. In press
128. 127. Zapata BC, Rebolledo A, Atalah E, Newman B, King MC. 1992. The influence of social and political violence on the risk of pregnancy complications. Am. J. Public Health 82:685-90