Poverty and depressed mood among urban African-American adolescents: A family stress perspective

Journal of Child and Family Studies

Volumn 13, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 309-323

  Hammack, Phillip L ^a   LaVome Robinson, W ^b   Crawford, Isiaah ^c   Li, Susan T ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

^b DEPAUL UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c LOYOLA UNIVERSITY CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

Adolescence; African American; Depression; Family; Poverty

Indexed keywords

EID: 4043171387     PISSN: 10621024     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1023/B:JCFS.0000022037.59369.90     Document Type: Review

References (65)

1. Angold, A., & Costello, E. J. (1993). Depressive comorbidity in children and adolescents: Empirical, theoretical, and methodological issues. American Journal of Psychiatry, 150, 1779-1791.
2. Bagley, C. A., & Carroll, J. (1998). Healing forces in African-American families. In H. I. McCubbin, E. A. Thompson, A. I. Thompson, & J. A. Futrell (Eds.), Resiliency in African-American families (pp. 117-142). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
3. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
4. Barrera, M., Prelow, H. M., Dumka, L. E., Gonzales, N. A., Knight, G. P., Michaels, M. L., et al. (2002). Pathways from family economic conditions to adolescents' distress: Supportive parenting, stressors outside the family, and deviant peers. Journal of Community Psychology, 30, 1-18.
5. Brookins, G. K., Petersen, A. C., & Brooks, L. M. (1997). Youth and families in the inner city: Influencing positive outcomes. In H. J. Walberg, O. Reyes, & R. P. Weissberg (Eds.), Children and youth: Interdisciplinary perspectives (pp. 45-66). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
6. Bruce, M. L., Takeuchi, D. T., & Leaf, P. J. (1991). Poverty and psychiatric status. Archives of General Psychiatry, 48, 470-474.
7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1998). Suicide among Black youths: United States, 1980-1995. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 47, 193-196.
8. Compas, B. E., Connor, J., & Wadsworth, M. (1997). Prevention of depression. In R. P. Weissberg, T. P. Gullotta, R. L. Hampton, B. A. Ryan, & G. R. Adams (Eds.), Issues in children's and families' lives: Vol. 8. Enhancing children's wellness (pp. 129-174). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
9. Compas, B. E., Ey, S., & Grant, K. E. (1993). Taxonomy, assessment, and diagnosis of depression during adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 114, 323-344.
10. Compas, B. E., & Hammen, C. L. (1996). Child and adolescent depression: Covariation and comorbidity in development. In R. J. Haggerty, L. R. Sherrod, N. Garmezy, & M. Rutter (Eds.), Stress, risk, and resilience in children and adolescents: Processes, mechanisms, and interventions (pp. 225-267). New York: Cambridge University Press.
11. Compas, B. E., Orosan, P. G., & Grant, K. E. (1993). Adolescent stress and coping: Implications for psychopathology during adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 16, 331-349.
12. Conger, K. J., Rueter, M. A., & Conger, R. D. (2000). The role of economic pressure in the lives of parents and their adolescents: The family stress model. In L. J. Crockett & R. K. Silbereisen (Eds.), Negotiating adolescence in times of social change (pp. 201-223). New York: Cambridge University Press.
13. Conger, R. D., Wallace, L. E., Sun, Y., Simons, R. L., McLoyd, V. C., & Brody, G. H. (2002). Economic pressure in African American families: A replication and extension of the family stress model. Developmental Psychology, 38, 179-193.
14. Conner, K. R., Duberstein, P. R., Conwell, Y., Seidlitz, L., & Caine, E. D. (2001). Psychological vulnerability to completed suicide: A review of empirical studies. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 31, 367-385.
15. Culbertson, F. M. (1997). Depression and gender: An international review. American Psychologist, 52, 25-31.
16. Doerfler, L. A., Felner, R. D., Rowlison, R. T., Raley, P. A., & Evans, E. (1988). Depression in children and adolescents: A comparative analysis of the utility and construct validity of two assessment measures. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 769-772.
17. Felner, R. D., Brand, S., DuBois, D. L., Adan, A. M., Mulhall, P. F., & Evans, E. G. (1995). Socioeconomic disadvantage, proximal environmental experiences, and socioemotional and academic adjustment in early adolescence: Investigation of a mediated effects model. Child Development, 66, 774-792.
18. Fombonne, E., Wostear, G., Cooper, V., Harrington, R., & Rutter, M. (2001a). The Maudsley long-term follow-up of child and adolescent depression: 1. Psychiatric outcomes in adulthood. British Journal of Psychiatry, 179, 210-217.
19. Fombonne, E., Wostear, G., Cooper, V., Harrington, R., & Rutter, M. (2001b). The Maudsley long-term follow-up of child and adolescent depression: 2. Suicidality, criminality and social dysfunction in adulthood. British Journal of Psychiatry, 179, 218-223.
20. Garrison, C. Z., Jackson, K. L., Marsteller, F., McKeown, R., & Addy, C. (1990). A longitudinal study of depressive symptomatology in young adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 29, 581-585.
21. Goodman, E. (1999). The role of socioeconomic status gradients in explaining differences in U.S. adolescents' health. American Journal of Public Health, 89, 1522-1528.
22. Gore, S., Aseltine, R. H., & Colten, M. E. (1993). Gender, social-relational involvement, and depression. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 3, 101-125.
23. Gotlib, I. H., Lewinsohn, P. M., & Seeley, J. R. (1995). Symptoms versus a diagnosis of depression: Differences in psychosocial functioning. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 90-100.
24. Grant, K., Poindexter, L., Davis, T., Cho, M. H., McCormick, A., & Smith, K. (2000). Economic stress and psychological distress among urban African American adolescents: The mediating role of parents. Journal of Prevention and Intervention in the Community, 20, 25-36.
25. Hammack, P. L. (2003). Toward a unified theory of depression among urban African American adolescents: Integrating socioecologic, cognitive, family stress, and biopsychosocial perspectives. Journal of Black Psychology, 29, 187-209.
26. Hankin, B. L., Abramson, L. Y., Moffitt, T. E., Silva, P. A., McGee, R., & Angell, K. E. (1998). Development of depression from preadolescence to young adulthood: Emerging gender differences in a 10-year longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 128-140.
27. Harper, G. W., & Robinson, W. L. (1999). Pathways to risk among inner-city African-American adolescent females: The influence of gang membership. American Journal of Community Psychology, 27, 383-404.
28. Holmbeck, G. N. (1997). Toward terminological, conceptual, and statistical clarity in the study of mediators and moderators: Examples from the child-clinical and pediatric psychology literatures. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 599-610.
29. Holmbeck, G. N. (2002). Post-hoc probing of significant moderational and mediational effects in studies of pediatric populations. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 27, 87-96.
30. Juon, H., & Ensminger, M. (1997). Childhood, adolescent, and young adult predictors of suicidal behaviors: A prospective study of African Americans. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38, 553-563.
31. Kerig, P. K. (1998). Moderators and mediators of the effects of interparental conflict on children's adjustment. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26, 199-212.
32. Kessler, R. C. (1979). Stress, social status, and psychological distress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 20, 259-272.
33. Kessler, R. C., & Cleary, P. D. (1980). Social class and psychological distress. American Sociological Review, 45, 463-478.
34. Kessler, R. C., & Neighbors, H. W. (1986). A new perspective on the relationship among race, social class, and psychological distress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 27, 107-115.
35. McCubbin, H. I., Thomson, E. A., Thompson, A. I., & Futrell, J. A. (1998). Resiliency in African-American families. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
36. McLoyd, V. C. (1990). The impact of economic hardship on black families and children: Psychological distress, parenting, and socioemotional development. Child Development, 61, 311-346.
37. McLoyd, V. C. (1998). Socioeconomic disadvantage and child development. American Psychologist, 53, 185-204.
38. Mizell, C. A. (1999). Life course influences on African American men's depression: Adolescent parental composition, self-concept, and adult earnings. Journal of Black Studies, 29, 467-490.
39. Nobles, W. W. (1988). African-American family life: An instrument of culture. In H. P. McAdoo (Ed.), Black families (pp. 44-53). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
40. Nobles, W. W. (1974a). African root and American fruit: The black family. Journal of Social and Behavioral Sciences, 20, 52-64.
41. Nobles, W. W. (1974b). Africanity: Its role in black families. Black Scholar, 5, 10-17.
42. Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1987). Sex differences in unipolar depression: Evidence and theory. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 259-282.
43. Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1990). Sex differences in depression. Stanford, CA: Stanford University.
44. Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Girgus, J. S. (1994). The emergence of gender differences in depression during adolescence. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 424-443.
45. Orme, J. G., Reis, J., & Herz, E. J. (1986). Factorial and discriminant validity of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) Scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42, 28-33.
46. Petersen, A. C., Sarigiani, P. A., & Kennedy, R. E. (1991). Adolescent depression: Why more girls? Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 20, 247-271.
47. Piacentini, J., & Pataki, C. S. (1993). Substance abuse in depressed adolescents. In H. S. Koplewicz & E. Klass (Eds.), Depression in children and adolescents (pp. 133-148). Philadelphia: Harwood/ Gordon & Breach.
48. Pretorius, T. B. (1991). Cross-cultural application of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale: A study of Black South African students. Psychological Reports, 69, 1179-1185.
49. Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385-401.
50. Radloff, L. S., (1991). The use of the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale in adolescents and young adults. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 20, 149-166.
51. Reid, P. T. (1985). Sex-role socialization of Black children: A review of theory, family, and media influences. Academic Psychology Bulletin, 7, 201-212.
52. Roberts, R. E., Andrews, J. A., Lewinsohn, P. M., & Hops, H. (1990). Assessment of depression in adolescents using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Psychological Assessment, 2, 122-128.
53. Roberts, R. E., Roberts, C. R., & Chen, Y. R. (1997). Ethnocultural differences in prevalence of adolescent depression. American Journal of Community Psychology, 25, 95-110.
54. Robins, L. N. (1991). Conduct disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 32, 193-212.
55. Sethi, S., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1997). Gender differences in internal and external focusing among adolescents. Sex Roles, 37, 687-700.
56. Sobel, M. E. (1988). Direct and indirect effect in linear structural equation models. In J. S. Long (Ed.), Common problems/proper solutions: Avoiding error in quantitative research (pp. 46-64). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
57. Spaights, E., & Simpson, G. (1986). Some unique causes of Black suicide. Psychology, 23, 1-5.
58. Su, S. S., Hoffman, J. P., Gerstein, D. R., & Johnson, R. A. (1997). The effect of home environment on adolescent substance use and depressive symptoms. Journal of Drug Issues, 22, 851-877.
59. Sudarkasa, N. (1988). Interpreting the African heritage in Afro-American family organization. In H. P. McAdoo (Ed.), Black families (pp. 27-43). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
60. Taylor, R. D. (1996). Adolescents' perceptions of kinship support and family management practices: Association with adolescent adjustment in African American families. Developmental Psychology, 32, 687-695.
61. Tolan, P. H., & Gorman-Smith, D. (1997). Families and the development of urban children. In H. J. Walberg, O. Reyes, & R. P. Weissberg (Eds.), Children and youth: Interdisciplinary perspectives (pp. 67-91). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
62. Tolan, P., Miller, L., & Thomas, P. (1988). Perception and experience of types of social stress and self-image among adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 17, 147-163.
63. Wadsworth, M. E., & Compas, B. E. (2002). Coping with family conflict and economic strain: The adolescent perspective. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 12, 243-274.
64. Wentzel, K. R., & Feldman, S. S. (1996). Relations of cohesion and power in family dyads to social and emotional adjustment during early adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 6, 225-244.
65. Zahn-Waxler, C., Klimes-Dougan, B., & Slattery, M. J. (2000). Internalizing problems of childhood and adolescence: Prospects, pitfalls, and progress in understanding the development of anxiety and depression. Development and Psychopathology, 12, 443-466.