The public health impact of obesity

Annual Review of Public Health

Volumn 22, Issue , 2001, Pages 355-375

  Visscher, Tommy L S ^a   Seidell, Jacob C ^a,b  

^a NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT   (Netherlands)

^b UNIVERSITY OF AMSTERDAM   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Aged; Disability; Musculoskeletal disorders; Overweight; Prevention

Indexed keywords

INSULIN;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; DIABETIC ANGIOPATHY; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY; DIABETIC NEUROPATHY; DIABETIC RETINOPATHY; EPIDEMIC; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; INDUSTRIALIZATION; MORBIDITY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; OBESITY; OSTEOARTHRITIS; PREVALENCE; PREVENTIVE MEDICINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME; SURVIVAL RATE; WEIGHT REDUCTION; WORK DISABILITY;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; COST OF ILLNESS; DIABETES MELLITUS; FEMALE; HEALTH STATUS; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NEOPLASMS; OBESITY; PREVALENCE; RISK; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0035015194     PISSN: 01637525     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.22.1.355     Document Type: Review

References (99)

1. Ashley FW, Kannel WB. 1974. Relation of weight change to changes in atherogenic traits: the Framingham study. J. Chron. Dis. 27:103-14
2. Baik I, Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Giovannucci E, Spiegelman D, et al. 2000. Adiposity and mortality in men. Am. J. Epidemiol. 152:264-71
3. Björntorp P. 1997. Body fat distribution, insulin resistance, and metabolic diseases. Nutrition 13:795-803
4. Calle EE, Thun MJ, Petrelli JM, Rodriguez C, Heath CW. 1999. Body-mass index and mortality in a prospective cohort of U.S. adults. N. Engl. J. Med. 341:1097-105
5. Carey VJ, Walters EE, Colditz GA, Solomon CG, Willett WC, et al. 1997. Body fat distribution and risk of insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus in women. The Nurses' Health Study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 145:614-19
6. Carmelli-D, Zhang-H, Swan-GE. 1997. Obesity and 33-year follow-up for coronary heart disease and cancer mortality. Epidemiology 8:378-83
7. Chan JM, Rimm EB, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. 1994. Obesity, fat distribution, and weight gain as risk factors for clinical diabetes in men. Diabetes Care 17:961-69
8. Cigolini M, Seidell JC, Targher G, Deslypere JP, Ellsinger BM, et al. 1995. Fasting serum insulin in relation to components of the metabolic syndrome in European healthy men: the European fat distribution study. Metabolism 44:35-40
9. Clark DO, Stump TE, Wolinsky FD. 1998. Predictors of onset of and recovery from mobility difficulty among adults aged 51- 61 years. Am. J. Epidemiol. 148:63-71
10. Colditz GA. 1999. Economic costs of obesity and inactivity. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 31:S663-67
11. Colditz GA, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, Hennekens CH, et al. 1990. Weight as a risk factor for clinical diabetes in women. Am. J. Epidemiol. 132:501-13
12. Dattilo AM, Kris-Etherton PM. 1992. Effects of weight reduction on blood lipids and lipoproteins: a meta-analysis. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 56:320-28
13. Després J-P, Tremblay A, Perusse L, Leblanc C, Bouchard C. 1988. Abdominal adipose tissue and serum HDL-cholesterol: association independent from obesity and serum triglyceride concentration. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 12:1-13
14. Donahue RP, Abbott RD, Bloom E, Reed DM, Yano K. 1987. Central obesity and coronary heart disease in men. Lancet 1:821-24
15. Ferrannini E, Haffner SM, Mitchell BD, Stern MP. 1991. Hyperinsulinaemia: the key feature of a cardiovascular and metabolic syndrome. Diabetologia 34:416-22
16. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Kuczmarski RJ, Johnson CL. 1998. Overweight and obesity in the United States: prevalence and trends, 1960-1994. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 22:39-47
17. Flodmark CE, Ohlsson T, Ryden O, Sveger T. 1993. Prevention of progression to severe obesity in a group of obese schoolchildren treated with family therapy. Pediatrics 91:880-84
18. Folsom AR, Kaye SA, Sellers TA, Hong CP, Cerhan JR, et al. 1993. Body fat distribution and 5-year risk of death in older women. JAMA 269:483-87
19. Forster JL, Jeffery RW, Schmid TL, Kramer FM. 1988. Preventing weight gain in adults: a pound of prevention. Health Psychol. 7:515-25
20. Fries JF. 1980. Aging, natural death, and the compression of morbidity. N. Engl. J. Med. 303:130-35
21. Gallagher D, Visser M, Sepúlveda D, Pierson RN, Harris T, Heymsfield SB. 1996. How useful is body mass index for comparison of body fatness across age, sex, and ethnic groups. Am. J. Epidemiol. 143:228-39
22. Garfinkel L. 1986. Overweight and mortality. Cancer 58:1826-29
23. Grobbee DE, Stolk RP. 1991. The epidemiology of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) (in Dutch). In Suikerziekte op Oudere Leeftijd, ed. DL Knook, WJA Goedhard, pp. 3-47. Bonn Stafleu Van Loghum
24. Grunstein RR. 1996. Metabolic aspects of sleep apnea. Sleep 19:S218-20
25. Grunstein RR, Stenlof K, Hedner J, Sjöström L. 1995. Impact of obstructive sleep apnea and sleepiness on metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors in the Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) Study. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 19:410-18
26. Han TS, Tijhuis MA, Lean ME, Seidell JC. 1998. Quality of life in relation to overweight and body fat distribution. Am. J. Public Health 88:1814-20
27. Han TS, van Leer EM, Seidell JC, Lean MEJ. 1995. Waist circumference action levels in the identification of cardiovascular risk factors: prevalence study in random sample. Br. Med. J. 311:1401-5
28. Heliövaara M. 1987. Body height, obesity, and risk of herniated lumbar intervertebral disc. Spine 12:469-72
29. Himsworth HP. 1933. Diet and the incidence of diabetes mellitus. In Clinical Science, pp. 117-48. London: Med. Res. Soc.
30. Hsieh CC, Trichopoulos D, Katsouyanni K, Yuasa S. 1990. Age at menarche, age at menopause, height and obesity as risk factors for breast cancer: associations and interactions in an international case-control study. Int. J. Cancer 46:796-800
31. Huang-Z, Willett-WC, Colditz-GA, Hunter-DJ, Manson-JE, et al. 1999. Waist circumference, waist:hip ratio, and risk of breast cancer in the Nurses' Health Study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 150:1316-24
32. Hubert HB, Feinleib M, McNamara PM, Castelli WP. 1983. Obesity as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease: a 26-year follow-up of participants in the Framingham heart study. Circulation 67:968-77
33. Int. Diabetes Inst. 2000. The Asia-Pacific Perspective: Redefining Obesity and Its Treatment. Health Commun. Aust.
34. Int. Task Force Obes. WHO. 2000. http://www.iotf.org
35. Jeffery RW, Gray CW, French SA, Hellerstedt WL, Murray D, et al. 1995. Evaluation of weight reduction in a community intervention for cardiovascular disease risk: changes in body mass index in the Minnesota Heart Health Program. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 19:30-39
36. Jones BA, Kasi SV, Curnen MG, Owens PH, Dubrow R. 1997. Severe obesity as an explanatory factor for the black/white difference in stage at diagnosis of breast cancer. Am. J. Epidemiol. 146:394-404
37. Joslin EP. 1921. The prevention of diabetes mellitus. JAMA 76:79-84
38. Kannel WB. 1997. Effect of weight on cardiovascular disease. Nutrition 13:157-58
39. Keys A. 1980. Overweight, obesity, coronary heart disease and mortality (W.O. Atwater memorial lecture). Nutr. Rev. 38: 297-307
40. King H, Aubert RE, Herman WH. 1998. Global burden of diabetes, 1995-2025: prevalence, numerical estimates, and projections. Diabetes Care 21:1414-31
41. Kosaka K, Kuzuya T, Yoshinaga H, Hagura R. 1996. A prospective study of health check examinees for the development of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: relationship of the incidence of diabetes with the initial insulinogenic index and degree of obesity. Diabetes Med. 13:S120-26
42. Larsson B, Svardsudd K, Welin L, Wilhelmsen L, Björntorp P, Tibblin G. 1984. Abdominal adipose tissue distribution, obesity, and risk of cardiovascular disease and death: 13 year follow up of participants in the study of men born in 1913. Br. Med. J. 288:1401-4
43. Launer LJ, Harris T, Rumpel C, Madans J. 1994. Body mass index, weight change, and risk of mobility disability in middle- aged and older women: the epidemiologic follow-up study of NHANES I. JAMA 271: 1093-98
44. Lean ME, Han TS, Seidell JC. 1998. Impairment of health and quality of life in people with large waist circumference. Lancet 351:853-56
45. Lean ME, Han TS, Seidell JC. 1999. Impairment of health and quality of life using new US federal guidelines for the identification of obesity. Arch. Intern. Med. 159:837-43
46. Lean MEJ, Han TS, Morrison CE. 1995. Waist circumference as a measure for indicating need for weight management. Br. Med. J. 311:158-61
47. Leboeuf-Yde C, Kyvik KO, Bruun NH. 1999. Low back pain and lifestyle. Part II. Obesity. Information from a population- based sample of 29,424 twin subjects. Spine 24:779-84
48. Lissner L. 1994. Causes, diagnosis and risks of obesity. Pharmacoeconomics 5:8-17
49. Lowenfels AB, Lindstrom CG, Conway MJ, Hastings PR. 1985. Gallstones and risk of gallbladder cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 75:77-80
50. Maclure KM, Hayes KC, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Speizer FE, Willett WC. 1989. Weight, diet, and the risk of symptomatic gallstones in middle-aged women. N. Engl. J. Med. 321:563-69
51. Mäkelä M, Heliövaara M, Sievers K, Impivaara O, Knekt P, Aromaa A. 1991. Prevalence, determinants, and consequences of chronic neck pain in Finland. Am. J. Epidemiol. 134:1356-67
52. Manson JE, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Rosner B, et al. 1990. A prospective study of obesity and risk of coronary heart disease in women. N. Engl. J. Med. 322:882-89
53. Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Hennekens CH, Willett WC. 1987. Body weight and longevity: a reassessment. JAMA 257: 353-58
54. Manson JE, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Hunter DJ, et al. 1995. Body weight and mortality among women. N. Engl. J. Med. 333:677-85
55. Martorell R, Khan LK, Hughes ML, Grummer-Strawn LM. 2000. Obesity in women from developing countries. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 54:247-52
56. Mokdad AH, Serdula MK, Dietz WH, Bowman BA, Marks JS, Koplan JP. 1999. The spread of the obesity epidemic in the United States, 1991-1998. JAMA 282: 1519-22
57. Molarius A, Seidell JC. 1998. Selection of anthropometric indicators for classification of abdominal fatness - a critical review. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 22:719-27
58. Molarius A, Seidell JC, Sans S, Tuomilehto J, Kuulasma K. 2000. Educational level, relative body weight, and changes in their association over 10 years: an international perspective from the WHO MONICA Project. Am. J. Public Health 90:1260-68
59. Molarius A, Seidell JC, Visscher TLS, Hofman A. 2000. Misclassification of high-risk older subjects using waist action levels established for young and middle- aged adults - results from the Rotterdam Study. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 48:1638-45
60. Narbro K, Jonsson E, Larsson B, Waaler H, Wedel H, Sjöström L. 1996. Economic consequences of sick-leave and early retirement in obese Swedish women. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 20:895-903
61. New York Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. 1959. New weight standards for men and women. Stat. Bull. NY Metropolitan Life Ins. Co. 40:1-4
62. Nieto-Garcia FJ, Bush TL, Keyl PM. 1990. Body mass definitions of obesity: sensitivity and specificity using self-reported weight and height. Epidemiology 1:146-52
63. Noppa H, Andersson M, Bengtsson C, Bruce A, Isaksson B. 1980. Longitudinal studies of anthropometric data and body composition. The population study of women in Gotenberg, Sweden. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 33:155-62
64. Oliveria SA, Felson DT, Cirillo PA, Reed JI, Walker AM. 1999. Body weight, body mass index, and incident symptomatic osteoarthritis of the hand, hip, and knee. Epidemiology 10:161-66
65. Oster G, Thompson D, Edelsberg J, Bird AP, Colditz GA. 1999. Lifetime health and economic benefits of weight loss among obese persons. Am. J. Public Health 89:1536-42
66. Popkin BM, Keyou G, Zhai F, Guo X, Ma H, Zohoori N. 1993. The nutrition transition in China: a cross-sectional analysis. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 47:333-46
67. Reaven GM. 1988. Banting Lecture 1988: role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 37:1595-607
68. Rexrode KM, Carey VJ, Hennekens CH, Walters EE, Colditz GA, et al. 1998. Abdominal adiposity and coronary heart disease in women. JAMA 280:1843-48
69. Rexrode KM, Hennekens CH, Willett WC, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, et al. 1997. A prospective study of body mass index, weight change, and risk of stroke in women. JAMA 277:1539-45
70. Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci E, Ascherio A, Spiegelman D, et al. 1995. Body size and fat distribution as predictors of coronary heart disease among middle- aged and older US men. Am. J. Epidemiol 141:1117-27
71. Deleted in proof
72. Rissanen A, Heliövaara M, Knekt P, Reunanen A, Aromaa A, Maatela J. 1990. Risk of disability and mortality due to overweight in a Finnish population. Br. Med. J. 301:835-37
73. Russell CM, Williamson DF, Byers. 1995. Can the year 2000 objective for reducing overweight in the US be reached?: A simulation study of the required changes in body weight. Int. J. Obes. 19:149-53
74. Seidell JC. 1995. The impact of obesity on health status: some implications for health care costs. Int. J. Obes. 19:S13-16
75. Seidell JC, Bouchard C. 1997. Visceral fat in relation to health: Is it a major culprit or simply an innocent bystander? Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 21:626-31
76. Seidell JC, Bouchard C. 1999. Abdominal adiposity and risk of heart disease. JAMA 281:2284-85
77. Seidell JC, Flegal KM. 1997. Assessing obesity: classification and epidemiology. Br. Med. Bull. 53:238-52
78. Seidell JC, Oosterlee A, Deurenberg P, Hautvast JGAJ, Ruijs JHJ. 1988. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 42:805-15
79. Seidell JC, Rissanen A. 1997. Time Trends in the Worldwide Prevalence of Obesity. New York: Dekker
80. Seidell JC, Visscher TLS. 2000. Body weight and weight chance and their implications for the elderly. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 54:S1-7
81. Seidell JC, Visscher TLS, Hoogeveen RT. 1999. Overweight and obesity in the mortality rate data: current evidence and research issues. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 31:S597-601
82. Seidell JC, 2000. Obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes - a worldwide epidemic. Br. J. Nutr. 83:S5-8
83. Shaper AG, Wannamethee SG, Walker M. 1997. Body weight: implications for the prevention of coronary heart disease, stroke, and diabetes mellitus in a cohort study of middle aged men. Br. Med. J. 314:1311-17
84. Sjöström LV. 1992. Mortality of severely obese subjects. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 55:516- 23S
85. Stevens J, Cai J, Pamuk ER, Williamson DF, Thun MJ, Wood JL. 1998. The effect of age on the association between body- mass index and mortality. N. Engl. J. Med. 338:1-7
86. Stoll BA. 2000. Adiposity as a risk determinant for postmenopausal breast cancer. Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord. 24:527-33
87. Swinburn B, Egger G, Raza F. 1999. Dissecting obesogenic environments: the development and application of a framework for identifying and prioritizing environmental interventions for obesity. Prev. Med. 29:563-70
88. Taylor CB, Fortmann SP, Flora J, Kayman S, Barrett DC, et al. 1991. Effect of long-term community health education on body mass index. The Stanford Five- City Project. Am. J. Epidemiol. 134:235-49
89. Ursin G, Longnecker MP, Haile RW, Greenland S. 1995. A meta-analysis of body mass index and risk of premenopausal breast cancer. Epidemiology 6:137-41
90. van den Hoogen PC, Feskens EJ, Nagelkerke NJ, Menotti A, Nissinen A, Kromhout D. 2000. The relation between blood pressure and mortality due to coronary heart disease among men in different parts of the world. Seven Countries Study Research Group. N. Engl. J. Med. 342:1-8
91. Verschuren WMM, Jacobs DR, Bloemberg BPM, Kromhout D, Menotti A, et al. 1995. Serum total cholesterol and long-term coronary heart disease mortality in different cultures: twenty-five-year follow-up of the seven countries study. JAMA 274:131-36
92. Walker SP, Rimm EB, Ascherio A, Kawachi I, Stampher MJ, Willet WC. 1996. Body size and fat distribution as predictors of stroke among US men. Am. J. Epidemiol. 144:1143-50
93. Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG. 1999. Weight change and duration of overweight and obesity in the incidence of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 22:1266-72
94. Wee CC, McCarthy EP, Davis RB, Phillips RS. 2000. Screening for cervical and breast cancer: Is obesity an unrecognized barrier to preventive care? Ann. Intern. Med. 132: 697-704
95. WHO. 1997. Obesity - preventing and managing the global epidemic. Rep. WHO Consult. Obes. WHO/NUT/NCD/98.1, World Health Org., Geneva, Switzerland.
96. WHO. 1998. Life in the 21st Century - A Vision for All. The World Health Rep. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Org.
97. Wolf AM, Colditz GA. 1998. Current estimates of the economic cost of obesity in the United States. Obes. Res. 6:97-106
98. World Cancer Res. Fund Am., Inst. Cancer Res. 1997. Food, Nutrition and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective. Washington, DC: Am. Inst. Cancer Res.
99. Young T, Palta M, Dempsey J, Skatrud J, Weber S, Badr S. 1993. The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-aged adults. N. Engl. J. Med. 328:1230-35