Multiple risk exposure as a potential explanatory mechanism for the socioeconomic status-health gradient

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

Volumn 1186, Issue , 2010, Pages 174-189

  Evans, Gary W ^a   Kim, Pilyoung ^b  

^a Cornell University ^*  (United States)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH   (United States)

Author keywords

Cumulative risk; Health; Multiple risk; Poverty; SES

Indexed keywords

CROWDING; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; HEALTH HAZARD; HOUSING; HUMAN; HUMAN RELATION; INCOME; MORTALITY; NOISE; PHYSICAL CAPACITY; POLLUTANT; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; SOCIAL STATUS;

EID: 77249125909     PISSN: 00778923     EISSN: 17496632     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05336.x     Document Type: Review

References (72)

1. Pearlin, L.I. et al. 2005. Stress, health, and the life course: some conceptual perspectives. J. Health Soc. Behav. 46: 205-219.
2. Berney, L. et al. 2000. Lifecourse influences on health in early old age. In Understanding Health Inequalities. Graham, H., Ed.: 79-95. Open University Press. Buckingham, UK.
3. Evans, G.W. 2004. The environment of childhood poverty. Am. Psychol. 59: 77-92.
4. Evans, G.W. & E. Kantrowitz. 2002. Socioeconomic status and health: the potential role of environmental risk exposure. Annu. Rev. Public Health. 23: 303-331.
5. Frumkin, H. & D. Walker. 1998. Minority workers and communities. In Maxcy Rosenau Last Public Health and PreventiveMedicine.Wallace, R., Ed.: 682-688. Appleton & Lange. Stamford, CT.
6. McLoyd, V.C. 1998. Socioeconomic disadvantage and child development. Am. Psychol. 53: 185-204.
7. Evans, G.W., J. Eckenrode & L.A. Marcynyszyn. 2010. Poverty and chaos. In Chaos and its Influence On Children's Development: An Ecological Perspective. Evans, G.W. & T.D. Wachs, Eds.: 225-238. American Psychological Association.Washington, DC.
8. Evans, G.W., N.M. Wells & M.A. Schamberg. In press. The ecological context of SES and obesity. In Obesity Prevention: The Role of Society and Brain on Individual Behavior. Dube, L., A. Bechara, A. Dagher et al. Ed.: Elsevier. New York.
9. Attar, B.,N. Guerra & P. Tolan. 1994.Neighborhood disadvantage, stressful life events and adjustments in urban elementary school children. J. Clin. Child. Psychol. 23: 391-400.
10. Bendersky, M.&M. Lewis. 1994. Environmental risk, biological risk, and developmental outcome. Dev. Psychol. 30: 484-494.
11. Brown, L. et al. 1986. Demographic differences among children in judging and experiencing specific life events. J. Spec. Edu. 20: 339-346.
12. Dubow, E. et al. 1991. A two year longitudinal study of stressful life events, social support, and social problem solving skills: contributions to children's behavioral and academic adjustment. Child Dev. 62: 583-599.
13. Pungello, E.P. et al. 1996. Environmental risk factors and children's achievement from middle childhood to early adolescence. Dev. Psychol. 32: 755-767.
14. Dohrenwend, B.S. 1973. Social status and stressful life events. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 28: 225-235.
15. Kessler,R.C. 1979. Stress, social status, and psychological stress. J. Health Soc. Behav. 20: 259-327
16. Myers, J.K., J. Lindenthal & M.P. Pepper. 1974. Social class, life events, and psychiatric symptoms: a longitudinal study. In Stressful Life Events. Dohrenwend, B.S.& B.P. Dohrenwend, Eds.: 191-206.Wiley. New York.
17. Ulbrich, P.M., G.J. Warheit & R.S. Zimmerman. 1989. Race, socioeconomic status, and psychological distress: an examination of differential vulnerability. J. Health Soc. Behav. 30: 131-146.
18. Turner, R.J. & W.R. Avison. 2003. Status variation in stress exposure: implications for the interpretation of research on race, socioeconomic status, and gender. J. Health Soc. Behav. 44: 488-505.
19. Lantz, P.M. et al. 2005. Stress, life events, and socioeconomic disparities in health: results from the Americans' Changing Lives study. J. Health Soc. Behav. 46: 274-288.
20. Deater-Deckard, K. et al. 1998. Multiple risk factors in the development of externalizing behavior problems: group and individual differences. Dev. Psychopathol. 10: 469-493.
21. Greenberg, M.T. et al. 1999. Predicting developmental outcomes at school entry using a multiple-risk model: four American communities. Dev. Psychol. 35: 403-417.
22. Burchinal, M.R. et al. 2000. Cumulative risk and early cognitive development: a comparison of statistical risk models. Dev. Psychol. 36: 793-807.
23. Herrenkohl, E.C., R.C. Herrenkohl & B.P. Egolf. 2003. The psychological consequences of living environment instability on maltreated children. Am. J. Orthopsychiatry. 73: 367-380.
24. Felner, R.D. et al. 1995. Socioeconomic disadvantage, proximal environmental experiences and socioemotional and academic adjustment in early adolescence: an investigation of mediated effects model. Child Dev. 66: 774-792.
25. Marmot, M. & R.G. Wilkinson. 2001. Psychosocial and material pathways in the relation between income and health: a response to Lynch et al. Br. Med. J. 322: 1233-1236.
26. Rutter, M. & D. Quinton. 1977. Psychiatric disorder- ecological factors and concepts of causation. In Ecological Factors in Human Development . McGurk, H. Ed.: 173-187. North-Holland. Amsterdam.
27. Liaw, F. & J. Brooks-Gunn. 1994. Cumulative familial risks and low birth weight children's cognitive and behavioral development. J. Clin. Child Psychol. 23: 360-372.
28. Federman,M. et al. 1996.What does it mean to be poor in America? Mon. Labor Rev. May: 3-17.
29. Moore, K.A., S. Vandivere & J. Ehrle. 2000. Turbulence and child well-being. In National Survey of America's Families Series B: B-16. Urban Institute. Washington, DC.
30. Gutman, L.M., A.J. Sameroff & R. Cole. 2003. Academic growth curve trajectories from 1st grade to 12th grade: effects of multiple social risk factors and preschool child factors. Dev. Psychol. 39: 777-790.
31. Evans, G.W. & K. English. 2002. The environment of poverty:multiple stressor exposure, psychophysiological stress, and socioemotional adjustment. Child Dev. 73: 1238-1248.32.
32. Carmody,D.P. et al. 2006. Early risk, attention, and brain activation in adolescents born premature. Child Dev. 77: 384-394.
33. Rutter, M. 1993. Stress, coping, and development. In Stress, Coping, andDevelopment. Garmezy,N. & M. Rutter, Eds.: 1-41. McGraw-Hill. New York.
34. Sameroff, A.J. et al. 1987. Early indicators of developmental risk: Rochester longitudinal study. Schizophr. Bull. 13: 383-394.
35. Sameroff, A.J. et al. 1998. Family and social influences on the development of child competence. In Families, Risk, and Competence. Lewis, M. & C. Feiring, Eds.: 161-186. Erlbaum. Mahwah, NJ.
36. Sameroff, A.J., L.M. Gutman & S.C. Peck. 2003. Adaptation among youth facing multiple risks. In Resilience and Vulnerability. Luthar, S.S., Ed.: 364-391. Cambridge University Press. New York.
37. Sameroff, A.J., R. Seifer & S.C.McDonough. 2004. Contextual contributors to the assessment of infant mental health. In Handbook of Infant, Toddler, and Preschool Mental Health Assessment. DelCarmen-Wiggins, R. & A. Carter, Eds.: 61-76. Oxford University Press. New York.
38. Evans, G.W. 2003. A multimethodological analysis of cumulative risk and allostatic load among rural children. Dev. Psychol. 39: 924-933.
39. Evans, G.W. & P. Kim. 2007. Childhood poverty and health: cumulative risk exposure and stress dysregulation. Psychol. Sci. 18: 953-957.
40. Evans, G.W. et al. 2007. Cumulative risk, maternal responsiveness, and allostatic load among young adolescents. Dev. Psychol. 43: 341-351.
41. Felitti, V.J. et al. 1998. Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction tomany of the leading causes of death in adults. Am. J. Prev.Med. 14: 245-258.
42. Singer, B.H. & C.D. Ryff. 1999. Hierarchies of life histories and associated health risks. In Socioeconomic Status and Health in Industrial Nations. Adler, N.E. et al. Eds.: 96-115. New York Academy of Sciences. New York.
43. Thurston,R.C.&L.D.Kubzansky. 2007.Multiple sources of psychosocial disadvantage and risk of coronary heart disease. Psychosom Med. 69: 748-755.
44. Smith, A., R. McNamara & B.Wellens. 2004. Combined effects of occupational health hazards. Department of Psychology. University ofWales, Cardiff. 1-182. Unpublished technical report.
45. Evans, G.W., G. Johansson & S. Carrere. 1994. Psychosocial factors and the physical environmentinter-relations in the workplace. In International Review of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Vol.9. Cooper, C.L. & I.T. Robertson, Eds.: 1-29.Wiley. Chichester, UK.
46. Karasek, R. & T. Theorell. 1990. Healthy Work. Basic. New York.
47. Lepore, S.J. & Evans, G.W. 1996. Coping with multiple stressors in the environment. In Handbook of Zeidner, M. & N. Endler, Eds.: 350-371.Wiley. New York.
48. Blank, N. & F. Diderichsen. 1996. Inequalities in health: the interaction between socio-economic and personal circumstances. Public Heath. 110: 158-162.
49. Melamed et al. 1999. Industrial noise exposure and risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Noise Health 4: 49-56.
50. Devereux, J.J., I.G. Vlachonikolis & P.W. Buckle. 2002. Epidemiological study to investigate potential interactions between physical and psychosocial factors at work that may increase the symptoms of musculoskeletal disorder of the neck and upper limb. Occup. Environ. Med. 59: 269-277.
51. Devereux, J.J., P.W. Buckle & I.G. Vlachonikolis. 1999. Interactions between physical and psychosocial risk factors at work increase the risk of back disorders: an epidemiological approach. Occup. Environ. Med. 56: 343-353.
52. Matthews, K.A. & B.B. Gump. 2002. Chronic work stress and marital dissolution increase risk for posttrial mortality in men from the multiple risk factor intervention trial. Arch. Intern. Med. 162: 309-315.
53. Evans, G.W. et al. 2005. The role of chaos in poverty and children's socioemotional adjustment. Psychol. Sci. 16:560-565.
54. Power, C. & S. Matthews. 1998. Accumulation of health risks across social groups in a national longitudinal study. In Human biology and Social Inequality. Strickland, S.S. & P.S. Shetty, Eds.: 36-57. Cambridge University Press. New York.
55. Power, C., S. Matthews & O. Manor. 1998. Inequalities in self-rated health: explanations fromdifferent stages of life. Lancet 351: 1009-1014.
56. Power, C. & O.Manor. 1992. Explaining social class differences in psychological health among young adults: a longitudinal perspective. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol. 27: 284-291.
57. Power, C. et al. 2002. Childhood and adulthood risk factors for socio-economic differentials in psychological distress: evidence fromthe 1958 British birth cohort. Soc. Sci. Med. 55: 1989-2204.
58. Wills, T.A., G. McNamara & D. Vaccaro. 1995. Parental education related to adolescent-coping and substance use: development of a mediation model. Health Psychol. 14: 464-478.
59. Cohen, S. & T.A. Wills. 1985. Social support, stress, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychol. Bull. 98: 310-357.
60. House, J.S. et al. 1994. The social stratification of aging and health. J. Health Soc. Behav. 35: 213-234.
61. Evans, G.W. et al. 2008. Income health inequalities among older persons: the mediating role ofmultiple risk exposures. J. Aging Health. 20: 107-125.
62. Cohen, S., G.A. Kaplan & J.T. Salonen. 1999. The role of psychological characteristics in the relation between socioeconomic status and perceived health. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 29: 551-574.
63. Robert, S.A. 1999. Neighborhood socioeconomic context and adult health. The mediating role of individual health behaviors and psychosocial factors. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 896: 465-468.
64. Koster, A. et al. 2006. Socioeconomic differences in incident depression in older adults: the role of psychosocial factors, physical health status, and behavioral factors. J. Psychosom. Res. 61: 619-627.
65. Marmot,M. et al. 1997.Contributions of job control and other risk factors to social variations in coronary heart disease incidence. Lancet 350: 235-239.
66. Stansfeld, S.A. et al. 2003. Social inequalities in depressive symptoms and physical functioning in theWhitehall II study: exploring a common cause explanation. J. Epidemiol. Community Health. 57: 361-367.
67. Lynch, J.W. et al. 1996. Do cardiovascular risk factors explain the relation between socioeconomic status, risk of all cause mortality, cardiovascularmortality, and acute myocardial infarction? Am. J. Epidemiol. 144: 934-942.
68. Gershoff, E.T. et al. 2007. Income is not enough: incorporating material hardship into models of income associations with parenting and child development. Child Dev. 78: 70-95.
69. Raver, C.C., E.T. Gershoff & J.L. Aber. 2007. Testing equivalence of mediating model of income, parenting, and school readiness for white, black, and hispanic children in a national sample. Child Dev. 78: 96-115.
70. Gassman-Pines, A. & H. Yoshikawa. 2006. The effects of antipoverty programs on children's cumulative level of poverty-related risk. Dev. Psychol. 42: 981-999.
71. Brooks-Gunn, J. 2003. Do you believe in magic?Whatwe can expect fromearly childhood intervention programs. Soc. Res. Child Develop. Soc. Policy. XVII: 1-15.
72. Center for Developing Children at Harvard University. 2007. A science-based framework for early childhood policy: using evidence to improve outcomes in learning, behavior, andhealth for vulnerable children: http://www. developingchild.harvard.edu/content/publications.html.